Mapazi eGeography ndiwo anoona nezvekudzidza nekutsanangura zvese zvinoitika uye zvinhu zvinopindira muvhu. Pakati pazvo pane geography yemuviri, yemunhu uye yebhayoloji, ine zvikamu zvidiki kana zvirango, izvo zvine basa rekudzidza nyaya dzakasiyana siyana, senge maitiro, nzvimbo yezviitiko, hukama nenharaunda yakasikwa uye hukama hwavo nemunhu. Dzidza izvi nezvimwe zvakawanda nekuverenga chinyorwa chinotevera!
Mapazi eGeography
Mapazi eGeography akafara kwazvo, sezvo ari iwo anotarisira kudzidza zviitiko zvese zvinoitika pasi pano, kureva, kubva pakukamurwa kwenzvimbo, kugoverwa kwezvisikwa zvipenyu, nzanga netsika dzavo, kune tsaona dzenzvimbo. nzizi, makomo, nzvimbo nemamiriro ekunze. Mapazi aya anozivikanwa sephysical, biological and human geography. Astronomical geography uye masvomhu zvinogonawo kuiswa. Rimwe nerimwe remapazi aya rakakamurwa mune mamwe madiki kuitira kuti avhare zvakakwana uye zvakanyanya hunyanzvi zvidzidzo.
Kubva pakushanduka kwe geography zvakatorwa sezvinei kuti zvakabva panzira ina huru: iyo yedunhu, iyo yakavakirwa patsika dzemugari wemo; iyo yezvakatipoteredza iyo inodzidza hukama pakati pechisikigo nehurongwa hwevanhu; iyo yenzvimbo, iyo yakanangana nekuronga kwenzvimbo uye iyo yemunhu inodzidza kugarisana kwevanhu nezvese zvinosanganisira izvi. Nechikonzero ichi, geography inoda mamwe maitiro kuti akwanise kuita ongororo yemunda, kurongeka uye chinangwa chekuunganidza chokwadi, ongororo yavo uye chidzidzo chinotevera.
General geography
General geography isainzi inotara mutsauko mukugovaniswa kwenzvimbo pamwe neiyo yepasi uye hukama hwayo pakati pemhoteredzo yechisikigo nevanhu. Iyi sainzi inoongorora uye inotsanangura Nyika, ichiratidza maitiro ayo, pamwe nenzvimbo yehurongwa uye zvinhu zvinoonekwa pamusoro payo. Panguva imwecheteyo, inoongorora nesainzi zviitiko zvakasarudzika uye zviitiko zvinoitika panyika. Yakakamurwa kuita mapoka makuru matatu ari emuviri, biological uye geography yevanhu.
Mhando uye Mapazi eGeography
Geography sesainzi ine nzvimbo yakafara kwazvo yekudzidza, saka zvinodikanwa kuipatsanura mumhando dzakasiyana senge yemuviri, yebhayoloji, yemunhu, yenyeredzi uye yemasvomhu. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chine zvidimbu zvakakura uye sainzi dzine hukama, nekudaro hunhu hwayo hwakasiyana, kuyambuka miganhu yechinyakare pakati pezvidzidzo zvakasiyana kuti vazadzikise zvinangwa zvavo zvekudzidza.
Physical geography
Ndiro rimwe rematavi ejogirafi rinoita basa rekutsanangura pamusoro penyika, ndiko kuti, mamiriro ekunze akadai semvura, zororo, zvinomera, mamiriro ekunze, mhuka nevhu. Kuti uite izvi, zvinoda kuongorora nekunzwisisa chimwe nechimwe chiitiko kubva pamaitiro ayo, maitiro uye zvinhu zvinopindira. Saka kukosha kwekutsamira pane zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinobvumira zvidzidzo zvehunyanzvi. Nechikonzero ichi, geography yemuviri inonangana nehurongwa hwekuongorora uye hwepakati hwepasi, kubva pakuzara kwechiitiko kusvika kune dzakanyanya mafomu enzvimbo yakasikwa yenzvimbo.
geomorphology
Iri nderimwe rematavi ejogirafi anonyanya hunyanzvi mune zvese geography uye geology, kunzwisisa iyo yekupedzisira sesainzi inobata neongororo yekwakabva, kuumbwa uye kushanduka kwePasi, pamwe chete nezvinhu zvinoigadzira uye chimiro chayo. . Geomorphology inodzidza zvisizvo zvakasiyana-siyana zviripo pasi pevhu, semhedzisiro yekudyidzana pakati pesimba reiyo tectonic process inouya kubva kune geothermal simba uye erosive maitiro ekuenzanisira uye kuparadzwa kwekununura nekuda kwesimba rezuva uye kutenderera kwenyika. .
Geomorphology yakabatana neyemuviri uye yemunhu geography, sezvo inodzidza njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga uye kuti munhu ane hukama sei nenharaunda. Nechikonzero ichi, mukati mechirango ichi tinowana zvimwe zvikamu zvinobvumira kuongororwa kwakadzama kwezvimwe zviitiko izvo, nekubatana nazvo, zvinogona kupa muono wakakura wezvakaitika. Iyi ndiyo nyaya yemamiriro ekunze geomorphology, iyo inodzidza pesvedzero yemamiriro ekunze pakuvandudza kwekuyamura. Dynamic geomorphology, iyo inotsvaga kutsvaga hukama pakati pemaitiro uye mafomu, ndiko kuti, kukukurwa, vamiririri vekutakura.
Nekune rimwe divi, pane inoshandiswa geomorphology, yakanangana nekudzidza kwekudyidzana pakati pezviito zvevanhu nemhando dzepasi, ichinyanya kutarisa nezvekutonga kwenjodzi dzinokonzerwa nekushanduka kuri pamusoro pepasi, kungave kwechisikigo kana kukonzerwa nemunhu. , izvi zvinonyatsozivikanwa se geohazards.
Climatology
Climatology nderimwe rematavi ejografi akanangana nekudzidza kwemamiriro ekunze, marudzi ayo, shanduko uye zvikonzero zvavo. Inoongorora mamiriro emuchadenga, ndiko kuti, tembiricha, kunaya kwemvura, kumanikidzwa kwemhepo nemhepo, izvo zvakanyorwa panguva yakatarwa nenzvimbo, pamwe nekusiyana kwavo. Kunyangwe kana mamiriro ekunze achigona kugara kwenguva yakareba, ndiye anosarudza nzira dzechirimwa, mhuka uye kunyangwe hupenyu hwevanhu munzvimbo yakapihwa. Climatology inoda zvidzidzo zvakabatana zve geological, hydrological and atmospheric mamiriro, nekudaro maitiro ayo akasiyana.
Zvakakosha kujekesa kuti kana tichitaura nezvemamiriro ekunze hazvifanirwe kuvhiringidzwa nemamiriro ekunze, sezvo iyi inyanzvi yezvemamiriro ekunze inogona kubatsira kufanotaura mamiriro ekunze, mamiriro ekunze, mamiriro ekunze, zviitiko zvinogadzira iyo uye mitemo inovamba. . Kune rumwe rutivi, izwi rokuti mamiriro ekunze, iro rinodzidzwa munguva refu, harifaniri kusanganiswa nemhepo yemhepo, iyo inodzidzwa munguva pfupi. Climatology, sedzimwe sainzi, inoda kuti mamwe madhigirii akwanise kuita zvidzidzo zvavo nebudiriro, apa pane zvikamu zvishanu.
Physical climatology inoshandiswa kudzidza zviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze zvakaita semhepo, hunyoro uye kunaya kwemvura kubva pachiverengero chemaonero. Dunhu, rinotarisa pane zvakajairika mamiriro ekunze eimwe dunhu. Nekune rimwe divi, kune dynamic meteorology, iyo inoongorora kuenzanisa uye kutsunga kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze nekuda kwekudziya kwepasi. Iyo bioclimatology inotungamirwa kune pesvedzero ine mamiriro ekunze nehupenyu. Uye chekupedzisira, paleoclimatology, inobata nemamiriro ekunze kubva panguva yekare ye geological eras, zvichibva pauchapupu hwefossil uye kuumbwa kwematombo.
Hydroography
Iri nderimwe remapazi ejogirafi rinonyanya kuongorora mitumbi yemvura inobata 70% yepasi. Mariri mune makungwa nemakungwa, semitumbi mikuru yemvura, inoteverwa nenzizi, madziva, madhamu, matsime emvura, hova, hova, ivhu nemvura yepasi. Chinangwa chayo ndechekutsanangura zvivakwa, kugovera, mafambiro uye kushandiswa, kuburikidza nenzira mbiri: yemugungwa uye hydromorphometry.
Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti hydrography haina kufanana nehydrology, sezvo yekupedzisira iri imwe yezvidzidzo zvakatsaurirwa pakudzidza nekugovera mvura, ndicho chikonzero chiri chikamu chakakosha che hydrography. Kune zvakare geomorphology, iyo inodzidza chimiro chepasi uye mune ino chiitiko chine hukama neaquifer. Oceanography, inoonekwa kubva kune yemuviri, makemikari uye biological maonero. Uye zvechokwadi, iyo climatology sechikamu chine simba mune yega yega masisitimu.
Edaphology
Sainzi itsva iyi inobata neongororo yezvakaita, zvivakwa, maumbirwo, maumbirwo, shanduko, taxonomy, kubatsira, kuchengetedza, kudzoreredza nekugovewa kwevhu. Ongorora hukama hwayo nemhoteredzo uye zvirimwa zvinogara mairi. Inopesvedzerwa nezvimwe zvirango zvakaita segeology, biology, agronomy, forest engineering, geography, uye climatology, ndosaka ichionekwa sebazi rekubatsira rejogirafi.
glaciology
Iri ndiro rimwe rematavi ejogirafi rinotarisa pakudzidza kwemvura munzvimbo yakasimba, kureva, glaciers, sezvinoratidza zita rayo. Pakati pezvidzidzo zvake ndiyo fomu iyo glacier inotora, mamiriro ezvinhu anotanga iyo uye chiito chechando pakuyamura, pamwe chete nemasimba ayo. Inobatawo nekudzidza chando, chimvuramabwe, neviza, chando uye ice sheet. Pamusoro peizvi, inoongorora zvese zvinoitika zvine chekuita negungwa, nyanza uye fluvial ice.
Geography yevanhu
Iri ndiro rechipiri guru rebazi re geography, sezvo riri basa rekudzidza hukama hwemapoka evanhu nemamiriro avo ezvinhu, kureva, kurongeka kwenzvimbo, pamwe chete nemaitiro avo ekubatana kwevanhu. Izvi zvinorehwa nezviitiko zvekugoverwa kwehuwandu hwevanhu, mamiriro enzvimbo ayo anoiparadzanisa uye hukama hwayo nemasikirwo. Zvese izvi zvakabatana nekugadziridzwa kwakaitwa nemunhu. Iyo ndima yekudzidza yesainzi iyi inovhara hupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvemagariro uye nekudaro kupindirana kwesainzi iyi.
vanhu geography
Panyaya yechirango ichi, chidzidzo chayo chinotarisana nekusiyana kwenzvimbo kunotaurwa nezvekugovewa uye kusungwa kwehuwandu hwevanhu, kunyanya kune chimiro chezera nebonde, pamwe nekutsanangurwa kwezviitiko zvesociodemographic, kureva kubereka, kufa uye kutama. , inova ndiyo inosarudza nharaunda zvakajeka. Kuve kuwandisa kwevanhu nemhedzisiro yaro pane zvakatipoteredza idzo nyaya dzinokosha.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti geography yevanhu haina hukama nedemografia, sezvo dziri nyaya dzakasiyana. Yekutanga yakavakirwa pakudzidza kwezvimiro zvepasi uye demografia inoita zvidzidzo zvichibva pahuwandu hwe data yezvimiro zvataurwa. Kune chikamu chayo, geography yehuwandu inogadzirisa shanduko muhuwandu, kuronga kwemaguta uye matambudziko ane chekuita nekukura nekuchembera kwevanhu.
