ari pulsars iwo mitumbi yekudenga yakangowanikwa muzana remakore rapfuura, zvichiita kuti vanhu vade kuziva munharaunda yezvesayenzi kune vateveri venyaya yacho, vachiziva kuti vari sei uye kuti vakasiyana sei nedzimwe nyeredzi. Tinokuudza zvimwe pano.
Kudzidza nezve pulsars
Ratidza kuti RAE, púlsar kana pulsar, muchiSpanish, inobva mukubatanidzwa kwemazwi maviri muChirungu - acronym of puls (ating st) ar-, zvinoreva:
"Nyeredzi inoburitsa mwaranzi yakanyanya panguva pfupi uye nguva nenguva",
Zvinoreva mumutauro weSpanish zvinogona kusimbiswa nenzira mbiri dzakakomba uye dzakakomba "Pakati pekuputika pulsar yakaumbwa" "Dzimwe supernovae dzakagadzira pulsar" uye inogonawo kushandiswa kune yakawanda; pulsars uye pulsars.
Iyi dhinominesheni ye "pulsating star", iyo yakagamuchirwa, yakashandiswa imwe nyeredzi dzakasiyana.
Kana iyo orthographic terminology yajekeswa, ngatiendererei kune yesainzi, tichiitsanangura, maererano naJocelyn Bell (Diario El País, 1999)
“Pulsar, kana kuti radio pulsar, chinhu chakafanana neimba yemwenje. Iwo muviri wakakombwa zvisingaite unotenderera wega uchiburitsa masaisai eredhiyo. Isu tinoverenga kuti huremu hwayo hunosvika chiuru chematani ematani ehukuru husingapfuuri makiromita gumi mu radius. Kana iri mavambo ayo, mhedzisiro yenjodzi uye kuputika kwekupedzisira kwenyeredzi huru ine saizi yakakura zvakapetwa kagumi kupfuura Zuva redu.
Pulsars mitumbi yedenga ine yakanyanya kusimba magineti iyo inogara ichivabvumira kuti irradiate.
Iwo anogadzirwa neutrons, izvo zvinovatungamira kuti vabudise aya mapulses e "electromagnetic radiation" panguva yekutenderera inotarwa nekumhanya kwenyeredzi pachayo.
Ese mapulsars akawanikwa inyeredzi dzenyuturoni, asi pulsar inofanirwa kuve nyeredzi yenyuturoni here? Aiwa, zvinoitika kuti nyeredzi chena diki dzinogona zvakare kuve pulsars.
Hunhu hwePulsars
- Vanokwanisa kutenderera pavari, kusvika kumazana akati wandei pasekondi.
- Dzinofamba nekumhanya kunosvika 60.000 XNUMX km/s, kusvika pane imwe nzvimbo pamusoro payo.
- Vanogadzira kumhanya kukuru kunoibvumira kuti iwedzere kubva kuequator yayo.
- Simba recentrifugal rinogadzirwa nekumhanya kukuru uku, pamwe chete nemasimba ekukwevera pasi nekuda kwekuwanda kwayo, inodzivirira kubva pakuparara.
- Nyeredzi dzinosiyana muhukuru, kubva pazviuru zvishoma zvemamita kusvika kune anenge makiromita makumi maviri.
- Nyeredzi dzeNeutron dzinogadzira ma pulsars akanaka nekuti akanyanya kuoma.
Ko pulsars inounganidzwa sei?
Nekubatanidza:
- Kubva kumhanyiro yemagineti uko maerekitironi nemapurotoni anotenderera nekumhanya kwakanyanya kubva kunze kwayo nekukasira kufamba kwakagadzirwa pakati payo.
- Ukobvu hwakasimba hunogadzirwa munyeredzi nezvimwe zvimedu zviri mugalactic spectrum zvakaita se "mamorekuru egasi" kana "interstellar dust", inoita kuti kumhanya kwema pulsars kunyanye kushanda uye kumhanyisa kune zvakanyanyisa zvigadziriso, zvichigadzira kune avo magineti mapango. semasvikiro akavharwa.
Nyeredzi yenyuturoni inokwana kaviri ukuru hweZuva redu ingangoita makiromita makumi maviri kuyambuka. Izvi zvinoreva kuti simba remagineti renyeredzi inonzi neutron rinogona kusimba zvisingaite.
Hazvisati zvazivikanwa nevesainzi, vanga vakajaira kuona matemo anotenderera seyePasi, iro riri pakati penyika uye rinobva padanda richienda padanda. Ko kukurumidza kuita kwepulsar kunoshanda sei mukuzara kwayo?
