ari humambo hwezvakasikwa dzakadzidzwa kubva muzana remakore rechina, inyaya yave ichishanduka uye ichichinja munhoroondo yose mumaoko emasayendisiti akawanda, kunyange nhasi inyaya inogona kukakavara uye chero bedzi mhuka itsva dzichiramba dzichionekwa, icharamba ichienderera mberi. kuva.
Chii chinonzi Humambo Hwezvakasikwa?
Kwemazana emakore masayendisiti makuru akasarudza kutsvaga mhinduro dzezvinhu zvose, kunyange nhasi kutsvaga zivo kunoenderera mberi uye zvichave zvakadaro kusvika pakuguma kwenguva, nokuti munhu ane chido chekuda kuziva, pane tsvakurudzo dzakapedzwa, vamwe vakave. yakasara pakati uye mazhinji akashanduka nekufamba kwenguva, sezvave kuita kudzidza kwe Hunhu hwezvisikwa zvipenyu.
Taxonomy ndiyo sainzi inoona nezvechidzidzo ichi uye Humambo 5 ndehwehurongwa hwakakura uye hwakasiyana huripo hwekuisa mhando dzese dziripo, dziripo uye dzeramangwana. Pakutanga, humambo huviri hwekutanga hwakagadzirwa, hunoenderana ne animalia uye plantae, uye gare gare taxa nhatu dzakabatanidzwa: fungi, protista, uye monera.
Inyaya yakadzidzwa kwemakore mazhinji, yakave yakakwaniswa nekufamba kwenguva uye ichiri kuvandudzwa nanhasi, sezvo sainzi inokwanisa kuwana nguva zhinji mhando itsva ine hunhu hunogona kunge hwakasiyana kana hwakafanana neaya atove. akadzidza.
Kufananidzira rudzi ruchangowanikwa, zvinodikanwa kuti udzidze zvakadzama, sezvo sezvingaite senge, zvakaoma kurongedza chinhu chisingaoneki chinofanirwa kuitiswa zvidzidzo zvakadzama.
Iyi sisitimu yakakura kwazvo uye ine kupatsanurwa kwakawanda uye kupatsanurwa, izvo, sezvatakambotaura, zvinogadziridzwa nekufamba kwenguva, uye zvimwe zvitsva zvinogona kusimuka izvo zviri nani kuchinjirwa kumarudzi matsva ari kuwanikwa. Muchikamu chechipiri chegadziriro yezvirongwa ndivo umambo hwezvisikwa zvipenyu, pazasi pedomeine iyo pigeonholes ese matatu taxa.
Chii chinonzi Humambo Hwezvakasikwa?
Iyi kupatsanurwa kuri kuramba kuri gakava nhasi, sezvo kwenguva yakareba humwe humambo hwechisikigo hwave huchidikanwa kuti huitwe, zvisinei, kusvika nhasi uno anogamuchirwa ndeaya akambotaurwa: animalia, plantae uye matatu taxa, chero imwe. kupatsanurwa kunotarisirwa kuparadzaniswa, kunowanzo kutorwa sechikamu cheimwe yemutero.
Animalia Kingdom
Ndihwo humambo hune huwandu hwakawanda, sezvo hunounza pamwe anopfuura 2.000.000 marudzi emhuka, ese akagoverwa mumatavi makuru maviri anoenderana neaya ane chimiro chepfupa (vertebrates) uye asina (invertebrates). Tinofanira kusimbisa kuti munhu anowanikwawo muumambo uhu.
Mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana, marudzi ose ane maitiro akasiyana uye anoparadzirwa pasi rose, zvisinei, ane maitiro akafanana, nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho anogovana umambo.
Vane miviri yakaoma kunzwisisa uye maumbirwo azvo mamorekuru akakura zvakanyanya, anoumbwa nezviuru zvemasero anoshanda pamwechete kupa chimiro kune zvipenyu zvakasiyana siyana. Muviri wavo haugone kuzvidyisa, saka kurarama kwavo kunoenderana nekudyidzana kwavanoita nezvimwe zvipenyu, mabhenefiti avanowana kubva kwavari uye nzira yavo ine chekuita nemhoteredzo.
