Zvipenyu zvine maitiro echisikigo ekuzadzisa zvipenyu zvinotevera: kuberekwa, kukura, kubereka uye kufa. Zvirimwa, zviri zvipenyu, zvakare zvinozadzisa izvi zvipenyu zvipenyu, nekuremekedza kutenderera kwekubereka, zvidyarwa zvinogona kuzviita kuburikidza neasexual kuberekana uye kuberekana kwepabonde. Ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti uzive, kwakadii Kuberekana kweZvirimwa.
Kuberekwa kwemiti
Nechinangwa chekuchengetedza mhuka, zvisikwa zvipenyu zvose zvakagadzira nzira yeKuberekwa kwazvo uye kuchengetedza maitiro azvo ekuberekwa. Mhuka nezvinomera zvakagadzira nzira dzakasiyana dzekuberekana kwadzo, zvichienderana nekushanduka-shanduka kwadzo nekufamba kwenguva uye zvichienderana ne ecosystem kwazvinogoverwa. Kunyanya, zvidyarwa zvinogona kubereka asexually uye zvepabonde.
Kuberekwa kweZvirimwa kunogadziriswa nekushanduka-shanduka kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana emiti, maitiro avo uye kushanduka kwezvimiro zvavo zvekubereka. Miti yekutanga yakakura panyika yaiva ferns uye yakabatana, masango muCarboniferous Period yePaleozoic, inonzi "nguva yeferns" yekutanga vascular plant pasina mbeu kana maruva.
Nechokunopera kwePaleozoic era, mbeu dzeGymnosperm dzinobereka mbeu, dzakadai sembeu dzinobereka ferns (dzinozivikanwa chete mufossil form), dzakatanga kuoneka uye dzakakwikwidzana dzisina mhodzi, dzisina maruva vascular miti yezvakatipoteredza. Panguva iyoyo maconifers nemamwe magymnosperms akaonekwa.
Iro boka rezvino remiti ndiro vamiririri veMagnoliophyta Division, iyo angiosperms kana miti ine maruva, michero uye mbeu. Iri boka rekupedzisira rezvinomera rakatanga kutonga zvakanyanyisa kubva kuMesozoic muCretaceous Period. Iyo yakakura kusiyana-siyana kwemiti yeangiosperm inokura uye inogoverwa munzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi, mumasango ayo mune mashoma coniferous miti (gymnosperms). Mhando dzakasiyana dzemiti yegymnosperm, kune rumwe rutivi, inomiririrwa zvakanaka mumasango ematunhu anodziya epasi.
Izvo zvataurwa zvakakonzera kutaridzika kwenzira dzakasiyana dzekubereka maererano nemaitiro emhando yemiti, izvi imhaka yekuti kupatsanurwa kwakasiyana kwezvirimwa: gymnosperms uye angiosperms zvinosiyana zvakanyanya mumaitiro avo, maitiro uye nzira dzekubereka, kuburikidza nekubereka.
kuberekana pabonde
Pakuberekana kwezvidyarwa, kubatanidzwa kwemagametes maviri, gamete yechikadzi uye gamete yechirume, inofanira kuitika. Izvi zvinoumbwa munhengo dzepabonde dzakasiyana stamens (chirume) uye pistils (chikadzi). Kuti ma gametes aya abatane, mapollinating agents akadai sezvipembenene neshiri zvinowanzobatanidzwa, pamwe chete nezvinhu zvakatipoteredza zvakadai semhepo.
Mapurisa ari mumiti inotumbuka anotamisa mukume kubva pane rimwe ruva kuenda kune rimwe uye nenzira iyi kuberekesa kunoitika. Kuti uwane Kuberekwa kwemiti inotumbuka, matanho matatu anofanira kuitwa: kupinza, kubereka uye kumera.
mukume
Munguva yekusvibiswa kwemiti yemaruva, zvinokwanisika kutamisa pollen yemiti pakati pemaruva emiti yakasiyana. Zvinoitika nekuda kwekupindira kwezvinhu zvekunze zvakadai semhepo, mhuka dzinosvibisa kana mvura. Mhuka dzinotakura mukume dzinokwezvwa nemaruva echirimwa Kubereka, neruvara rwemaruva ayo, hwema, nekita kana imwe nzira yakasarudzika yekuita mukume. Nokuendesa mukume, mapollin anotanga kusangana.
fertilization
Kana imwe nguva kuumbwa kwemiti yemaruva kunoitika, zygote inotanga kukura, apo maitiro emagetsi emagetsi maviri evabereki varo anoungana, zvichiita kuti pave nekugadzirwa kwepabonde. Iyi "embryo" yechirimwa chitsva isero rekutanga rinoparadzana uye kukura, rinokura rakachengetedzwa uye rinodyiswa nechirimwa chakabatanidzwa. Mumiti, chivharo chakaoma chinogadzirwa chinodzivirira embryo uye inoumba mbeu.