Nyika Geography
Izvi zvine chekuita nekudzidza kwenzvimbo idzi uye zviitiko zvadzo (zvekurima, zvipfuyo uye zvekutengesa), pamwe nemamiriro avo ekugara uye kuti nzvimbo dzinogadziriswa sei zvichienderana nehupfumi, kugovera zvivakwa, matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza uye kutamiswa kwevanhu. . Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kumaruwa kuwanda kwehuwandu hwevanhu kwakadzikira nekudaro ine zviwanikwa zvishoma zvehunyanzvi.
Urban Geography
Ndiyo inoona nezvechidzidzo chenzvimbo nemhando dzemaguta, kureva kuti, demografia, kusimudzirwa kwemaguta, maindasitiri, masevhisi uye nuclei dzekutengesa. Mune mamwe mazwi, iyi geography inodzidza chimiro uye kushanda kwemetropolises, inonzwisiswa semadhorobha. Inodzidzawo hukama hwemaguta. Pazvidzidzo zvake anovimba neanthropology uye mabhesi emuviri geography.
Economic geography
Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikamu zve geography izvo zvinonyanya kutungamira kudzidza mamiriro emusika zvinoenderana nekugoverwa kwenzvimbo kwevagadziri nevatengi. Inodzidza mamiriro enzvimbo maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo, pamwe chete nehupfumi hwavo. Chinangwa chayo chikuru kudzidza kweakasiyana zviitiko zvehupfumi, musika, kupa uye kudiwa, zvese kubva pakuona kwenzvimbo.
Historical Geography
Iyi geography inodzidza zviitiko uye mapatani zvakaitika kare, nekuda kweizvi inoshandisa mamepu, mabhuku, data yenhamba uye zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinobvumira kuziva maitiro akasiyana ekuchinja kwevanhu, magariro, hupfumi uye tsika uye nekudaro kukwanisa kumisa shanduko matunhu akasiyana.. Nenzira iyi, zvinokwanisika kunzwisisa kukura kwemarudzi, kuvandudzwa kwemigwagwa, maitiro ekugadzirisa, kugoverwa kwenzvimbo uye kugara kwevhu.
Geography yezvematongerwo enyika
Mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika anonyanya kuvakirwa pakudzidza kwekuparadzirwa uye kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika kwepasi. Izvi zvinobvumira kuziva mamiriro emuganhu uye hukama pakati peNyika. Kune izvi, zvinodikanwa kuziva data remuviri senge morphology yenyika, fluvial uye mugungwa mamiriro, pamwe nehurongwa hwehurumende uye mhedzisiro yavo maererano nezviito zvezvematongerwo enyika. Izvi zvinobvumira kumisa kugoverwa kwenzvimbo maererano nenzvimbo inogarwa nemunhu, kusanganisira data yehuwandu, tsika nenharaunda.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa kuti zvematongerwo enyika haazi geopolitics, nekuti iyo yekupedzisira ndeye yezvematongerwo enyika sainzi, iyo inotarisana nekuzvarwa, kushanduka uye simba reNyika, iyo, kusiyana nezvematongerwo enyika, yakavakirwa pamatunhu.
Cultural Geography
Kunzwisisa kuti tsika ndiyo seti yezvinhu uye zvemweya zveboka revanhu, tsika geography inodzidza zviitiko uye maitiro eumwe neumwe wavo, sezvo iwo akasiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo yavanogara. Zvinosanganisira zvinhu zveupfumi uye zvemagariro. Parizvino, nekuda kwe tekinoroji, maitiro ekudyidzana kwepasi rose anga achiisa mamwe nhungamiro uko tsika huru iri kupinda mutsika yemuno nekuda kwehunyanzvi. Chii chiri kuunza dambudziko rakakura pasi rese.
Biological Geography
Biological geography kana biogeography ndeimwe yematavi makuru ejogirafi. Zvidzidzo zvake zvinotarisa pakugovaniswa kwezvipenyu uye zvipenyu zviri pamusoro penyika uye nemamiriro azvinokura. Mukugovera uku kune zvinhu zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa, sezvakaita nyaya yekushanduka kwehupenyu, kugadziridzwa kwechimiro uye kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Iri bazi rinomisa zvidzidzo zvaro kubva pakuona kwebiology, botany, ecology uye zoology, ndiko kuti, tichifunga nezve physiology, morphology, maitiro uye kuberekana kwemarudzi.
Phytogeography
Iri bazi rejogirafi rakanangana nechidzidzo chekugoverwa kwezvirimwa panyika. Kutenda kwazviri, zvinokwanisika kuwana dhata ine chekuita nemaitiro ekushanda, nhengo, morphology uye kugovera kwemhando dzakasiyana dzezvirimwa uye kuchinjika kwavo kune zvimwe zvipenyu.
Ecology
Ecology kana inozivikanwawo seecosystem biology, inodzidza chimiro chekudyidzana kwezvipenyu uye nharaunda yazvo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinotora kurangarira biotic zvinhu kana, zviri nani kutaurwa, zvipenyu zvenzvimbo imwe chete yekugara uye iyo abiotic iyo inomiririrwa nehunyoro, tembiricha uye zvakatipoteredza kusimbisa hukama hwavo nekusimudzira. Saizvozvo, inodzidza maitiro uye kugadziridzwa kwemarudzi akasiyana.
zoogeography
Zoology ndiyo chirango chesainzi chine chekuita nekudzidza kwemhuka uye kugovera kwavo pasirese. Kureva kuti anodzidza kubva morphology uye anatomy kune nzira yehupenyu, kudya, kubereka uye kukura. Mukuwedzera kune maitiro ayo uye kugovera. Zoology chikamu chinoshanda chebiogeography, sezvo ichitarisawo nezvekwakabva, maitiro akatungamira mamwe marudzi kuti agare mune dzimwe nzvimbo uye zvinhu zvinoikanganisa.
astronomical geography
Iri ndiro rimwe rematavi ejogirafi, iro rine basa rekudzidza kwezvitunha zvekudenga zviripo muzuva, kureva, mapuraneti, zuva nemwedzi yakasiyana-siyana, comets uye asteroids nenyeredzi, kungotaura zvishomanana. Iyi sainzi yakavakirwa pane humwe hunyanzvi kuitira kuti izadzise chinangwa chayo. Pakati pazvo pane ruzivo rwenyeredzi, nekudzidza nezvezvinhu zvose zviri muchadenga. The actinology inodzidza chiedza nemwaranzi yenyeredzi, pamwe nemigumisiro yadzo pazvisikwa zvipenyu. Astrophysics, kune rumwe rutivi, inobata nekudzidza kwekuumbwa uye kushanduka kwezvinhu zvekudenga.
Cosmogony inodzidza nyeredzi dziri chikamu chesolar system. Cosmology inotarisirwa kudzidza mitemo yezvakasikwa, ndiko kuti, mavambo, nhoroondo, chimiro uye shanduko, uye pakupedzisira cosmonautics, iyo inotungamirira nzvimbo yekufamba.
Mathematics Geography
Iyi sainzi yenzvimbo inoongorora hukama pakati pechadenga nepasi kuburikidza nemasvomhu. Nezveizvi, zvinoda cartography kuwana data pahukuru hwepasi uye kukwanisa kuatora pamepu kana maglobhu. Chronology, kudzidza nguva nekuenzanisa misi nezviitiko. Zvinodawo kunzvera mativi egiravhiti, ayo anonzi geodesy, uye topografia, ayo anonzvera mamirire ezvinhu okuyamura ari pamusoro penyika.
Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve Mapazi eGeography, tarisa vhidhiyo inotevera:
Kana iwe uchida kuverenga zvimwe zvinyorwa zvine chekuita nenharaunda, tinokurudzira kuti iwe uise anotevera ma link.
Mienzaniso yeEnvironment Impact
Migumisiro Yekuparara Kwenzvimbo
Kuchengetedza Kwakatipoteredza