Nyika yakanga yadzidzwa nedzidziso dzakaita sekuti; Kepler's Mitemo -XNUMXth century, Newton's Law of Gravitation uye iyo Atomic Theory yeDemocritus, vakabata:
"Chese chidimbu chemidziyo chinokwezva chero chimwe chinhu, chine simba rakananga kuenzanirana kune chigadzirwa chemhomho yezvose zviri zviviri uye zvakapesana nehupamhi hwechinhambwe chinozviparadzanisa."
Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzakaona kuti “pfuti dzemwaranzi” dzinotenderera nenyeredzi mudenderedzwa, zvichiita kuti magineti matanda asagaronongedza kudivi rimwe chete.
Nechikonzero ichi, mubvunzo unotevera unobvunzwa: sei pulsars mazhinji achiratidzira hunhu hwekuti "magnetic poles" avo ari kunze kweaxis yavo yekutenderera?
Iwo magineti jets
Zvinogoneka kuti vanhu vanogara vachigamuchira "magnetic jets". Chero nguva, kana uchitarisa padenga renyeredzi, kana panguva iyoyo chaiyo, nyeredzi ine "magnetic pole" yayo munzira yePasi, inoburitsa cannon yayo uyezve, mumasekonzi mashoma ekutenderera kwayo, inonongedza. yayo "magnetic pole" zvakare." uye icharatidza imwe jeti uye zvichingodaro cyclically.
Fungidzira imba yemwenje, ine chiedza chinotenderera ichizivisa vafambisi vengarava vari kure. Imwe nzvimbo, iyi ingave mapurusi emwaranzi yatinogona kuona, nenguva chaiyo uye kubva panzvimbo iyoyo mudenga ichizvidzokorora kakawanda, nguva imwe neimwe jeti painotariswa kupasi redu.
Kuburikidza nemateresikopu akakosha, mapulsars anokwanisa kuongorora kumhanya kwawo. Inongodiwa chete kuti itariswe kune imwe pfungwa.
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti vanoshanda serutsigiro rwezviitwa zvekutsvaga kwevanhu, nekuti kurova kwemoyo yavo kwakanyatso.
Tarisa mufananidzo uyu:
- Magnetic field line pawhite
- axis yekutenderera mugirini
- Polar radiation jets mubhuruu.
kuwanikwa kwepulsars
Jocelyn Bell muna 1967, akatanga kuvawana uye kubva ipapo vanopfuura chiuru nemazana mashanu vavo vakawanikwa. Kunyange mavambo avo aimbove akavanzika, isu tave kuziva nezve pulsars.
Nyeredzi idzi dzinenge dzizere ne "neutron" dzine chiitiko chinokurumidza kukurumidza. Zvese izvi zvinoita kuti "magineti matanda" painoburitsa ayo emagetsi nemwaranzi inobuda zvakanyanya.
"PSR B1919+21, yaive yekutanga pulsar kuonekwa, yaive nenguva ye1,33730113 s"
Kuburikidza neteresikopu yeredhiyo, Jocelyn Bell naAntony Hewish vakaona zviratidzo zveredhiyo zvenguva pfupi, zvinogara zvichidzokororwa: Vaifunga kuti vangangove vakasangana nebudiriro yekunze kwenyika, saka vakapa zita ravo zita LGM - Little Green Men. .
Jocelyn Bell akaratidza muna 1999 kune pepanhau El País
“Pulsar, kana kuti radio pulsar, chinhu chakafanana neimba yemwenje. Iwo muviri wakakombwa zvisingaite unotenderera wega uchiburitsa masaisai eredhiyo. Isu tinoverenga kuti huremu hwayo hunosvika chiuru chematani ematani ehukuru husingapfuuri makiromita gumi mu radius. Kana iri mavambo ayo, mhedzisiro yenjodzi uye kuputika kwekupedzisira kwenyeredzi huru ine saizi yakakura zvakapetwa kagumi kupfuura Zuva redu.
Vachienderera mberi nekuferefeta kwavo, vakawana mamwe ma pulsars achiburitsa ma frequency akasiyana. Nekuwanikwa uku, Anthony Hewish akagamuchira 1974 Nobel Prize muFizikisi. Zvakadaro Jocelyn Bell, uyo aive munhu wekutanga kunzwa frequency iyi, akangowana menduru yerukudzo chete.
Muna 1899, musayendisiti Nicola Tesla akakundikana kududzira aya masaisai eredhiyo enguva dzose, ayo akanga awana zana ramakore rakanga rapfuura mukati mekuedza kwake.