Mumiti yeangiosperm, mbeu inodzivirirwa neimwe nhengo yemiti inonzi michero. Zvibereko zvinopa dziviriro uye zvinovaka muviri, izvi zvinokwezva kumhuka nekuda kweruvara rwadzo, kunhuwirira uye kunhuhwirira, zvinogona kuwira pasi kana zvaibva kana kudyiwa nemhuka uye mhodzi dzadzo dzoendeswa kune imwe nzvimbo kure nezvinomera zvevabereki uye, kana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza anobvumira, mhodzi dzayo dzinosunungurwa uye dzinogona kumera uye kubereka kunotanga zvakare. Pambeu imwe neimwe, chirimwa chitsva cherudzi rumwe chete chinomera, chine genome rakasiyana uye rakasiyana kubva kune zvimwe zvinomera zvinozvarwa kubva muchirimwa chimwe.
kumera
Kana muchero wakaibva ukawira muvhu rakaorera, mbeu painoora inogona kumera uye, kana yakadyiwa nemhuka dzinodya uswa pakuita tsvina, inoisa mbeu paivhu rakaorera uye, nekufamba kwenguva, inomera painovhurwa, ichiita midzi. uye bukira chirimwa chitsva. Muzvisikwa, mhodzi dzinogona kuenda dzakarara uye kumirira kuti mamiriro ekunze akakodzera kumera.
asexual kubereka
Kuberekwa kweAsexual kweZvirimwa kunosiyana neKuberekana Kwepabonde kweZvirimwa, pakuti hapana kuchinja kwemajini kunoitika muchirimwa chitsva. Kuburikidza nekuberekana kwechirimwa, zvirimwa zvakaenzana nezvinomera zvaamai zvinozvarwa. Kuberekwa uku kunoitwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana: sporulation, budding, polyembryony uye apomixis.
Kupora
Iyi nzira yekuberekesa asexual inowanikwa kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwe spores, iyo inogona kubudiswa nemhando dzakasiyana dzemiti yegymnosperm, iyo isingagadziri mbeu. Izvi zvinogona kuramba kune akasiyana akashata mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza kudzamara vawana Kubereka kwavo apo hunyoro hwemamiriro ekunze hunoenderana nekumera kwavo. Aya maspores ane genome yese yechirimwa chaamai uye nekudaro achagadzira munhu akafanana nemubereki wake, kureva, chirimwa checlone uye nenzira iyi mhando dzayo dzichachengetedzwa.
Zvirimwa zvakaita semaferi nemamosi zvinoumba spores, zvinozviumba nechepasi pemashizha azvo mukati mesori, kana mamiriro ekunze akaoma sori yakavhurika uye mhepo ndiyo ine basa rekufambisa maspores, madiki muhukuru uye huremu hwakareruka. Kana iyo spores inowira pasi ichipindirana nehunyoro hwakanaka hwemamiriro ekunze uye tembiricha inodziya, idzi spores dzinomera uye gametophyte inoumbwa, apo nhengo dzepabonde dzechirume nedzechikadzi dzichawanikwa pamwechete.
Kuburikidza nemvura, masero echirume e gametophyte anotakurwa uye paanosvika kune imwe gametophyte ine masero echikadzi, kubereka kuchaitika uye kana vakabatanidzwa, munhu mutsva wemarudzi akafanana achaberekwa. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti gametophytes zvidyarwa zvidiki uye hazvisi vanhu vakuru vemarudzi avo. Basa rayo ndere kubvumira Kuberekana kwechirimwa kuitika. Ndiko kuti, gametophyte yemuchero wefern haisi mutsva, asi nhengo yekubereka yemiti inobereka spore kuti ibereke.
Gemmation
Mune iyi nzira yekuberekesa kweasexual, masero emunhu anobereka anopatsanura zvisina kuenzana, achibereka mumwe munhu akafanana neuyu, uye izvi zvinoitika nekugadzira protuberance kana chimiro chemuviri icho, chine mamiriro akakodzera, anozokwanisa kukura uye. patsanura kubva kumubereki wotanga kurarama.zvakazvimirira, vamwewo vanoramba vakabatana vachiumba korokoni. Mbiriso muenzaniso.
polyembryony
Mukuberekana kwesexual uku, maembryos maviri kana anopfuura anogona kukura kubva kune rimwe ovule rakasanganiswa, sezvinoitika mumiti yemango.
Apomixis
Imhando yekubereka kweasexual kuburikidza nembeu dzinoitwa nemhando dzegymnosperm dzine mbeu. Izvi zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nemhodzi pasina pollination yekunze. Izvi zvinodzokorora genome yechirimwa chaamai, kureva kuti, imbeu inoumbwa. Izvi zvinoitika kana imwe yenhengo dzechirimwa ichiparadzanisa, ingave: dzinde, bazi, tuber, bazi, nezvimwewo) uye inokura, ichikura yakazvimiririra, ichigadzira chirimwa chitsva. Iyi fomu yeKubereka ine mhando dzakasiyana, ive idzi:
- mitospores. Imhando yekuberekesa kwesexual yemiti, umo spores inobva ku mitosis, iyo ndiyo nzira iyo fungi, ferns, mosses uye lichens inobereka. Imwe neimwe yespores inoumbwa nesero rinodzivirirwa negobvu rekunze rinovadzivirira kubva mumamiriro ekunze asina kunaka. Kana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza ari akanaka, envelopu yekudzivirira yakabvaruka uye sero riri mukati maro rinomera uye chinomera chitsva chinokura.
- propagules. Propagules chero chimiro chezvipenyu zvechirimwa zvinogadzirwa pabonde kana pabonde, uye zvinotanga munhu mutsva anogona kukura nekuzvimiririra uye kutanga hupenyu hutsva hwakafanana nechirimwa chaamai.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti asexual reproduction ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mukudyara zvirimwa zvekurima kana zvekushongedza kushandiswa, nekuti dzimwe nguva inokurumidza kuwana zvirimwa zvitsva nerudzi urwu rwekuberekana, kunyanya kana dziri mhuka dzesango uye vamwe. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kuwana mbeu kwakaoma, kumirira kuti dzisvike pakukura uye zvinogona kutora makore akawanda. Zvinoitikawo kuti mamwe marudzi haaburitse mhodzi kana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza asina kusangana kuti izvi zviitike munzvimbo dziri kunze kwekwavakabva.
Ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi nekudzidza nezve hunhu hunoshamisa uye kuti hunogona kutarisirwa sei, nekuverenga zvinotevera zvinyorwa: