Pakutaura marara emaindasitiri inoreva zvine mutsindo kumaitiro anobva mukugadzira, kushandisa, kuchenesa, kushandiswa kana kutsigirwa kwakagadzirwa neiyo indasitiri chiitiko, muchinyorwa chino iwe unowana ruzivo maererano nehunhu, mhando uye zvimwe maererano nezvese zvine chekuita nemarara emaindasitiri.
Tsanangudzo yeIndustrial Waste
Kurongeka kwemazuva ano kunotsanangurwa nekufambira mberi kunoshamisa mune zvekutengeserana uye nekuvambwa kweindasitiri inoshanda muzvikamu zvakasiyana kugadzira zvigadzirwa uye masevhisi anogadzirisa matambudziko enharaunda inodakadza kudaro, iyo iri kukura zuva nezuva.
Sosaiti, kwenguva yakareba, yakakumbira mutengi wekutengesa kune zvimwe zvinhu kuti abhadhare kune zvavanoda, vasingatarise mhedzisiro yemaitiro ekutora zvigadzirwa kana mafomu ekugadzira uye kuti nekufamba kwenguva zvingakonzeresa matambudziko munharaunda. kune zvinosvibisa. Mubvunzo unomuka,Chii chinonzi marara emaindasitiri? Inogona kungorondedzerwa sechinhu chisingadikanwi, chisina maturo chaunoedza kubvisa.
Nekugadzirwa kwekuwedzeredza, kufarira kwakatsamwiswa pamusoro pekudiwa uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakabikwa uye kuburitswa kweanosvibisa maajenti pamatanho akapesvedzera kugara zvakanaka uye hutano hwevanhu. Zvakakosha sei kufunga nezvazvo zvakatipoteredza zvinhu sezvinobvira kuchengetedza a nenzira yakanakisa.
Kuti tizive zvechokwadi maitiro eecological emamwe maitiro uye zvinhu, kutenderera kwehupenyu kunomanikidzwa uye nenzira iyi zvisingaverengeki mhedzisiro kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika pakufa zvinogadziriswa.
Parizvino, inotangwa neruzivo rwemasangano makuru uye inokurudzirwa nekomisheni yakasarudzika, iyo inofambira mberi zvakanyanya mukuferefeta uye kutonga kweanosvibisa vamiririri, kutsvaga mhinduro muhurongwa hwezvigadzirwa uye maitiro anougadzira.
Pasina kupokana, yakakura mbishi chimiro uye maitiro anogona kudzikisa zvakanyanya huwori kwezvakatipoteredza.
Hunhu hwemarara emaindasitiri
Bato remaindasitiri, rakafanana nechero chiito chemunhu, rinoburitsa huwandu hwemarara hunoitika munzvimbo inowanzoitika: mhepo, mvura, ivhu uye iyo inozivikanwa semarara emaindasitiri. Mukuwedzera, zvakasiyana-siyana zvinotanga, semuenzaniso, ruzha rwematsi; iyo yakasiyaniswa semarara akagadzirwa mumhando dzekuchinja muchikamu chezvakatipoteredza
Kurongwa
Kurongeka kwemarara emaindasitiri kwakarongwa mune dzimwe nyika munzvimbo nhatu huru:
- Inert tsvina (slag, marara).
- Marara anoenderana nemarara emudhorobha.
- Inonziwo tsvina yakakosha.
Marara akavigwa uye asingaiti ndeaya, nekuda kwehunhu hwayo uye chimiro, haaunze njodzi dzinoshamisa kune zvisikwa kana kugara zvakanaka kwemhuka, uye hazvikonzere kugara kwevanhu zvakanaka. Nekudaro, iyo inonyanya kukosha kune Kuongororwa kwezvakatipoteredza kuongorora mamiriro ayo.
Tsvina iyi inogona kuchengetwa, kukandwa kana kuiswa pasina kutangirwa kurapwa uye inofanira kungoiswa zvakanaka munzvimbo dzakatarwa kuitira kuti isashandure nzvimbo yemamiriro ekunze. Inoumbwa nesimbi yakaraswa, marara, madota, slag, girazi, nezvimwe.
