" Hapana basa risina anatomy ". Camillo Golgi, Nobel Prize in Medicine muna 1906, akanyora izvi pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nezvezvidzidzo zvake zvepakati nepakati nepakati masero etsinga. Mune mamwe mazwi, basa racho rinogadzirisa chimiro chemasero, uye nekudaro kutarisa kudiki kunova kwakakosha kuti unzwisise maitiro ayo emuviri.
Hazvisi zvemasanga kuti munhu wekutanga akanzwisisa kuti tsinga dzakagadzirwa netambo dzetambo uye dzaisamiririra rudzi rwegwara rine chinhu chakapfava mukati, senge mutsinga weropa, aive Anton Van Leeuwenhoek muna 1715.
Leeuwenhoek uye maikorosikopu
leeuwenhoek, Dutch optician uye naturalist, anozivikanwa semuvambi we optical microscope; saka, uyo aive wekutanga kuona, zvakanyanya uye zvakanyatsoitika, zvimwe zviitiko zvechisikigo zvakadai sekutenderera kwemasero matsvuku eropa mu capillaries, kuvapo kwemasero echirume echirume, yekutanga kuzivikanwa chaiko. iyo lamellar chimiro che lens, kuwanikwa kweprotozoa uye mabhakitiriya anonzi "mhuka duku". Zviri pachena kuti kwaisangova kuwanikwa kweakanakisa optical lenses yenguva, iyo yaakazvivakirawo.
Aya ndiwo manyorero akaita Leeuwenhoek mutsamba kuRoyal Society yeLondon muna 1692, achipindura kutsoropodzwa kubva kune vamwe venguva yake:
Ndinoziva kwazvo, Vanokudzwa, kuti mishumo yandinonyora nokukutumirai nguva nenguva haiwirirani nguva dzose, uye kuti kupesana kunowanikwa mazviri; izvo zvandinoda kutaura zvakare kuti ndine tsika yekuomerera kune data randinaro kusvikira ndaziviswa zviri nani kana kutozosvikira zvandinoona zvichinditungamira kune imwe nzvimbo; uye handizombonyara kuchinja nzira yangu.
Aya ndiwo matangiro akaita maikorosikopu yemazuva ano, ndiko kuti, kudzidza kwezvakasikwa mune zviduku zvishoma, izvo zvichiri nhasi zvinoumba imwe yenzira huru dzekuferefeta tsvakurudzo yemazuva ano yesayenzi. Asi kuti tinzwisise zviri nani kuzvarwa uye shanduko yesainzi iyi, tinofanira kutaura kune akawanda ekufungidzira uye zvakawanikwa izvo kubva mukuedza kwekutanga muAntiquity zvakaumba kuvandudzwa kwechirango ichi kune zvinokatyamadza zvinoonekwa zvesainzi yemazuva ano.
Chiedza mutsika dzechiGiriki nedzechiIslam
Kunyange zvazvo maikorosikopu ichangobva kugadzirwa, kudzidza kwechiedza chiitiko chakafarira vazhinji vepfungwa huru dzeAntiquity uye yakapa kukakavara pakati pezvikoro zvakasiyana zvekufunga; Isu tatova nechikwereti kune vakanyanya kufunga vakadai saAristotle, kana Euclid, akararama pakati peIV neIII mazana emakore BC, uyo wekutanga kuumbwa kwatakanyora humbowo hwepfungwa yekuona nemwaranzi yechiedza. Nechekare muzana remakore rechitatu BC. C. kushandiswa kwezvionioni zvinopfuta zvakakurumbira zveArchimedes zvakava nemukurumbira munguva yeHondo yechipiri yePunic, kunyange zvazvo zvisati zvave zvichiratidzwa nenhoroondo.
Roma
Mienzaniso yakanyorwa zvakanyanya panyaya iyi ndeiya iyo kubva kunyika yeRoma. Kutaura zvazviri, kushandiswa kwakaitwa nevaRoma vekare kwemagirazi akati sandarara kuita kuti mwaranzi yezuva iname uye vawane moto kwave kuchitenderwa nevakawanda kwenguva yakareba. Tekinoroji yeLens inoita seyakatokura kupfuura budiriro yeRoma, sezvinoratidzwa nezvakawanikwa kubva kuKnossos, iyo inodzokera kuBronze Age, nguva iri pakati pe3500 ne1200 BC. c.
