Papyrus chirimwa chakashandiswa kwemireniyamu kugadzira mapepa, pakati pezvimwe zvinoshandiswa. Yakashandiswa kunyanya mukubudirira kweEgypt yekare. Kunyangwe yakatsiviwa nezvimwe zvechizvino-zvino uye zvinogara kwenguva refu, chinhu ichi chichiri kukosheswa nekuda kwerunako rwacho, kuita kwakasiyana-siyana uye chimiro chakasiyana chainopa kune chero chinhu kana gwaro rinoishandisa sechitsigiro. Kunyangwe chiri chokwadi kuti zvinozivikanwa, Ungataura kuti papyrus chii chaizvo?
Kana zvisina kudaro, usanetseka. Munyaya ino tichakurukura nhoroondo yenhokwe, maitiro ayo uye kukosha kwayo munguva yekare, pamwe nekushandiswa kwayo uye kukosha nhasi. Saka usazeza kuenderera mberi nekuverenga kana uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezvenyaya iyi yakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo.
Chii chinonzi papyrus uye ndechei?
Papyrus chinhu chemuriwo chakabva pachirimwa chemumvura chinonzi Cyperus nhokwe. Izvi zvaiwanzokura muRwizi rweNile Delta kuEgypt. Yakashandiswa kwemazana emakore senzira yekunyora munyika yekare, kunyanya muEgypt yekare. Ikoko yakave iyo inonyanya kufarirwa nzira yekunyora kubva kuma 3000 BC.
Kugadzira nhokwe kwairema uye kwaida matanho akati kuti. Kutanga, mashizha emuti wacho akachekwa kuita zvidimbu zvelongitudinal. Dzakabva dzagadzikwa muzvidimbu zvakachinjika ndokutsikirirwa kuita bepa. Chipenga chacho chaibva chasiiwa kuti chiome nezuva uye chokwenenzverwa nemudziyo chaiwo kuti chiwane nzvimbo yakaenzana uye yakatsetseka.
Nhoroondo yenhokwe inodzokera kubudiriro yekare yeEgypt, kwayakazova imwe yezvinyorwa zvinonyanya kushandiswa pakunyora. Yainyanya kushandiswa kunyora marudzi ese emagwaro, kubva kumaakaundi uye marekodhi ebhizinesi kusvika kumabhuku, zvinyorwa zvechitendero uye zvedzidzo. Mukuwedzera kune kushandiswa kwayo senzira yekunyora, yakashandiswawo kugadzira mabhasikiti, shangu nezvimwe zvinhu, pamwe chete nekuvaka zvikepe nedzimba muEgypt yekare.
Zvinhu izvi zvakapararira kupfuura Egipita, kusvika kuGirisi neRoma. Imomo chakava chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvokunyora. Yakakosheswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekugara kwayo uye kuramba nekufamba kwenguva. Kutenda kune ichi chimiro, mazhinji ezvinyorwa zvekare zvakachengetwa mumamiriro akanaka kusvika nhasi. Zvisinei, nekugadzirwa kwemapepa akavakirwa pamapuranga muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, kugadzirwa kwenhokwe kwakaderera zvikuru.
Nhasi chinyorwa ichi ichiri kukosheswa sechiratidzo chetsika nenhoroondo dzeEgipita. Mukuwedzera, ichiri kushandiswa mukugadzira zvinhu zveunyanzvi nemhizha. Rakashandiswawo mukutsvakurudza uye kudzorerwa kwemagwaro ekare, sezvo raita kuti magwaro angadai akarasika awanezve.
Papepa renhokwe rakanyorwa sei?
Kare, kunyora chinyoreso chakashandiswa munhokwe. Imhando yepeni yakagadzirwa nenzimbe kana mushenjere yakanyikwa inki uye inoshandiswa kutsvaga mavara pabepa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, chinyoreso chesimbi kana bhurasho chaishandiswa kunyora panhokwe.