Miviri yavo yakadzidziswa kujairana nemhoteredzo uye vane hutongi hwakakwana pamusoro pemiviri yavo nekufamba kwese kwavanoita vachitungamirwa nenjere dzavanadzo, vazhinji vanoberekana pabonde uye vangave vakakura kana diki, vane makumbo, zvimbi kana mapapiro, mhuka dzese dzavanadzo. vakadzidziswa kukudziridza uye kushanduka mumwe nemumwe kana sechikwata.
Umambo chirimwa
Inofungidzirwa kuti kune marudzi anopfuura 300.000 XNUMX emiti munyika, zvinofungidzirwa kuti miti yakatanga kuva yose yemvura, kusvikira munguva yakareba uye yakaoma yakapararira pasi rose.
Kune huwandu hwakasiyana hwehunhu hunogona kuve hwezvirimwa, sezvo marudzi ese aya akasiyana zvakanyanya uye chinhu chikuru chinocherechedzwa kuti rudzi rwugoiswa sechirimwa ndechekuti inodyisa kuburikidza nemaitiro ephotosynthesis. chikonzero ndechekuti zvinomera zviri autotrophic, ndiko kuti, vanogona kuwana chikafu chavo kubva kune zvakatipoteredza uye zvisiri-organic zvinhu, kusiyana nemhuka.
Kuvapo kwaro kunokosha zvikuru pakuchengetedza upenyu pasi pano, sezvo zvinomera zviri izvo zvinorayira kutenderera kweokisijeni, uko kuri muitiro wazvinopinza nawo magasi anobudiswa nemhuka nevanhu, zvinorishandisa pakudya. uye kuishandura kuita oxygen inodiwa nezvimwe zvipenyu.
Vanogona kubereka pabonde kana sexually. Zvirimwa hazvigone kufamba kana kufamba, zvinogona chete kukura uye kukura asi zvichiramba zviri munzvimbo imwechete yehupenyu, kunze kwekunge chinhu chekunze chichikanganisa, chinogona kunge chiri chemusikirwo kana mumaoko emunhu.
Umambo Ndakashanda
Zvinoenderana nehowa dzakadai sehowa, mold, pakati pezvimwe, kune marudzi anopfuura 100.000 1.5 anozivikanwa efungi, zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti nhamba yemarudzi ose pasi rose imamiriyoni XNUMX.
Humambo uhwu hune huwandu hwakasiyana-siyana hwezvipenyu, hune hunhu hwakawanda uye hunoshamisa, kune fungi yemarudzi ese, saizi, maumbirwo uye kune kunyange bioluminescent. Tinogona kuawana mumvura, panyika, mumiti, ari maparasite kana mauto mune chimwe chipenyu uye tinogona kuzviona mukicheni kuburikidza nekuita kwekuora kwechikafu.
Dzinodya kuburikidza nekuora kwezvimwe zvipenyu uye nenzira iyi dzinobatsirawo mukuchengetedzwa kwemhoteredzo. Havana kufamba uye havakwanisi kutamira kune imwe nzvimbo yekugara. Kubereka kwayo kunogona kuve kwepabonde kana kusasununguka kuburikidza nespores.
Umambo monera
Humambo uhwu hunoumbwa nebhakitiriya, iyo inoumbwa ine sero rimwe chete uye haina kuvharwa ne membrane. Vanogona kugara chero kupi zvako munyika, kune kunyange mabhakitiriya ari chikamu chemuviri wemunhu uye anodiwa pakubata kwayo kwakaringana.
Izvo zvipenyu zvidiki uye hazvigoneke kuzviona kunze kwekunge pachishandiswa chishandiso chakasarudzika pakuona kwavo, uye zvakare ndidzo dzechinyakare, zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinoenderana nemunhu wekutanga mupenyu panyika. Zvichienderana nemhando yebhakitiriya, inogona kuva heterotrophic kana autotrophic.
Umambo protist
Chimiro icho zvipenyu zvose izvi zvinogoverana ndechokuti nucleus yavo yakakomberedzwa ne membrane, kureva kuti iwo eukaryotes, zvisinei, mamwe maitiro avo haabvumirani nehupi humwe humwe humambo hune chimiro ichi.
Vese vanhu vanoenderana nehumambo uhu vane zvishoma zvakafanana pakati pavo, nekuda kweichi chikonzero hapana chaiwo maitiro ekuronga aya marudzi.
Nhoroondo yeHumambo hweZvakasikwa
Chidzidzo chekutanga chakanyorwa chezvisikwa zvipenyu chakatanga muzana ramakore rechina pamaoko aAristotle, uyo akatipa muchidimbu kuti humambo hwemhuka hwave hupi, izvi zvinotiratidza kuti zvidzidzo izvi ndezvenguva yakadii uye kuti maSainzi makuru aya akatanga kushanda. kungowana pfungwa yekuti hunhu uye kupatsanurwa kwezvipenyu zvingave sei nhasi, uchichengeta izvi mupfungwa sezvavo Zvinangwa zvekutsvakurudza.
1735
Makore mazhinji mushure mekunge Aristotle nemudzidzi wake vapa maonero akajeka ekuti mhuka nemiti zvaive chii, musayendisiti wekuSweden anonzi Carlos Linnaeus akapa hurongwa hwekutanga hwekuronga umo akabatanidza mamwe mapoka ekirasi, kurongeka, mhuri, genus uye zvipenyu (boka re phylum). yakawedzerwa gare gare), iyi gadziriro yokutanga yaingova bedzi youmambo huviri hwokutanga; Animalia uye plantae, iyo pakutanga yakanga ine mamwe mazita.
1858
Pakanga pari pamaoko enyanzvi yezvipenyu Richard Owen kuti humambo hwechitatu hwakazvarwa, hwakanzi Protozoa panguva iyoyo nemurume mumwe chete wechiRungu, asi maive muna 1866 payakasvika pakuzivikanwa seProtista, zita rakapihwa neGerman. nyanzvi yezvisikwa Ernst Heinrich Philip.
Humambo uhwu hune mabviro apo maChirungu akanzwisisa kuti hunhu hwemamwe maturu haana kubvumirana zvizere nehumambo huviri hwekutanga, saka akaronga zano rechikamu chechitatu, zvisinei, aive muGerman akanyura muumambo uhwu. uye akapiwa mbiri yakawanda pakudzidza kwake. Aka kaive kekutanga kuti zvipenyu zveunicellular zvakakamurwa kubva kune zvipenyu zvakawanda.
1925
Munhu wekutanga kupa chirevo cheumambo hwechina aive nyanzvi yezvipenyu yekuFrance Edouard Chatton, pfungwa yakazotsigirwa neAmerican Herbert Copeland, kuti igamuchirwe munyika yesainzi.
Izvi zvakaitika mushure mekupedza kudzidza pa prokaryotic cell parts uye eukaryote uye zvakaonekwa kuti zvaive zvakakosha kuita kupatsanurwa pakati pezvisikwa zvine masero akakomberedzwa ne membrane (eukaryotes) uye izvo zvisina membrane iyi (prokaryotes), zvipenyu zveboka iri rechipiri (izvo zvinonyanya mabhakitiriya. ), ndivo vanoumba humambo Monera.
1959
Muongorori wezve ecologist wekuAmerica Robert Whittaker ndiye akapa humambo uhwu uye akapa hurongwa hwe5 humambo hwezvakasikwa muna 1969, richive rakagamuchirwa zvikuru nevanoshanda navo vezvesayenzi uye nanhasi ndiro rinozivikanwa kupfuura mamwe ose. Zvese izvi zvakawanikwa mushure mekunge maAmerican akapokana kuti fungi yakanga isiri yeplantae uye kuti yakanga isingaenderane nehumwe humwe humambo hwatozivikanwa.
Humwe Humambo Hwezvakasikwa
Sezvo chirevo chekuisa protista muhumambo chakapihwa, masayendisiti mazhinji akada kuwedzera vamwe, zvichibva pane izvi zvisingaverengeki gakava rakarongwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda uye kunyangwe mazhinji ezvikumbiro izvi akatariswa uye akatounzwa mune dzakawanda zvakanaka. -anozivikanwa mabasa nezvinyorwa, hapana imwe hurongwa inogamuchirwa kupfuura iyo ye humambo5 we Whittaker.