Pompeii
Pamusoro pekristaro prisms yeakasarudzika uye yakajairwa (inoshandiswa kupaza mwenje mumavara eiyo spectrum), ivo vanobvawo kubva mukucherwa kwe pompeii yekare midziyo miduku yakatenderera, zvishoma, inokwanisa kupa mufananidzo wakajeka uye wakakura. Sezvineiwo, pane anenge asina mabhuku ezvinyorwa anotaura nezvezvinhu izvi sezvishandiso zvekuona. Yakapiwa naPliny Mukuru apo mambo Nero, zvichida myopic, aigara achiona kurwisana kwe gladiator kuburikidza nekuvatarisa kuburikidza ne emerald yakakura yakapenya.
Ottica uye Cattoptrica
Tichidzokera kuna Euclid, tinoona kuti ndiye aive munyori wezvinyorwa zvishanu zvakakurumbira zvegeometry zvine pfungwa dzepoinzi, mutsetse nendege; Aya mafundo akakosha akaungana pamwechete iro basa Ottica eCatoptrica apo zvinhu zvemaonero zvirimo, the kudzidza kwekufungidzira mundege uye magirazi akatenderera uye, kwekutanga, pfungwa yekuona ray pasina chimiro chemuviri inotsanangurwa. Izvi zvinobvumira Euclid kuwedzera nzira yakajairika yekuratidzira kwejometri kumunda wezviitiko zvechiedza.
Mamiriro ezvirevo izvi, zvisinei, akaiswa zvakasimba nepfungwa yokuti kuona kunoitika nemwaranzi inobudiswa neziso: dzidziso inoparadza yechiedza. Kuti tisvike padzidziso yezviono yepamusorosoro, zvakanga zvakakodzera kumirira kusvikira muzana remakore rechi965, nedzidziso dzeArab Alhazen (1039-XNUMX). Maererano naAlhazen, ziso harigoni “kunzwa” chinhu kunze kwokungoshandisa mwaranzi iyo inokutumira iwe neine magumo velocity; chiedza chinofanira kuva nehupenyu chaihwo nokuti kana chakanyanyisa chinogona kukuvadza maziso uye kugadzira mifananidzo yechipiri.
Kugadzirwa kwemicroscope
Izvo zvichave zvakafanira kumirira kusvika nguva yeBaroque kuti uone kuberekwa kwechokwadi precursor microscope yemazuva ano. Muzana ramakore rechi 1609 inguva inobereka zvibereko munyika dzakawanda nokuda kwesayenzi muuzhinji, chaizvoizvo zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti yakaona shanduko yechokwadi yesayenzi naBacon, Boyle, Copernicus, Leibniz nevamwe vakawanda. Nekudaro, zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti munhoroondo yemicroscope hapana zuva rakasarudzika rinoenzaniswa neXNUMX, gore iro Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) yakagadzirwa neteresikopu ine rudimentary.
vagadziri vemachira uye maikorosikopu
Uyezve, hazvisi zvetsaona kuti Netherlands ndiyo yaive mbereko yechiridzwa chakadai semaikorosikopu, sezvo muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX nyika ino yaimiririra mharadzano yakakosha yekutengeserana yeindasitiri yemachira uye, panguva imwecheteyo, yekugadzirwa kweceramics uye majolica. . Kubva kumawekishopu ekupedzisira aya, pamwe sechigadzirwa chechipiri chekugadzira, pamwe pacho pakauya madonhwe egirazi rakanyungudutswa. vagadziri vemachira vanoshandiswa semagirazi madiki ekukudza kudzora zvirinani magadzirirwo panguva yekugadzira chikamu. Uku ndiko kwaiva kushandiswa kwekutanga kwakaitwa naAntoni Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), pakutanga aiva maneja wechitoro chejira, akagadzirwa nesimbi dzakasimba; gare gare, zvichida achitevera kufarira kwake sayenzi yomusikirwo yaakarerekera kwairi nenzira yomuzvarirwo.
Nokudaro, Van Leeuwenhoek's inogona kuonekwa seyokutanga maikorosikopu, kubva pairi yakanyatsonambwa uye yakagadziridzwa kuti ishandiswe nekuda kwezvinangwa zvesainzi. Hazvishamisi kuti akataurwa panguva iyoyo semuongorori akangwara uyo
[…] yakagadzira maikorosikopu anodarika anoonekwa kusvika parizvino…
Muchokwadi, maikorosikopu yaLeeuwenhoek ine lenzi imwe chete yakaiswa parutsigiro rwesimbi yakashongedzerwa neakakosha ekubata sampuli ine inogadzirika inotariswa nenzira yekukurisa michina, uye inopa kushandiswa kwemwenje wekugadzira. Izvi zvinhu, kuwedzera pakuumba, kubva panguva iyoyo, hwaro hwechero maikorosikopu optical, fungidzira nzira yekudzidza yezvinoitika zvechisikigo nekunakirwa kwatove kwemazuva ano.
Arcana Nature
Leeuwenhoek akafukidzwa nekuzivikanwa zviri pamutemo, marabhoritari yake yakashanyirwa nevadzidzi uye vezvematongerwo enyika kubva kumativi ese enyika (kushanya kwakakurumbira kwaTsar Peter Mukuru weRussia). Leeuwenhoek akafa aine makore makumi mapfumbamwe nerimwe. musi waNyamavhuvhu 26, 1723, mushure mekunge vaona chinyorwa cheLatin chemuunganidzwa wakakwana wetsamba dzake dzakawanda nemishumo, yakabudiswa muna 1722 pasi pemusoro wekuti "Arcana Naturae."
Nhamburiko dzenyanzvi mumazana amakore anotevera dzichatsaurirwa chose chose mukugadzira mamaikorosikopu ane simba zvikuru nokuronga, kuisa mumapoka, uye kuenzanisa uwandu hwepasi richangobva kuwanikwa. Mupfungwa iyi, mupiro wemuRungu Robert Hooke (1635-1703) wakakosha, unoyeukwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwezvidzidzo zvake pamusoro pekusimba pane izvo zveoptical microscopy. Hooke, nyanzvi yakakwana, akavandudza maikorosikopu, achiibatanidza negadziriro itsva yokuona uye gadziriro itsva yokuvhenekesa. Izvi zvakamubvumira kuti awane nhevedzano yezviwanwa, zvakadai semakomba ari muhuko, akaparadzaniswa nemadziro, aakadana kuti. masero. Mukukakavadzana naIsaac Newton, zvichida musayendisiti mukurusa wenguva iyoyo, akatsigira pfungwa yedzidziso yemafungu echiedza ichipokana nedzidziso yecorpuscular.
Kushanduka kwemicroscope pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX neXNUMX: kubva pamicroscope kusvika kune electron microscope.
Iko kuvandudzwa kwakaunzwa zvishoma nezvishoma mumakorosikopu akavakwa muzana ramakore regumi nesere ainyanya kutariswa nemagadzirirwo emuchina. Kunyange zvazvo kumwe kufambira mberi kwakanga kwaitwa mu nzira dzekugadzira lens, kushanda kwemaziso kwakanga kuchiri kusina kunaka. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nemhando yegirazi uye kukanganisa kuviri kwakakomba mumalenzi: spherical aberration uye chromatic aberration, izvo zvakakonzera kusajeka uye iridescent mifananidzo.
Uyezve, kuvandudzwa kwega kwega nguva dzose uye kwaingoitika pane empirical hwaro uye nekudaro Zvaiva zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nemaoko.. Kuti zvigadziriswe, kukanganisa uku kunoda kubatanidzwa kwemalenzi akati wandei uye, nokudaro, pakanga pasati pave kutozosvikira pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX apo masisitimu akadaro aigona kuitika.