Dongo remaindasitiri rinogona kubatwa nemarara kubva kunharaunda, iyo ine maumbirwo echisikigo ekuparadzana padanho rekutanga, izvo zvinoita kuti ive nemhando yekurapa nekushandiswa kweiyo tekinoroji kufambira mberi senge iyo inoshandiswa kutonga neimwe nzira sei. tsvina yakasara mumhoteredzo inofanira kucheneswa.
Izvo zvinogadzirwa zvakanyanya mumabhizinesi: chikafu, makadhibhokisi, pepa, plastiki, zvinhu, huni, elastic. Zvisina kujairika kana zvinonziwo hazardous waste (RP), iyo inogadzirwa zvakanyanya mubasa remaindasitiri. Vane mukana wekukanganisa wakanyanya uye nengozi yakakomba kuhupenyu hwevanhu uye pasi.
Marara ane ngozi mumaindasitiri
Tsvina ine njodzi mutsara unosanganisira kurasikirwa kwese kubva pabasa rine pundutso iyo inogona kureva njodzi chaiyo kana njodzi kumunhu kana imwe nzira yehupenyu.
Maererano neUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), iyo inowanzonzi marara ane ngozi omuindasitiri anoratidzirwa sezvisaririra kana kuti musanganiswa wetsvina inopa ngozi chaiyo, pasinei nokuti iripo, nokuda kwegarikano yomunhu kana kuti nokuda kwavamwe. zvipenyu, nekuda kwechimwe chezvikonzero zvina zvakajairika zvinoperekedza:
- Pasina kuora uye kushanda nesimba mumarara.
- Kugona kwezvinoparadza zvinokonzerwa nehuwandu hwakaunganidzwa.
- Kugona kusangana nekuchinja kweorganic, nekushandurwa kwemhedzisiro yayo.
- Chinhu chakakwirira muzvikamu zvinouraya.
Kuraswa kwemaindasitiri kunogona kuve nengozi pasi pemamwe mamiriro:
- Zvinhu zvinozvigadzira uye kuzvigadzirisa.
- Chimiro chemuviri umo chimwe nechimwe chezvisara izvi chinowanikwa.
Sangano reWorld Health Organisation (WHO) rakanyatso simbisa kuti, nekuda kwekusvibiswa mumunhu, pane zvimiro zvinozvisarudzira:
- Chikamu chinogamuchirwa zuva nezuva nekupinza (mg / zuva).
- Chikamu chinoshivirira vhiki nevhiki (mg/7 mazuva).
- Yakasiyana-siyana yekucheka mipendero: inocherekedza muganho kuseta kutenderedza uye munzvimbo yekushanda, mumg/m3 uye ppm (zvikamu pamiriyoni).
Kukanganisa kwekukuvadza kunobva pane zvakawanda zvinoumba, semuenzaniso, simba remumiriri wehupfu, kuumbwa kwemakemikari, kupararira mukati mepakati, synergy kana kutyisidzira kwezvinosvibisa, kuvharirwa kunorambidzwa neanogamuchira, mwero weosmosis, kuunganidzwa uye. limitation.
Kune akati wandei mamodheru ehumbowo hunoonekwa hwemarara ane njodzi, semuenzaniso, akaumbwa neBattelle Institute iyi ndiyo modhi inorambidza radioactivity.
Imwe yakasarudzika yekuyedza dhizaini inogona kushandiswa ndeye inotsamira pakuraswa kwemarara ine njodzi nemidziyo yayo. Maererano nehurongwa uhu, tsvina isina kuchengetedzeka inozivikanwa seyakadaro kana ichinge yasangana nehumwe hunhu hweboka rakaunganidzwa uye rakasimbiswa.
Panguva iyo tsvina inozadzisa mativi akasiyana, semuenzaniso, inoparadza, inoparadza, ine ngozi, inorangarirwa kuva chikamu cheboka iro riri pedyo nehukuru hwaro. Sezvo mitemo yakawanda yazvino inoratidza, imwe neimwe yadzo yakanyoreswa munyika dzakasiyana.
MuSpain, Mutemo weWaste unoratidza marara asina kuchengetedzwa: ayo anoonekwa muchidimbu chemarara ane ngozi, akataurwa muRoyal Decree 952/1997, pamwe nemidziyo nemakamuri anga arimo.
Avo vakanzi vane ngozi nemirairo yenharaunda network uye avo vanogona kutsigirwa nehurumende maererano nezvibvumirano zveEuropean tsika kana kunzwisisa kwepasirese uko Spain ndeyayo.
Itsanangudzo yakagadziridzwa zvizere neDecision 2000/532/EC inosiyanisa tsvina isina kuchengetedzeka muEuropean Waste List (LER) uye inovandudza zvinhu zvakakosha zvine chekuita nekuenderera mberi nekuzivikanwa kwakataurwa. Izvi zvakanyatsobatanidzwa kune Annex 2.A yeOrder MAM/304/2002.
Chero zvazvingava, hurumende kana, pazvinenge zvakakodzera, Hurumende Dzinotonga munzvimbo dzadzo dzakakwanisa nharaunda, dzinogona kusarudza muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki kuti tsvina inoonekwa paEuropean List of Waste ine ngozi haina kufunga ikoko kana kuti tsvina ine ngozi. iyo pfungwa yekuve nenjodzi kunyangwe isingaoneke paChinyorwa.
Mune zviitiko zvekusaratidza kana kuratidza zvakasiyana izvo hunhu hwakanyoreswa muBasic Law of Toxic and Hazardous Waste. Sezvinoratidzwa muOrder MAM/304/2002, iyo inonzi tsvina ine ngozi inoonekwa seine imwe yehunhu yakanyoreswa muannex III yeKanzuru Direction 91/689/CEE, kuwedzera III.
Geographical distribution
Kutenderera kwepasi kwenguva yemarara aya kunopokana uye kunogadziriswa nenzvimbo yenzvimbo dzakasimba dzakasimwa maindasitiri uye nemhando huru yeindasitiri munzvimbo yega yega.
Muchirongwa cheNational Planning for Hazardous Waste, zvinoonekwa kuti kune gumi nerimwe Dzinozvitonga Mharaunda dzinogadzira huwandu hwemarara anodarika 100,000 matani pagore uye ina inosimbisa kusikwa kwe500,000 matani.
Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti Asturias, yakapihwa kusvika 1.452.513 matani, inharaunda ine chizvarwa chepamusoro chemarara. Uye kuti shoma shoma yemarara ine ngozi inogadzirwa munharaunda dzinozvitonga dzeExtremadura neLa Rioja, tisingarevi nzvimbo dzakazvimirira dzemaguta eCeuta neMelilla.
Kuchaja kwezvikamu zveindasitiri kugadzirwa kweHazardous Waste
Basa rose rinoitwa mumaindasitiri rinogadzira zvatinowanzodaidza marara emaindasitiri, zvisinei, zvimwe zvikamu zvinosiyaniswa nekuda kwechimiro uye uwandu hwezvisaririra zvavo. Nenzira iyi, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti tsvina yakagadzirwa neSpain yakakwanisa kuwana zvikamu zvekutengeserana zvine simba guru rinobudisa tsvina.
MuSpain, yakatenderedza 85% yemarara asina kuchengetedzeka anogadzirwa muzvikamu zvemaindasitiri izvo zvazvino uno:
- Kemikari yakasanganiswa indasitiri ine chete 32.6%
- Nekugadzirwa kweMotokari inogadzira 11.2%
- Gungano rezvigadzirwa zvesimbi ne10.2%
- Nekugadzirwa kweChikafu 8.1%
- NeIndasitiri Yemapepa 7.6%
- Dehwe remhuka dzakatsvukiswa ne7.1%
- Kugadzirwa uye shanduko yesimbi ne4.1%
- Kugadzirwa kwakanaka kwezvinhu zvemagetsi 3.4%
- Zvose nokuda kwehuwandu hwe84.3%
RP kurapwa muganho muSpain
Muganho wakazara wekurapwa, kunze kwemarara kubva muchikamu cheLER 01, inobata nemarara kubva mukutsvagisa, kuchera uye kuchera migodhi, pamwe nekurapa kwepanyama nemakemikari kunoenderana nemaminerari, ari pakati pe5.530.597. 2.697.605 t / a, ye izvo XNUMX ndezvemishonga inoraswa.
Ingave mumarara ane ngozi kana akaenzana ane 1.494.193 t kana mukugadzirwa kwebiological makemikari ekurapwa maplanti ane 1.185.412 t; nepo 2.851.352 t ichizivikanwa nemuganho wazvino wekudzoreredza, kudzoreredza uye kushandisa zvakare.
Pamuganho wataurwa wekurapwa, ingangoita 14% inoonekwa seyevagadziri/mamaneja anoita marapiro ari pedyo emarara avo, angangoita 792,417 t/gore.
Zvinyorwa zvakadzama zvinogoneka mukati memuganho webasa rekubata tsvina sezvakamiswa naMARPOL, izvo zvinoratidzwa mune dzakananga zviitiko senge vhoriyamu yematsime ane hukuru hukuru, chimiro chinogona kutsausa kana chimiro chemarara chisina. Hunhu hwakasarudzika hwezvivakwa izvi uye maitiro avo emazuva ese ekuita zvinhu.
Aya ndiwo magadzirirwo emarara asina kuchengetedzeka:
- Sanitary sewers yemarara ine ngozi ine 8
- Muviri-makemikari ekurapa zvidyarwa ne48
- Kupisa zvirimwa zvine 1 uye 8 kune izvo zvisiri-zvisina kuchengetedzwa zvisaririra
- Zvidyarwa zvemazuva ano zveindasitiri zvakatenderwa kusimudzira oiri dzeindasitiri ne11
Muna 2003, vagadziri vemarara asina kuchengetedzeka vakaita 10.806 zvichemo uye mugore ra2005, dzinenge 400,000 marekodhi ekudzora uye ekucherechedza akaitwa, achitungamirirwa neBazi reZvakatipoteredza. Ruzivo rwegore iro paGRP. Kutarisira tsvina ine ngozi.
Zvinangwa zve II National Hazardous Waste Plan
Zvinangwa uye mitsetse mikuru yebasa inotangwa mu II PNRP (2007-2015) imomo, semuenzaniso, mitemo yekudzivirira uye chisungo chemugadziri inounganidzwa munzira mbiri dzakasiyana, nerutsigiro rweEuropean Union. , tichiziva mabasa anofanirwa kufambira mberi sechinangwa chezvinodiwa, kuderera kwesimba kwehuwandu uye njodzi yemarara anogadzirwa.
Pamabasa anofanirwa kuvimbisa kurapwa kwakakwana kwetsvina yakagadzirwa. Zvinangwa zvese zviri zviviri zvinotarisirwa kuzadzikiswa panguva imwe chete. Zvisinei, zvinongoratidza kuti yechipiri chete yezvinangwa izvi yakatungamirirwa kune imwe nhanho nemigumisiro isina kuenzana sezvinoratidzwa nemhando dzemarara uye nharaunda dzavanowanikwa, iyo inokoshawo pakuita basa rekubvisa.
Kuvhura misika yekudzoreredza uye kushandiswazve kwemarara ane njodzi nenzira inotsigira kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakawanikwa kubva mumarara aya chiyero icho mhedzisiro yakanaka inogona kuve yakajairika.
Semubatsiri kune chiito chekudzivirira, chinangwa chinotevera chinokurudzirwa: kufunga kuwana iyo yakanyanya kunaka manejimendi ye100% yemarara ane njodzi, iyo inonzwisiswa seyakanyanya kunangwa-yakanangwa kubva kune ecological, nyanzvi uye mari inoshanda maonero.
Prevención
Mukuronga uku, mhedzisiro inofungika yekudzivirira Hazardous Waste (HW) yakaongororwa pachishandiswa nzira dzekuongorora kwakaoma, kunoitwa nemaitiro matsva, pakati peayo anoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekugadzira muSpanish uye BAT kune yega yega. .
Naizvozvo, kuderera kwakanyanyisa kwacho kwakaongororwa, izvo zvingagoneke kana zviridzwa zvemazuva ano zveindasitiri zvakatsiviwa neBAT mumakambani ese nenzvimbo dziri pedyo.
Hazvigoneki kuti kuita izvi kuri nyore nekuda kwenguva pfupi yakapihwa, zvekuti inorongwa kuitira kudzivirira kusvibiswa uye kuti inofanirwa kutevedzana munguva yepakati uye kwenguva refu, nepo zviratidzo zvehunyanzvi, zvemutemo uye zvemari zvichiitwa tora iyi nhanho yekusimudzira yenzvimbo yedu yemaindasitiri.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinokwanisika kuwana kuderera kwekugadzirwa kwemarara ane njodzi / HW / ye15% isati yapera 2015; pakati pemugwagwa nekudzikira kwe8% kusvika pakupera kwegore ra2011.
reuse
El Re-shandisa inofanirwa kufungidzirwa kuti inokwanisa kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvehuwandu:
- Inoshandiswa maoiri emazuva ano emaindasitiri ane 55% chete yemafuta akadzoserwa akashandiswa anobva pa1-1-2007 uye 65% kusvika 1-1-2008 (RD 679/2006 yaChikumi 2).
Pamusoro pezvo, zvinangwa zve75% zvakavambwa kubva pa31/12/2010 uye 80% kubva 31/12/2013.
- Solvents ne 60% kubva 31-12-2010 uye 70% kubva 31-12-2013.
- Imwe RP inotangira pa5% kubva 31-12-2010 uye 10% kubva 31-12-2015.
Iwo manejimendi eaya maoiri ari ekubva mumaindasitiri uye anoshandiswa anotungamirwa muRD. 679/2006, yaChikumi 2, iyo kubva zvino zvichienda mberi inoda nzira shoma dzekupora.
Kubva pane zvinogoneka uye zvemutemo maonero, zvakakodzera kutaura chinhu chitsva chakakosha chiri muETPRR nyowani uye mune chirevo cheKomisheni chekugadziriswa kweFramework Directive: ane chirevo chekumisa matanho esarudzo anobvumira kusarudza kana tsvina ichisiya kana zvakadaro zviri pamutemo. uye inova chinyorwa kana mhedzisiro yechigadzirwa.
Iyi ipfungwa inonetsa zvikuru kuratidza kuti ine mhedzisiro inoshanda. Munyaya yekushandiswazve, zvinoshandawo kuziva kushandiswazve kwezvinhu zvakangoraswa kubva mukushandiswa zvakare kwezvinhu izvo zvisina kuwanikwa zviri pamutemo semarara (reusable grouping, semuenzaniso, kurongedza). MuChirongwa ichi, kudzika chaiko kwakanyatso kutariswa.
Kudzokorora
Iko kushandiswazve kana kudzoreredza zvinhu kwe30-33% yeHW ine njodzi tsvina inogadzirwa kunoonekwa sechinhu chinogona kuitika.
Simba kupora
Mune izvo zvinowanzonzi kudzidzira, kushandiswa kwesimba rinounganidzwa mune imwe tsvina kunogona kugadzirwa mumaindasitiri nemagetsi kumisikidzwa (simende, thermal, zvidhinha) sechitsividzo chemafuta, kunze kwekunge mamiriro ecological uye ekutonga achiteverwa.
Iyi tekinoroji haidi zvivakwa zvakanangana, kunyangwe zvichiwanzo kuve zvakakosha kugadzirisa tekinoroji yefekitori chirimwa kune mutemo unogadzirisa kupisa kwemarara, kuitira kuti uwane yakakumbirwa ecological quality sensors.
Iko kunewo mukana weiyo chaiyo yemafuta ekupisa marara, umo kupisa kwemagasi anokonzerwa nekupisa kunofungidzirwa; kunewo zvirimwa zvishoma zverudzi urwu.
Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti muChirongwa ichi chine 4-6% chete ingadai iri yezana yeRP yakagadzirwa uye kuti panguva imwechete inogona kudzorerwa nesimba uye iyo inokwanisa kusvika kune yakakosha zvikuru mukati menguva yechokwadi yeChirongwa; zvisinei, chikamu chechikamu ichocho chinogona kushandiswa sechinotsiva mamwe mafuta ari kurapwawo kupisa nekupora kupora.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu anoenderana neoiri, yakanyatso kurongeka nekuti anoshandiswa maoiri emuindasitiri uye nekuda kweizvi, akagadziridzwa mune inotevera nguva inoteedzana yekudzoreredza simba:
- Ne 45% mugore ra2007.
- Inenge 35% ye2008.
Kubatanidza zvinangwa zviviri zvitsva zvechirongwa ichi:
- Inofungidzirwa 25% muna 2010.
- Uyezve 20% muna 2015.
Nzira yakanakisa yekudzikira yezvinangwa izvi inoratidzwa nenzvimbo dzekushandisazve (kudzoreredza) zvinonangwa mumashure. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kuvakanganisa, kusanganisira izvo zvakawanikwa kubva mukubuda kwekufambira mberi kwesimba rekudzoreredza simba, mukana wekushandisa musanganiswa uye manejimendi avo mune akasarudzika cogeneration nzvimbo.
Kuraswa kwemarara mumaindasitiri
Pane nzira mbiri dzekutanga dzekurasa: kuburikidza nekuchengetedza dhipoziti kana marara (D5) uye kupisa pasina simba rekudzoreredza (D10). Saizvozvo, zvese biological kubvisa kurapwa (D8) uye physicochemical avo (D9) zvinogoneka.
Zvivako zvekuchengetedza zveRP zvinofanirwa kutevedzera RD 1481/2001, chisungo chinotonga kudzingwa kwemarara kuburikidza nenzvimbo dzekuraswa kwemarara uye zvitunha zvinofanirwa kuenderana nezvinodiwa zveRD 653/2003.
Saizvozvowo, inofanira kuverengerwa muchikamu chekushandiswa kweMutemo weSpanish 16/2002 waChikunguru 1, pakudzivirira uye kubatanidzwa kwekutonga kwekusvibisa, kuitira kutsanangura BAT mumhando iyi yeHW kurapwa.
Nekudaro, izvo zvinoenderana nemusimboti wekuswedera uye zvishoma zvekufambisa, ndezvekuti RP inofanirwa kupedzwa nekuchenjerera kukuru kubva munzvimbo iyo inogadzirwa, muSpain izvi zvakaoma kwazvo, nekuda kwehuwandu hwakaderera hwekuiswa kwerudzi urwu ne iyo inoverengerwa (8 marapirwo emarara uye 1 mupisi wezvitunha) iine hurombo hushoma.
Kana matafura ehuwandu anowanikwa uye hunhu hwePR hwakadzidziswa muSpain hwagadziriswa, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti 65-67% yemarara ane ngozi / PR / anogadzirwa anofanirwa kutarisirwa nekuabvisa pamudzi.
Inosimbiswa zvakanyanya kuti ruzivo rwekudzokororwa, simba-recoverable RPs rakatochengeterwa kubviswa kweavo vakatsanangurwa ikozvino, zvichiita kuti iyi ive yakawanda kuburikidza nekushandisa nheyo yehutungamiri.
Sezvo zvinangwa zvakatarwa zvichizadzikiswa uye nokudaro zvichinyorwa mune ramangwana kudzivirira, zvinozonzi zvinosiyana, zvichichinja zvikamu gare gare. Naizvozvo zvichave zvakafanira muchirongwa kuverengerazve manhamba aya paongororo yega yega.
Kana iri inenge 25-27% yemarara inoraswa, inofanira kusangana nemamiriro chaiwo ehutano hwekupisa kwayo (D10), 28-32% yedhipoziti yayo mumarara (D5) uye izvo zvinosara zvichabviswa neD8 neD9. .
Tichifunga kuti pane kushorwa mune imwe nharaunda denderedzwa yekupisa, chikamu cheiyo incinerable RP inogona kushandiswa sedhipoziti yekurasira, fungidziro ine maitiro emutemo, njodzi yehukama uye inogona kuitika kwezvakatipoteredza.
Pakufungidzira kwega kwega, kuverengera kutsva kwakaitwa, maererano neiyo yakapiswa RP yaizomanikidzwa ne4-6%, iyo yaizowedzera inenge 44-48%, inova iyo mari yakaiswa mumarara kana madhipoziti atotangwa akadaro. shanda..