Muna 1995 Alexander Wolszczan, nyanzvi yesainzi paYunivhesiti yePennsylvania, akashanda neteresikopu yeredhiyo akawana "pulsar PSR B1257+12", anozvitsanangura sechinhu chidiki uye chekare chedenga, chakakora kwazvo, chinotenderera nekukurumidza, uye chinoita senge lighthouse kubva kuPasi, paive nepasi.
Iyo pulsar iri kure kwazvo neiyo chimiro chepasi. Nekune rumwe rutivi ivo vanewo fungidziro yekuti pedyo nepulsar iyi pane mapuraneti akaitenderedza uye kuti hukuru hwayo hwakapetwa katatu kupfuura hwePasi:
"Mapuraneti aya ari mu pulsar anotibvumira kuti titange kudzidza maitiro emapuraneti emapuraneti, kwaanobva."
Kuwanikwa kwepulsar RX J0806.4-4123 yakaziviswa muna 2018, kusiyana nemamwe mapulsars akawanikwa, yakaburitsa infrared radiation, chimwe chinhu chakasiyana munyeredzi dzerudzi urwu chakacherechedzwa kusvika nhasi.
Parizvino, anopfuura 500 pulsars akanyorwa uye akaiswa mumapoka, ane nguva yekutenderera kubva kumamilliseconds kusvika kumasekonzi, avhareji ye0,65 s.
Pane imwe nguva, nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga muWest Asia dzakarekodha imwe supernova inobwinya. Izvo zvakazove zvakanyanya kuzivikanwa pamapulsars ese ane nguva yekutenderera ye0,033 s, ndiyo "Crab Nebula", muna 1952 yakanzi "PSR0531 + 121".
Zvadaro mufananidzo weCrab pulsar ine simba.
Vazivi venyeredzi Aleksander Wolszczan naDale A. Frail vakashamisa masayendisiti netsvagiridzo yavo, nekuti vakawana nhamba yepulsar «PSR B1257+12», iyo nguva yekutenderera i6,22 milliseconds.
Pamusoro pezvo, mukubviswa kwavo vanosimbisa kuti kune akati wandei e "extrasolar" mapuraneti ane "inenge denderedzwa orbits pa 0,2, 0,36 uye 0,47 AU kubva kupakati pulsar uye nemazhinji e0,02, 4,3 uye 3,9 .XNUMX pasi rose zvakateerana" .
Chii chinonzi x-ray pulsars?
Aya pulsars akasiyana nekuda kwechikamu cheredhiyo chaanoburitsa "X-rays kana gamma rays", achiatsanangura sekunge iwo pfuti dzemwaranzi.
Kumwe kuwanikwa kukuru padanho repakati pemasayendisiti yaive "X-ray pulsar", vakaiwana uye iri mune nyeredzi nyeredzi inonzi "Cen X-3 system".
Vakaonawo, nenzira inokatyamadza, kuti idzi nyeredzi dze "x-ray" ndedzeboka renyeredzi dzebhinari dzinoumbwa ne "pulsar uye inowanzova nyeredzi diki yerudzi O kana B".
Kubva pamusoro payo uye nemwaranzi, nyeredzi yedangwe inopenya mhepo yenyeredzi uye izvi zvinogadziriswa neimwe nyeredzi uye kugadzira x-ray.
Pakupedzisira Pulsar Yakawanikwa
Vikram S. Dhillon, nyanzvi yezvenyeredzi paYunivhesiti yeSheffield, nechikwata chake chekutsvagisa uye vachishandisa Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), mugore ra2020, vakawana mitumbi yedenga yavakatumidza "AR Scorpii".
Ibhinari system ine nyeredzi dzvuku dzvuku inosvika hafu yehuremu hweZuva redu uye nyeredzi chena diki yezuva rimwechete.
Dzinopatsanurwa nechinhambwe chenguva nhatu chete, kubva paNyika kuenda kuMwedzi uye dzinotenderera pamaawa matatu nechidimbu. Rudzi urwu rwebhinari system yakajairika, asi timu yakawona kuti dzvuku dzvuku rakazvibata nenzira dzisina kujairika.
Iyo tsvuku tsvuku inoputika maminetsi maviri ega ega. Izvi zvinokasira kuti mutsauko uve nekuda kwefizikisi tsvuku diki.
Chikwata pachakaongorora mapuruzi, chakawana kuti chaive chakanyanya kucheneswa, inova rudzi rwechinhu chinoitika kana zvinhu zvakavhenekerwa nematanda ane simba guru. Mhando yemagetsi emagetsi anogadzirwa nemapulsars.