Ernst Abbe
Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, zvidzidzo zvedzidziso uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji zvakafambidzana. Mumiririri mukuru wenguva iyi aiva German Ernst Abbe (1840-1905), uyo yakashandura maikorosikopu kubva paunhu kuita chimbo chehuwandu; mazhinji emisimboti iyo tekinoroji yemazuva ano yemicroscope optics uye lenzi kazhinji yakavakirwa imhaka yake; Abbe akashanda naCarl Zeiss (1816-1888) mune yakakurumbira Jena optical workshops.
Akatora chirevo, chine zita rake (nhamba yeAbbe), kuratidza simba rekuparadzira regirazi uye akabatanidza kugadziriswa kwechinangwa chemicroscope sekushanda kwenhamba yaro. mazhinji emisimboti iyo tekinoroji yemazuva ano yemicroscope optics uye lenzi kazhinji yakavakirwa imhaka yake. Abbe akashanda naCarl Zeiss (1816-1888) mune yakakurumbira Jena optical workshops.
August Kohler
Kubva muna 1900 August Kohler (1866-1948) akashandawo muJena, uyo aibata nemicrophotography uye akagadzirisa ikozvino yakagamuchirwa munyika yose yekuvhenekera hurongwa hwemakorosikopu; Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zviridzwa zvakanakisa zvakatwasuka uye zvakatenderedzwa zvakatovapo pamusika.
Muna 1903 Richard Zsigmondy (1865-1929) akagadzira iyo inonzi ultramicroscope, iyo inobvumira kudzidza kwecolloidal particles nehukuru hudiki pane wavelength yechiedza; uye mumakumi emakore akatevera nhanho haina kunonoka: hunyanzvi hutsva hwakadai sechikamu chekusiyanisa, nzira dzekupindira uye kuratidza maikorosikopu Vakavhura minda mitsva yekushandisa nepo mamwe maitiro anozivikanwa akaitwa akakwana, senge fluorescence, kupindira kwekusiyanisa uye polarization. mwaranzi.
electron microscopy
Nechekare muma30s, netsanangudzo yezvimedu zvekutanga senge erekitironi uye kuunzwa kwewave/particle dualism kutsanangura maitiro avo, nguva dzaive dzaibva nekuti miganhu yekugadziriswa kwenzvimbo yemamicroscopes, inoiswa nekureba kwechiedza. , inogona kupfuudzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu emaonero matsva zvachose: electron microscopy. Yekutanga maikorosikopu erekitironi yakavakwa muna 1933 nemaGerman physics Ernst Ruska (1906-1988) naMax Knoll (1897-1969). Ruska pachake, makore mazhinji gare gare, aizoreva nguva idzodzo senguva ine zvibereko yekudzidza nekutsvaga:
Mushure mokunge apedza kudzidza (1931), mamiriro ehupfumi muGermany akanga akaoma zvikuru uye hazvina kuita sezvingabvira kuwana nzvimbo inogutsa payunivhesiti kana muindasitiri. Naizvozvo, ndakafara kukwanisa kuenderera mberi nebasa rangu mahara semudzidzi wePhD paHigh Voltage Institute…”.
Kunopera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX uye kuongorora probe microscope
Iyo ichiri kufambira mberi kurongeka kwemitemo ye quantum mechanics inopa mhinduro nyowani dzekuongorora iyo microscopic nyika mune zvakadzama zvakadzama, kusvika pakusvika pakuburitsa hunhu hwayo hwepedyo, ndiko kuti, mamorekuru nemaatomu. Kusiyana nezvakaitika kare, muma1980 mamwe mazano makuru akagadziridzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akanga atove akazaruka muhungwaru uye, izvo zvisina kunyanya kuipa, zvakapiwa zvakakwana nevanhu, teknolojia uye zvehupfumi.
George Gamow
Zvinobva papfungwa yaGeorge Gamow (akatowana iyo inonzi Cosmic Background Radiation) yekuvapo kweiyo tunnel effect, yakagadzirwa muna 1928, kuti vaviri veGerman physics, Gerd Binnig (1947) naHeinrich Rohrer (1933-) 2013) akazvarwa muna 1981, achishanda kuIBM research marabhoritari muZurich, yekutanga kuongorora tunneling maikorosikopu.
Maikorosikopu iyi inoshandisa tsono yakatsetseka kuti ione simba remagetsi risina simba pakati pekuferefeta nepamusoro pemuenzaniso uri kudzidzwa, unogona kuferefetwa kusvika pakugadziriswa kudiki pane saizi yemaatomu nemamorekuru. Zvakawanikwa izvi zvakaita kuti vazviwanira vawane Mubairo weNobel muFizikisiki muna 1986. Zvinoshamisa kuti mubairo wakapihwa, pane kunonoka, kuna Enrst Ruska zvakare. "Nekuda kwebasa rake rakakosha mumagetsi emagetsi uye nekugadzira yekutanga maikorosikopu erekitironi".
kuongorora maikorosikopu
Muchirevo chimwe chetecho, asi zvichibva pasimba remagetsi rinoitwa nemaatomu epamusoro pane diki probe yakaiswa padyo, iyo Atomic Force Microscope yakagadzirwa (1982) (pamwe nekubatana kwaBinning pachake), ane kusikwa kwake kunoenderana nemupiro wemubatanidzwa. yedzimwe nyanzvi, kusanganisira Calvin Quate (1923-2019) naChristoph Gerber (1942). Iyi microscope yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera kushandiswa kwe scanning probe microscopy kune yakakura chikamu chemasamples, kusanganisira iwo ehupenyu.
Nekuda kwekusiyana kwayo kwakasiyana uye mashandisirwo, nzira iyi nhasi, mune zvese zvingangoitika, ndiyo inonyanya kuchinjika pakudzidza kwenzvimbo mumunda we nanotechnology. Nhasi, chokwadi, maikorosikopu vanovavarira kuwana ruzivo rwakawanda uye rwakakwana pamusoro pemamiriro epasi uye mamicroscopes emazuva ano anobatanidza, muchimbo chimwe chete, hunyanzvi hwakasiyana hwekuenderana nekudzidza kwemasampuli emhando dzakasiyana.
Kubva pakuvandudzwa kwe optics kusvika kune nanoscope
Kuvandudzwa kwemalaser masosi kwakaitika muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX kwakamiririra kuvandudzwa kweimwe yemhando yemhando yepamusoro yemaziso, kutaura zvazviri zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ndiyo yakava kuwanikwa kwakakosha mumaziso mushure meiyo X-rays. maitiro e-laser light (kunyanya kubatana, kusimba kwepamusoro uye imwe wavelength) inobvumira dzivisa zviitiko zvekutsauka uye kukanganisa hunhu hwechiedza chinogadzirwa nemarambi echinyakare incandescent.
Muna 1955, panguva yezvidzidzo zvake zvechiremba mumasvomhu, Marvin Lee Minsky (1927-2016), mumwe wevatangi vehungwaru hwekugadzira, akarondedzera nezve confocal maikorosikopu, chiridzwa chemaziso chine resolution isati yamboitika uye mhando yemufananidzo wenguva. Sezvo iye pachake anoti:
Muna 1956, ndakapa patent yangu pamaikorosikopu yangu, asi patent yakapera munhu asati agadzira yechipiri. Hatina kana kumbonetsekana nekupa patent skrini kana logo, tichifunga kuti zvaive pachena zvigadzirwa. Zvinoita sekuti zviri pachena hazvina basa kune patent.
confocal maikorosikopu
Iyo confocal microscope inosiyana muchimiro kubva kune yechinyakare fluorescence maikorosikopu nekushandiswa kwelaser sosi asi pamusoro pezvose nekuvapo kwe diaphragm munzira yemaziso inobvumira kusabvisa chiratidzo chinobva muzvikamu zviri pamusoro uye pasi pekutarisa kwemuenzaniso, nekudaro. kupa mufananidzo kekutanga ne matatu dimensional ruzivo. Muchokwadi, iyo confocal maikorosikopu inopinda mumarabhoritari chete mukupera kwema80s apo laser uye tekinoroji yekombuta zvinosvika nyore uye zvine simba zvakakwana. Parizvino chishandiso chakakosha mukutsvagisa biomedical sainzi.
Iyo confocal microscope inomiririra, kumunda weoptics, kwete chinangwa chetekinoroji asi nzvimbo yekutanga yekubudirira kwehunyanzvi hwekutsvagisa hunoenderana nelaser tekinoroji uye kushandiswa kwemavara matsva efluorescent, seTIRF (Total internal Reflection Fluorescence) microscopy, Live Cell Imaging, confocal spectral microscopy, kushandiswa kwemaitiro akasiyana ekufungidzira, morphofunctional analysis kusanganisira FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching), FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer), FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging), FCS (Fluorescent Correlation Spectroscopy) uye pakupedzisira kushandiswa kwema multiphoton lasers kuwana kuwedzera kukuru kwesimba rekupinda kwechiedza mumuenzaniso. .
STED maikorosikopu
Makore ekutanga ezana rino ramakore anoratidzwawo nekuvandudzwa kwemifungo mitsva yeungwaru idzo dzakasundira kugadzirisa kwemaziso kupfuura miganhu yakaiswa nechimiro chechiedza. Muchokwadi, isu tiri kutaura nezve super resolution, yakaitwa nekutenda kune matatu makuru maitiro akasiyana: lSTED microscope yakagadzirwa naStefan Hell (1962), Nobel Prize muChemistry muna 2014, yakagadziridzwa mwenje maikorosikopu inokwereta kuzvarwa kwayo kuna Mats Gustafsson (1960-2011). ), uye maikorosikopu yenzvimbo, yakaunzwa mumarabhoritari eHarvard naXiaowei Zhuang (1972), inokwanisa kuona morekuru rimwe chete rine resolution kakapetwa ka10 kupfuura chinyakare chemicroscope.
Kuunzwa kwe super-resolution matekiniki kwakatungamira kune emazuva ano mamicroscopes, ayo anogona saka zvine musoro kunzi. "nanoscopes". nhaurirano yakawanda uye yakawanda nemagetsi maikorosikopu kuitira kubatanidzwa kuri nani kwekuongorora morphological. Nhasi, maikorosikopu chishandiso chisingadzoreki murabhoritari uye chave chiratidzo chaicho chetsvakiridzo yesainzi.
Remangwana remakorosikopu
Maikorosikopu pasina mubvunzo yakanga iri imwe yechinjo hurusa munhau yesayenzi, ichiratidzira kuberekwa kwemicrobiology, cytology, uye cell biology. Iyo hofori inosvetuka iyo tsvakurudzo yezvokurapa yakatora mumakore ekupedzisira e100-150, nezvose zvakatevera, zvingadai zvisingafungidziki pasina maikorosikopu.
Miganhu mitsva yeruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu yatoona muchato uri pakati pemashoko anogadzirwa nemaikorosikopu uye kushandiswa kwoungwaru hwokugadzira. Kuranga kutsva uku, kunonzi Deep Learning, inokwanisa kuongorora mifananidzo yakatorwa nemaikorosikopu uye inogona kuchinja zvikuru maikorosikopu uye kugadzira nzira yezvitsva zvinowanikwa. Asi Mats Gustafsson, mumwe wamadzibaba echisarudzo chikuru, akanga atoziva zvose izvi paakati: “Kana kombiyuta yangowedzerwa pakati pemaikorosikopo nomucherechedzi womunhu, mutambo wacho wose unochinja. Panguva iyoyo, maikorosikopu haisisiri mudziyo unofanirwa kuburitsa mufananidzo unodudzirwa zvakananga. Iye zvino chave chishandiso chekurekodha ruzivo. "
Panguva ino, zvingave zviri pamutemo kubvunza kuti zvinokwanisika kusvika papi mukuferefeta uye kudzidza kwemicroscopy: iyo microscopic nyika inoumba dhairekitori risinga peri reruzivo: nyaya ine zvimiro, kemikari, uye zvimiro zvemuviri zvinotaridza dhindiro yakapihwa neiyo yakakosha zvimisikidzo uye homogeneity yemitemo yepanyama. dzakamuka munguva dzekutanga dzeChisiko chapose pose uye misiyano inobvira, mizhinji yacho ichiri kupfuura kunzwisisa kwedu, inoumba zvakasiyana-siyana zvisingafungidziriki zvenyika yatinoona.