Zvinogona zvakare kuchengetwa mupfungwa kuti pane iyo nguva yakasarudzika yekubvisa iyo isingadzokeke maRPs kuburikidza nekupisa kana kushandisa chengetedzo deposits, izvi zvinoreva kumwe kuchinjika panguva yekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvakarongwa muChirongwa ichocho. Kune rumwe rutivi, kureva kuti, kuti 14-16% inenge ichienda kune biological treatment (D8) kana kubviswa kwemakemikari emuviri (D9).
Kubviswa kweRP nekukanda kunogona kuitwa nekukurumidza, hongu nenzira yekudzikamisa kana kusimba kurapwa, kana kungoita nenzira yekubvisa kana detoxification maitiro uchishandisa physicochemical kana biological process, zvakare kushandura mamiriro ayo seRP, asi iyo panguva imwe chete. kushumira kuvabvisa.
Nezvechinangwa chehuwandu hunoshandiswa pakubvisa, icho chave chinoshanda uye chinogoneka, yehuwandu hweRP inokurudzirwa kuchengetedza kuchengetedza kana kupisa, inofungidzirwa 20-25% mukati menguva yepamutemo yeChirongwa ichi; ndiyo yaizonzi inonzwisisika yakakwana chinangwa pakati pemugwagwa ingangoita 40-42% kubva 31-12-2010.
Chii chekuita nemarara emaindasitiri?
Izvo zvakakosha kuve pachena kuti vese mugadziri uye muridzi wekutanga wetsvina vanofanirwa kusungirwa kutevedzera nhevedzano yenhungamiro inovabvumira kuvimbisa kurapwa kwakanakisa kwemarara avo:
- Aizodaidzwa kuti aite marara aya pasina mumwe munhu, kureva kuti ari oga.
- Isa mabatirwo emarara ako mumaoko eanegotiator, inogona zvakare kuva kambani kana sangano rakanyoreswa zviri pamutemo kuita basa rakadaro maererano nezviri muMutemo uyu.
Tumira tsvina iyi kune inokwanisa yakavanzika kana yeruzhinji sangano inoiunganidza, kusanganisira iyo masangano ehupfumi hwevanhu, kuti irapwe, nekuti kana vachiziva chekushandisa uye nemaitirwo azvo, ivo vanokwanisa mubasa ravo, ndicho chikonzero ivo ndivo nyanzvi.
Ndedzipi mhando dzeIndustrial Waste?
Shoko rokuti tsvina, sezvinoratidzwa neWaste Law, rinoreva zvinhu zvose zvinofungidzirwa semarara uye zvinofanira kuraswa. Nekubviswa kunogona kuwanikwa kuti inochengetwa kure nehutsanana kana mhedzisiro yezvakasikwa uye, nekuwedzera, kupihwa kushomeka kwezvinhu zvakabikwa uye chinangwa chayo ndechekudzosa zvese zvinogona kushandiswa zvakare.
Hupenyu hunogara munzvimbo umo kusikwa kwemarara kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera uye chiito chemari chine chekuita nazvo chinowedzera kukosha.
Pane kutarisisa kukuru kwekushandisazve tsvina pasi pecheni yemurairo wekuraira iyo inofanirwa kutarisa nezvekudzivirira, kuderedza, zvirongwa zvinofungidzira marara iwayo, isati yaenderera mberi nekurasa. Izvi zvinoratidza kutevedzera matanho mazhinji:
Mabviro ematanho aya (yekudzivirira kutarisira), anoitika chinhu chisati charaswa, nemaitiro ekudzikisa huwandu uye rudzi rwezvinhu zvine njodzi uye nekuzozvichengeta kure neanopikisa mhedzisiro pakurarama kwevanhu uye pasi.
Pane kukosha kwakakosha kuzvipira kunoitika kuburikidza nekutungamira uye kugadzirira nechinangwa chekuti tsvina inogona kushandiswazve, yakachengetwa ichigadzira mamwe marudzi ekudzoreredza (simba, zvinhu.)
