La Electromagnetic mwaranzi iwo mafungu emagetsi emagetsi anonakidzwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoburitsa zveatomu, zvidimbu zvinochajiswa, mamorekuru, antenna. Nhamba huru yemidziyo yemagetsi uye tambo dzemagetsi dzine Electromagnetic Radiation.
Chii chinonzi Electromagnetic Radiation?
La Electromagnetic mwaranzi Iyo inozivikanwa sechimiro chekufambisa simba kuburikidza nepakati umo magetsi emagetsi kana magineti anopenya ari muchimiro chemasaisai.
Zvinoenderana neiyo wave theory, ese Electromagnetic Radiation ane akakosha zvivakwa uye anozvibata nenzira inofanotaurwa, Electromagnetic Radiation inogadzirwa nemunda wemagetsi uye magineti, iyo yemagetsi munda inochinja muhukuru uye inotungamirwa perpendicular kugwara rekupararira kwemwaranzi.
Zvinogona kuita sezvinoshamisa kuti zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuviri zviripo kunze uye zvine hwaro hwakafanana hweElectromagnetic Radiation, senge chidimbu cheradioactive substance, X-ray chubhu, mercury discharge rambi, tochi, chitofu chinopisa, nezvimwewo. chiteshi uye alternator yakabatana netambo yemagetsi.
Migumisiro yezvakasiyana mhando dzeElectromagnetic Radiation mumuviri wemunhu akasiyanawo, gamma mwaranzi uye x-ray wavelength kupinda, zvichikonzera kukuvadzwa kwetishu, mwenje unooneka unokonzera kutaridzika muziso, infrared mwaranzi, inowira pamuviri wemunhu, ichipisa, uye masaisai eredhiyo uye yakaderera-frequency electromagnetic vibrations emuviri wemunhu haisi kunzwa zvachose.
Zvishandiso zvekutaurirana zvinopa nzvimbo yemagetsi panguva yekugamuchira uye kutumira ruzivo uye nekuti ivo vari padiki chinhambwe kubva kwatiri, semuenzaniso, nhare mbozha inowanzo padhuze nemusoro, iyo flux density yemunda wemagetsi ichave yakanyanya.
Microwave oveni dzine hupenyu hwesherufu, kana iri nyowani uye iri sevhisi, panenge pasisina radiation panguva yekushanda kubva kunze kwechoto, kana iyo nzvimbo yakasviba, gonhi harina kukwana zvakakwana, ipapo kuchengetedzwa kwe. ovheni inogona kusamisa radiation yese uye kunyangwe minda ichapinda mumadziro ekicheni nefurati yese kana makamuri ari pedyo.
Propiedades
Electrodynamics ndiyo fizikisi ye Electromagnetic mwaranzi uye electromagnetism chiitiko chemuviri chakabatana nedzidziso ye electrodynamics, iwo emagetsi uye magineti minda inoteerera pfuma ye superposition, saka munda nekuda kwechero chidimbu kana yemagetsi kana magineti inosiyana nekufamba kwenguva inobatsira kuminda iripo munzvimbo imwechete. nokuda kwezvimwe zvikonzero.
Zvakare, sezvo ari vector minda, ese magineti uye emagetsi field vectors anowedzera zvinoenderana nevector yekuwedzera, saka semuenzaniso mune optics maviri kana anopfuura anowirirana masaisai echiedza anogona kupindirana uye kuvaka kana kuparadza, zvinokanganisa zvinopa mhedzisiro irradiance iyo inotsauka kubva. uwandu hwezvikamu zveirradiation zvemasaisai emwenje ega ega.
Sezvo chiedza chiri oscillation, hachikanganisi kufamba kuburikidza nemagetsi emagetsi kana magineti emagetsi mumutsara wepakati senge vacuum, zvisinei, mune zvisiri izvo zvinyorwa zvakadai semamwe makristasi, kupindirana pakati pechiedza nemagetsi emagetsi kunogona kuitika uye static magineti, kusangana uku. sanganisira iyo Faraday mhedzisiro uye Kerr mhedzisiro.
Mukukakavadzana, masaisai anopindirana kubva kune imwe svikiro kuenda kune imwe yeakasiyana densities anochinja kukurumidza uye kwaakananga paanopinda musvikiro nyowani, chiyero che refractive indices yemedia inotaridza chiyero chekuramba, uye inopfupikiswa mumutemo we Snell.
Chiedza chemawavelength emukomboni chakapararira mune inooneka spectrum ichipfuura nepakati peprism nekuti wavelength inotsamira pane refractive index yechinhu prism, kureva kuti, chimwe nechimwe chikamu chewave mukati mechiedza chakasanganiswa huwandu hwakasiyana hunopetwa kaviri.
Dzidziso
James Clerk Maxwell akaburitsa waveform kubva kumagetsi uye magineti equation, nekudaro achiwana hunhu hwakaita hwemasaisai emagetsi nemagineti minda uye chiyero chadzo, kubva kukurumidza kwemafungu emagetsi akapihwa newave equation akabatana nekuyerwa kumhanya kwechiedza, Maxwell akaratidza. icho chiedza pachacho iwaisa, maequation aMaxwell akasimbiswa naHertz nekuyedzwa nemasaisai eredhiyo.
Sekureva kwaMaxwell's equations, kusiyanisa kwenzvimbo yegetsi kunogara kwakabatana neiyo magineti, iyo inoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva, uyezve, nzvimbo inoshanduka yemagineti inosanganiswa nedzimwe shanduko nekufamba kwenguva mumunda wemagetsi, mune electromagnetic wave, shanduko. mumagetsi emagetsi anogara achiperekedzwa nesaisai mune magineti mune imwe nzira uye zvinopesana.
Magnetic minda inogona kunzi minda yemagetsi mune imwe furemu yereferensi uye zvakare minda yemagetsi inogona kutorwa semagineti mune imwe furemu yereferensi, asi ine chirevo chimwe chete, sezvo fizikisi yakafanana mune ese mafiremu ereferenzi, saka kune hukama hwepedyo pakati penzvimbo uye nguva shanduko inopfuura fananidzo pano.
yakawanda sei radiation
Ndiyo nhamba shoma yezvivakwa zvemuviri zvinobatanidzwa mukudyidzana, photon ndiyo chete huwandu hwechiedza kana imwe nzira Electromagnetic mwaranziSaizvozvo, simba reerekitironi rakasungwa mukati meatomu rinoyerwa uye rinogona kungovapo pane mamwe maitiro akasiyana.
Iyo yakamira mukana wekugovera inotorwa kubva kune imwe-nhanho maitiro inoenderana nedzidziso yaEinstein yekunyura uye kubuda kwemwaranzi, musimboti waGauss unoshandiswa kuona iyo entropy, uye mutemo wechipiri unopa mamiriro eiyo dynamic equilibrium kana mutemo weradiation weiyo. Quantum Planck Theory, chimiro ichi hachibvumirani neEinstein's dynamic equilibrium criterion.
Pakasvika kupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, fambiro mberi huru yakanga yaitwa mufizikisi, classical Newtonian physics panguva iyoyo yakagamuchirwa zvakafara munzanga yesayenzi nokuda kwokukwanisa kwayo kutsanangura nenzira yakarurama nokudeya kutaura zvinoitika zvakawanda.
Zvakadaro, mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzakaona kuti mitemo yemhando yepamusoro haishande pachiyero cheatomu, uye zviedzo zvakaita semagetsi ephotoelectric zvaipesana zvachose nemitemo yefizikisi yekare.Nekuda kwekuona uku, nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzakatsanangura yedzidziso dzava kunzi quantum mechanics.
Hunhu hweElectromagnetic Radiation
ari mwaranzi electromagnetic Vane akati wandei anonakidza maficha, ayo atinotaura pazasi:
Electromagnetic Radiation inoitika kana atomic particle, senge erekitironi, ikakwidzwa nendima yemagetsi, zvichiita kuti ikurumidze, masaisai emagetsi nehunhu hwawo zvinotsanangurwa muchidimbu mumapoinzi ataurwa pazasi.
Wavelength
Kuwedzerwa kwemafungu kunozivikanwa sechinhambwe chiri pakati pepamusoro pemafungu anoenderera, kunyanya pamapoinzi ari mumagetsi emagetsi kana ruzha, iyo inosvikwa sechinhambwe chekutenderera kwakazara kwekuzununguka.
- C: ndiko kumhanya kwechiedza
- a: ndiko kureba kwewavelength
- v: ndiyo frequency
C = aw
Frequency
Nhamba yezvikamu pasekondi inotsanangurwa sefrequency. Inotsanangurwa seHertz, kana "E" riri simba, "h" inguva yePlack iyo yakaenzana ne6.62607 x 10. -34 uye "v" ndiyo frequency yatingatore nayo hukama hwakapihwa pazasi.
E = hν
Saka tinogona kuona kuti frequency yakanyatso kuenzana nesimba.
Nguva
Nguva iyi inowanzo zivikanwa nechiratidzo 'T'. Ndiyo nguva yese inotora kuti wave kufamba 1 wavelength.
Speed
Zvichienderana ne Electromagnetic mwaranzi, kumhanya kunowanzo kuratidzwa se:
Iyo wave kumhanya muvacuum ye electromagnetic wave = 186,282 mamaira/sekondi kana 2.99 × 10 8 m/s.
Ndehupi hukama pakati peElectromagnetic Radiation uye radioactivity?
Urwu ndirwo rwakakura kwazvo rwema electromagnetic spectrum sezvo rusina kuganhurirwa nemasimba akakwira, munyoro wegamma mwaranzi inogadzirwa panguva yekuchinja kwesimba mukati meatomu nuclei uye yakaoma, panguva yenyukireya maitiro gamma mwaranzi inoparadza nyore mamorekuru, kusanganisira iwo ehupenyu, asi, rombo rakanaka. hazvipfuure nemumhepo.
Gamma radiation iElectromagnetic Radiation ine ipfupi wavelength, isingasviki 0.1 nm, inoburitswa nekunakidzwa kweatomu nuclei panguva yekushandurwa kweradioactive uye nyukireya reactions uye inotorwa kubva mukudzikira kwezvimedu zvinochajirwa muchinhu, kuora kwavo, mushure mekuparadzwa. mushure mekufamba kwezvimedu zvinochajiswa nekukurumidza kuburikidza ne Kemikari Kuchinja Kwezvinhu, mumirazvo yemwenje yelaser, munzvimbo yenyeredzi.
Biological Migumisiro yeElectromagnetic Radiation
Mafungu uye zvimedu zvinokonzeresa zvinonyatso tsanangura kuburitsa uye kunyudza spectra yeElectromagnetic Radiation, nyaya ndiko kuumbwa kwepakati kuburikidza iyo mwenje inoparadzira inotaridza chimiro chekunyura uye nemwaranzi spectrum, mabhendi aya anoenderana neanobvumidzwa mazinga esimba mumaatomu.
Iwo mabhandi erima ari mukunyudza spectrum anokonzerwa nemaatomu sepakati pepakati pakati pechitubu neanocherekedza, maatomu anotora mamwe ma frequency echiedza pakati peemitter ne detector uye obva aaburitsa kumativi ese, bhandi rakasviba rinoonekwa ne detector, nekuda kwemwaranzi yakapararira nedanda.
Saka, semuenzaniso, mabhandi erima muchiedza chinoburitswa nenyeredzi iri kure anokonzerwa nemaatomu ari mumhepo yenyeredzi, chiitiko chakafanana chinoitika chemwaranzi, iyo inooneka kana gasi rinobuda richipenya nekuda kwekunakidzwa kwemaatomu chero ipi zvayo. nzira, kusanganisira kupisa.
Sezvo maerekitironi achidzika kusvika pasi pesimba resimba, sipekitiramu inopenya kunze, inomiririra kusvetuka pakati pemazinga emagetsi erekitironi, asi mutsetse unoonekwa nekuti zvakare kubuda kunoitika chete pane mamwe masimba mushure mekunakidzwa.
Muenzaniso ndewekubuda kwenebulae, sezvo maerekitironi anofamba achimhanyisa zvakanyanya kana asangana nenharaunda yesimba, saka ndiwo ane basa rekugadzira akawanda epamusoro frequency. Electromagnetic mwaranzi zvinoonekwa muzvisikwa.
Izvi zviitiko zvinogona kubatsira kemikari yakasiyana kuona kuumbwa kwemagasi ekudzokera shure uye kune magasi anopenya, spectroscopy inoona kuti ndeapi kemikari zvinhu zvinosanganisira imwe nyeredzi, spectroscopy inoshandiswawo kuona kureba kwenyeredzi ichishandisa kusimuka kuenda kutsvuku.
Ionizing mwaranzi
Chinangwa chechikamu chino ndechekupa ruzivo pamusoro pekutanga kweiyo ionizing radiation Kune zvese, simba rinoburitswa kubva kutsime rinowanzo kunzi radiation, mienzaniso inosanganisira kupisa kana chiedza chinobva chimiro chezuva, microwaves kubva muchoto, X-rays uye gamma mwaranzi kubva kune radioactive zvinhu.
Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare semwaranzi ine simba rakakwana zvekuti kana paine kudyidzana neatomu, inokwanisa kupatsanura maerekitironi akabatanidzwa zvakanyanya kubva ku orbit yeatomu, zvichiita kuti atomu ribatane kana kuti ionize.
Isiri-ionizing mwaranzi
Mwaranzi isiri-ionizing iri kumagumo ehurefu hwemasaisai uye inogona kuva nesimba rakakwana rekufadza mamorekuru nemaatomu zvichiita kuti azungunuke nekukurumidza, izvi zviri pachena muovheni yemicrowave umo mwaranzi inokonzeresa kuti mamorekuru emvura azungunuke nekukurumidza kugadzira kupisa.
Mwaranzi isiri-ionizing inotangira kubva kune yakadzikira frequency mwaranzi, inoratidzwa kuruboshwe, kuburikidza neredhiyo frequency, microwave, uye zvikamu zvinoonekwa zve spectrum mune ultraviolet renji.
Zvishandiso zveElectromagnetic Radiation
- Electromagnetic Radiation inowana kutapurirana kwesimba kuburikidza nevhacuum.
- Sezvo mafungu emagetsi achifambisa simba, anoita basa rakakosha muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, kusanganisira tekinoroji yekutaurirana.
- Electromagnetic Radiation ndiyo hwaro hwekushanda kweradar, iyo inoshandiswa kutungamira uye kuona kure kure kudzidza kwepasi redu.
- Ultraviolet mwaranzi ndeye germicidal muzvisikwa uye inoparadza mabhakitiriya, mavhairasi uye mold panzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, mweya kana mvura.
- Infrared radiation inoshandiswa pakuona kwehusiku uye inobatsira kuchengetedza makamera.
- Infrared radiation inoonekwa nguva dzese, saka inoshandiswa nevakuru kubata muvengi.
Electromagnetic Radiation inotikanganisa sei?
Zvagara zvichizivikanwa kuti the Electromagnetic mwaranzi ine hunhu husina kunaka hwekupesvedzera pamunhu, pese patakakomberedzwa nemidziyo yemumba, waya, kuwandisa kwemhedzisiro yakadai kunosanganisira shanduko mumashure ekudzivirira kwemuviri wemunhu, izvo zvinotungamira kuzvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvaigona kudzivirirwa nekuve munzvimbo yakadai uye. nharaunda ine hutano.
Mwoyo wemoyo uye hurongwa hwemagetsi hunewo kunzwisiswa kwepamusoro kune zvinokonzerwa neElectromagnetic Radiation, sezvinoratidzwa nemigumisiro yezvidzidzo.
Radiation inogona kukonzera:
- Nervous disorders.
- Kuvhiringidzika kwehope.
- Kukanganisa kwakanyanya mubasa rekuona.
- Kupera simba kwesimba rekudzivirira, kusagadzikana kwakasiyana-siyana kwemaitiro ekugadzira hupenyu.
- Kuvhiringidza kwehutano hwemwoyo.