Kunyora kwenhokwe kwaida hunyanzvi uye moyo murefu, sezvo bepa rakanga risina kuoma kupfuura zvinhu zvemazuva ano uye ingi yaigona kupararira nepamusoro penhokwe, zvichiita kuti mashoko acho ave akaoma kuverenga. Nokuda kweichi chikonzero, vanyori vekare vakarovedzwa zvakasimba kuti vakudziridze unyanzvi hwokunyora hwakakodzera ndokudzivisa zvikanganiso kana kuti mavara panhokwe.
Pakangonyorwa rugwaro, papyrus yakakungurutswa kana kupetwa kuti ichengeterwe kana kutakura, izvo zvaida kutarisirwa kudzivisa kukuvadza bepa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, papyrus yaishongedzwa kana kupendwa nemifananidzo uye mamwe magadzirirwo ekushongedza gwaro. Kazhinji, kunyora papyrus rakanga riri basa rakaoma asi rinokosha munguva dzekare, uye nhaka yaro ichiri kukosheswa nhasi nokuda kworunako rwayo noukoshi hwenhau.
Ndeapi maitiro enhokwe?
Zvino zvataziva kuti papyrus chii, ngationei kuti maitiro ayo ndeapi:
- Flexibility: Inonyatso shanduka, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakanaka pakunyora nekugadzira zvinyorwa.
- Mukurumari: Pasinei nokuti chinhu chisina kusimba, papyrus yakasimba uye inogona kugara kwemazana emakore, kunyanya kana yakachengetedzwa zvakanaka.
- Mavara: Pepa renhokwe rakakwasharara uye rine maburi, zvichiita kuti rive nechitarisiko chakasiyana uye chinokwezva.
- kutora ink: Inokwanisa kutora inki zvakaenzana, ichibvumira kunyora kwakajeka uye kunyoreka.
- Tonality: Iine ruvara rweyero kana kuti chiedza chebrown hue inosviba nekufamba kwenguva, ichichipa chimiro chekare chakasiyana.
- Isina mvura: Iyo haina mvura, ichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kugadzira zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvinoda kusimba zvakanyanya.
Ndezvipi zvakanakira uye zvakaipira papyrus?
Sezvatatotaura, papyrus chinhu chakasimba uye chinogara kwenguva refu. Mukuwedzera, chinhu chakareruka uye chiri nyore kutakura, izvo zvakaita kuti zvive zvakanaka pakunyora nekutengeserana munguva dzekare. Nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwayo kwakatsetseka, papyrus yaive yakakurumbira pakugadzira hunyanzvi uye zvimwe zvinhu zvekushongedza. Uyezve, Icho chinhu chinochinjika nyore kune akasiyana maumbirwo uye magadzirirwo, kukubvumira kuti ugadzire zvinhu zvakasarudzika uye zvakasarudzika
Pasinei nezvakawanda zvakanakira, papyrus inewo zvimwe zvayakaipira kufunga nezvazvo:
- kugadzirwa kwakaoma: Kugadzirwa kwenhokwe ibasa rakakura uye rinodhura, rinoda basa rakakura uye nguva.
- Fragile material: Papyrus ine brittle kupfuura zvinhu zvemazuva ano sebepa, zvichiita kuti ive nyore kukuvara nekuparara nekufamba kwenguva. Iyo zvakare inotapukirwa nekukuvadzwa kwemvura uye unyoro, saka kuchengetedzwa kwekungwarira kubva kune izvi zvinhu kunodiwa.
- Kuparadzana: Inogona kuparara kana kupera nekufamba kwenguva kana isina kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka.
Kazhinji, kunyange zvazvo papyrus ine zvimwe zvayakaipira, ichiri chinhu chakakosha uye inoyemurwa nekuda kwekunaka kwayo uye nhoroondo yenhaka. Ndinovimba ruzivo urwu rwave runonakidza kwauri!