Mhando dzemarara pasi pechirongwa chemutemo
Nekuda kweruzivo nezve marudzi emarara emaindasitiri inofungidzirwa kuti, nehutungamiri hwepasi rose hwemarara akagadzirwa, zvakakosha kuti uzviratidze. Kune misiyano yakasiyana-siyana, zvichienderana nekutanga kwayo, njodzi, uye kuumbwa. Pakati peizvi, chibvumirano chepamutemo chakakosha zvinoenderana neMutemo 22/2011, waChikunguru 28, pamarara uye ivhu rakasvibiswa kuti vavandudze manejimendi avo anotevera:
Marara ekugara: Kuraswa kwerudzi urwu kunogadzirwa muzvikamu zvemhuri semugumisiro webasa repamba. Zvisaririra zvakafanana zvikuru nezvinoitika mumaindasitiri akaita semarara, hari, mapepa nemagwaro eruzivo, pakati pezvimwe.
Kuraswa kwekutengesa: Inoumbwa nemarara anosara kubva kubasa rekutengeserana nekuda kwekufamba kwekuchinjana, kuderedzwa uye bhizinesi rekutengesa, kubva kumasevhisi emakafeteria nemataveni, kubva kunzvimbo dzebasa senge mahofisi nemisika, pamwe nekubva kuchikamu chose che masevhisi.
Kuraswa kwemaindasitiri: Aya masara ndeaya anobva kumaitiro ekugadzira, shanduko, kushandiswa, kuchenesa kana kugadzirisa kunogadzirwa nekuita kweindasitiri yemazuva ano, kunze kwekubuda mumhepo kunodzorwa muMutemo 34/2007, wegumi neshanu wemwedzi waNovember. .
Zvisaririra zvine njodzi: Aya ndiwo marara ane humwechete hwehuipi hwengozi hwakanyoreswa muAnnex III uye inogona kusimbiswa neHurumende maererano nezvibvumirano neEurope kana zvibvumirano zvepasi rose izvo Spain ndeyayo, pamwe nemidziyo nemakamuri mazviri. .
Iri iboka rinozadzisa izvo zvakasimbiswa muRD1481/01 izvo zvinotarisira kuti zvinofanirwa kubviswa nenzira dzemadhipoziti mune yekurasira ivhu:
Inert tsvina: Iwo akasimba anonamira masara ekuti, kana akaiswa mudurunhuru, haaite inonakidza yemuviri kana yebhayoloji yakakosha shanduko semafuta, plastiki, huni.
Kurasa kusina ngozi: Kana zvichinzi hadzina njodzi, imhaka yekuti hadzitakure njodzi, nekuti dzinongova makadhibhokisi nemagaba, pakati pezvimwe.
Biodegradable tsvina: Iyo inoumbwa neKurasika kubva kumafuro nemapaki, marara echikafu, network kicheni cafeteria uye nheyo dzekutengesa; kungofanana nekuunganidzwa kwezvirimwa zvinogadzira chikafu.
Mhando dzemarara ane akakosha typology
Ivo ndeveboka rezvisaririra izvo zvinodzorwa nemitemo yakakosha pakati pavo inowanikwa:
Radioactive tsvina: Zvinoenderana neGeneral Plan yeYakanyanya Hazardous Waste / PGRR/, izvo zvinhu zvinoratidza zviratidzo zvemwaranzi uye izvo zvisina kushandiswa kunofungidzirwa zvinoratidzwa. Mvura yakasvibiswa uye magasi akasara anobatanidzwa.
Utsanana tsvina: Izvo zvinoenderana neChirevo 83/1999, chaChikumi 3, icho chinodzora kusikwa uye manejimendi ebhodhi rebiosanitary uye cytotoxic tsvina muCommunity yeMadrid, iyo inoshanda kuti marara aya ndeaya anogadzirwa munzvimbo dzemidziyo yekurapa senge midziyo. ine zvimwe zvinodhaka, zvinhu zvinopinza, tsono, zvinhu zvakasvibiswa neropa.
Kuparadza uye Kuvaka Marara: Zvinoenderana nezvinorairwa neRoyal Decree 105/2008, yaKukadzi 1, iyo inotonga kusikwa uye manejimendi eKuvaka uye Demolition tsvina, iyo inosimbisa kuti uku kuparara kwehunhu husina kusimba hunokonzerwa nemabasa ekuvaka, kuchera, kugadzirisa, kugadzirisa uye. kuputsa. Kune imwe neimwe yemhando yemarara kune yakakosha kurapwa.