Masvosve chikamu chehurongwa humwe hwezvipembenene izvo mavu nenyuchi zvakare chikamu che. Dzinotangira kubva kumapoka evanhu vakawanda kusvika kumasvosve akarongeka emamiriyoni evanhu. Chikafu chakadii chinodiwa kutsigira masvosve akawanda kudaro? Majuru anodyei? Tsvaga mhinduro idzi uye nezvimwe sezvaunoramba uchiverenga chinyorwa ichi.
Masvosve anodyei?
Kana tikamira kuti tifungisise zvakatenderedza chisvosve, tichakwanisa kuona basa rakabatikana: masvosve anoshanda asingamiri mukutakura chikafu kuenda nacho kana kubva kwachiri, icho chinozochengetwa ... asi majuru anodyei? Masvosve ari pakati pezvipembenene zvine huvepo hukuru pasi rose.
Kukwanisa kwayo kugadzirisa kudya kwakasiyana-siyana, maererano nemhoteredzo uye mwaka wegore, yakanga yakakosha pakurarama uye kupararira kwevanhu vayo. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaziva kuti masvosve anodya chii uye nei chikafu ichi chave chichibatsira mukuchinjika kwavo.
General Chokwadi pamusoro Masvosve
Nhasi, marudzi anenge 14.000 XNUMX emajuru anozivikanwa kuti akazara mumakondinendi ose, tisingabatanidzi Antarctica, Greenland, Polynesia, neIceland. Zvipembenene izvi zvinoumba mhuri yakakura uye yakasiyana-siyana inonzi Formicidae, inova chikamu cheHymenoptera.
Kungofanana nezvimwe zvipembenene, majuru ane exoskeleton uye muviri wawo wakapatsanurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu zvine misiyano yakatariswa: musoro, mesomata (inoumbwa nechipfuva uye chikamu chedumbu rekutanga) uye gaster kana metasoma (inogadzirwa neyechipiri dumbu redumbu. chikamu). Pakati pe gaster ne mesomata unogona kuona rudzi rwechiuno chinoumbwa ne nodes, iyo inonzi petiole.
Kunyange zvakadaro, majuru ane mamwe maitiro anoita kuti zvikwanisike kuasiyanisa kubva kune zvimwe zvipembenene. Sechikamu chazvo, antennae elbowed, iyo ine mukurumbira wakashata gaster uye kuvapo kwemetapleural glands zvinomira pachena. Mhando dzemasvosve dzinogona kuratidza misiyano mikuru muhukuru hwavo uye chitarisiko.
Mhuka dzine mwero zvikuru dzinogona kuyera mamirimita maviri chete mukukura kwadzo, nepo huru dzacho dzinogona kuva nehurefu hunodarika 25 millimeters. Mavara akasviba anowanzo kurira mumiviri yavo, senge dema, brown kana grey.
Zvokudya zvinodyiwa nemajuru
Svosve chisikwa che omnivorous chinowanzova nekudya kwakasiyana-siyana: rinogona kukwira chero chinhu charinowana munzvimbo yaro. Mukuwedzera pakubata mhuka padzinosvika, masvosve anowanzounganidza mashizha, miriwo, mhodzi, zvimedu zvemichero nemiriwo, zviyo, fungi, uye kunyange zvakaora.
Mamwe marudzi emajuru anowanzo kuvhima ari mumapoka makuru: anoita kurwisa kwemajoini kunoita kuti zvikwanise kubata mhuka hombe. Kune masvosve ane muchetura anoshandisa muchetura wawo kuomesa mhuka yaanenge abata kuti abvarura gare gare nekudaro anoendesa nyama yawo kumujuru.
Marudzi ezvokudya zvinodyiwa nemajuru achanyanya kuenderana nemarudzi awo, nharaunda yawo uye mwaka wegore. Mhando dzinogara munzvimbo dzinotonhora, dzine nguva yechando dzakasimba, dzinowanzochengeta huwandu hwezvokudya muanthill yavo, saka vanogadzirira nguva dzekushayikwa.
Kukwanisa uku kujairana nekudya kwakasiyana-siyana kwakadaro kwave kuchikosha mukupararira kwepasi rose kwemasvosve. Zvipembenene izvi zvakajairana nemhando dzese dzeecosystems uye microclimates, uye zvechokwadi ndechimwe chezvisikwa zvinopikisa zvakanyanya muzvisikwa.
Pamusoro peizvi, kudya kwavo kwaita kuti masvosve akwanise kujairana nekupindira kwevanhu munzvimbo yaanogara, sezvo achigadzira masvosve ari pedyo kana mukati mezvivakwa. Izvi zvaitawo kuti majuru awane chikafu chakawanda, sezvo achiunganidza zvisaririra zvechikafu kubva kuvanhu.
Hushamwari uye Kudyisa Majuru
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kufadza pamusoro pemasvosve ndeye eusociality yavo. Iri ndiro kirasi yakaoma zvikuru yehutano hwemagariro evanhu munharaunda yose yemhuka uye inobva pakugamuchirwa kwemakasi. Nhasi, eusociality inogona kuonekwa chete mune zvimwe zvipembenene (nyuchi, nyuchi, uye masvosve), mumhando shomanana dzemakrete, uye mune isina kupfeka mole rat.
Kuti ararame, majuru anofanira kuvaka nzvimbo yawo yokuvanda, inowanzonzi chisvosve. Mukati mejuru rimwe nerimwe, chaunga chakaparadzana chinoumbwa kuva mapoka matatu: svosve, varwi, uye vashandi.
- Mambokadzi ndiye amai vakuru uye mutungamiri wezvidzidzo zvese zvinogara musvosve. Basa rake rekutanga uye rine rupo nderekutamisa genetic zvinhu, izvo zvinoita kuti mhando yake irambe yakakodzera kurarama.
- Masoja majuru ane basa rekuchengetedza nekudzivirira nharaunda kubva kune zvikara kana mhandu dzinotsvaga kutora masvosve.
- Majuru evashandi ndiwo anoita basa guru rekuchengetedza nharaunda. Rimwe remabasa ayo anonyanya kukosha ndeyekuunganidza chikafu chenhengo dzese dzesvosve, kusanganisira mambokadzi. Ivo havangotarisiri chete kutamisa uye kugovera kwechikafu; majuru emushandi ane basa rekuchengetedza majuru nekurera makonye.
Mhando dzeMasvosve
Nechiverengero chavagari vapasi chinodarika zviuru gumi zvezviuru zvevanhu vamwe navamwe, pakati pezvisikwa izvi zvinogara zvinenge pasi rose pane marudzi anotova muchetura. Iyo formicids, inozivikanwa zvikuru semasvosve, zvipembenene zvemagariro, hama dzepedyo dzenyuchi nenyuchi, asi dzakave nekushanduka kwakasiyana. Pazasi isu tinotsanangura mamwe emakirasi emajuru aripo munyika yedu.
Leafcutter Ant
Hatisi kutaura nezve rudzi rumwechete… asi nezve makumi mana nemanomwe! Vese vanotorwa se 'vacheki vemashizha'. Ivo vanogara munzvimbo dzinopisa uye, kunyangwe vaine akawanda ane hukama maitiro, ivo vanosiyana zvakanyanya mumapeya emaspines uye mumhando ye exoskeleton.
Dzinogona kuumba nzanga dzakaoma kunzwisisa zvikuru, kutopfuura idzo dzavanhu. Vanovaka matendere epasi pevhu anosvika 30 metres akafara anogona kugarisa zvienzaniso zvinokwana mamiriyoni masere. Zviripachena, ivo vanotungamirwa nemukadzi uye vazhinji vevanhu vacho havasi vashandi vasina mbereko.
Ivo vanozivikanwa sevacheki mashizha sezvo riri iro basa ravo rakakosha kana vari kunze kwekoroni. Nadzo 'vanodyisa' fungi kuti vazowana zvokudya zvemakonye. Pasina kupokana, ishamwari inopfuura purofiti yemapato ese ari maviri.
muvezi svosve
Vanowana zita ravo nekuti vanovaka matendere avo vachishandisa huni, ndosaka vachinzi vane njodzi mudzimba dzakavakwa kubva pazvinhu izvi uye dzisina kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka kana kuuraya utachiona. Vanogona kuva neruvara rutsvuku kana dema, vane makumbo matatu emakumbo uye mamwe chete anoratidza mapapiro.
Ndiyo imwe yemapoka emasvosve anongogara mune imwe subcontinent, chaizvo muNorth America. Boka rimwe nerimwe rinoumbwa namambokadzi, anoberekesa mazai mugomba rehuni uye anodyisa makonye nemate. Gare gare vashandi vanoberekwa uye vane mutoro webasa iri. Huwandu hwega hwega hunogona kuumbwa nevashandi vanosvika zviuru zviviri.
moto svosve
Zviri nani kuzivikanwa sesvosve dzvuku, imhuri ine marudzi anosvika mazana maviri nemakumi masere kubva pasi rose. Humwe hunhu hwayo hwakatanhamara ndehwekuti kuruma kwayo kune chepfu uye kunoburitsa zvese kusvotwa uye kurwadziwa. Kune vanhu vasingawirirani nemuchetura uyu uye vanogona kutambura nemhinduro dzakasimba dzekudzivirira zvirwere.
Ndiyo imwe yemhando dzemasvosve ane mukurumbira uye inoumba makoroni muchimiro chemirwi mikuru yevhu ine 'misuwo' kumusoro. Vanodya mapete, kiriketi, mhodzi nezvirimwa. Makoroni anogona kunge akagadzirwa neimwe kana maviri mambokadzi uye mumwedzi mishoma ane mamirioni avanhu. Hadzi inobereka inogona kukandira… mazai 1.600 pazuva rimwe!
Argentina Ant
Mhando iyi inowanikwa kuArgentina, kunyangwe ichigona kuwanikwa kune dzimwe nyika dzeSouth America dzakadai seBrazil, Uruguay, Paraguay neBolivia. Yakatounzwa kumatunhu ari kure seJapan, Norway kana Hawaii.
Mujuru wekuArgentina unoonekwa sechipembenene uye mupambi sezvo ichiparadza makoroni emarudzi eko. Dendere rechisikwa ichi rinotungamirirwa nemahosi akawanda, ayo anokandira mazai anenge makumi matatu pazuva. Kusvirana nehono kunoitika mukati me'mba' uye, pakupera kwayo, dzekupedzisira dzinoparara.
Imba Inonhuwira Masvosve
Rudzi rwesvosve rekupedzisira pane iri runyoro rine zita rinonyanya kushamisa. Inonzi 'yakagadzirwa kumba' apo inofamba-famba pedyo nedzimba kuti iite koloni yayo, uye 'inonhuhwirira' nekuda kwekunhuhwirira kwakasimba kunoburitswa kana yapwanywa. Nhunzi dzemumba dzinonhuwa dzinobva kuUnited States uye dzinoumba mapoka evanhu vanosvika 100.000.
Huremu hwayo hutema kana hushava hwakasvibira, muchimiro cheovha nezvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana-siyana: musoro, thorakisi uye muswe. Kudya kwavo kunosanganisira tumbuyu zvakafa uye zvinodyiwa zvine shuga, uye vane kugona 'kunhuwa' kunoramba kuri kure semamaira akati wandei.
Iwe unogona zvakare kufarira mune izvi zvimwe zvinyorwa: