El Global Dimming imhaka yekuderedzwa kwe mwaranzi yezuva inosvika pamusoro penyika, inokonzerwa nokusvibiswa kwakanaka kwezvikamu zviri mumhepo, izvo zvinoratidzira mwaranzi yezuva ichidzokera kunze, kunyanya apo mhute yemvura inomonereka ichipoterera zvikamu zvacho. Dzidza zvakawanda nezvenyaya iyi pano.
Background
Kudzima kwepasi rose, kushandura mamiriro ekunze epasi redu kubva kuma1950s, kwakatanga kuratidzwa naGerald Stanhill, nyanzvi yezvipenyu yekuIsrael, ndiko kudzikiswa kwekusimba kwechiedza chinosvika muzuva rePasi.
Iyo inozivikanwawo se dimming, inogadzira kutonhora kunopesana nekudziya kwegreenhouse mumamiriro ekunze edu, mhedzisiro iyi inogona kunge yakavharwa nehukuru hwekudziya kwepasirese.
Kubva mugore ra1950 kusvika 1985, mwaranzi wezuva pamusoro penyika wakadzikira kubva pa8% kusvika pa30% tichitarisa kushanduka kwematunhu nemwaka.
Nepo, kumakondinendi eAfrica neAmerica, vaongorori vakayera kudzikira kwe15% muchiedza chezuva, kudzikira kwakadzikira kwakayerwa kuchamhembe kweEurope neAustralia uye kudzika kwakasimba (30%) muRussia. Chikonzero chikuru cheizvi "global dimming" ibasa renyika dzakapfuma dzinoramba dzichibudisa ma microparticles mumhepo.
Aya ma microparticles kubva kumafekitori edu uye kupisa kwemafuta mumotokari dzedu, anotakura madonhwe emvura e Makore, achivashandura kuva magirazi chaiwo.
Chii chinonzi Global Dimming?
Global dimming inotsanangurwa sekudzikira kwemwaranzi yezuva inosvika panharaunda yePasi, chigadzirwa chezvinobvira moto zvimedu zvidiki kana zvinosvibisa zvinoderedza simba rezuva uye kuratidza chiedza chezuva kudzokera muchadenga.
Chiitiko ichi chakatanga kuzivikanwa mugore ra1950, masayendisiti anotenda kuti, kubvira gore iroro, simba rezuva richisvika kuNyika rakaderera ne9% muAntarctica, ne10% muU. Rashiya. Neavhareji inodonha ye16%, izvi zvinokonzeresa njodzi yakakura kune nharaunda yedu.
Mazhinji ematunhu munzvimbo zhinji dzepasi anoona kukwirira kwakasiyana kwe global dimming, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti, kusvika ikozvino, nyika yekumaodzanyemba yakaongorora zviduku zvishoma zvepasi rose dimming, nepo kuchamhembe kwehemisphere yakashuma kuderera kwakawanda kunoratidza, kwehurongwa hwe4-8%.
Matunhu akadai sezvikamu zveEurope neNorth America akaona kudzoreredza zvishoma mukuderera, nepo zvikamu zveChina neIndia zvakaona kuwedzera kwepasi rose.
Zvinokonzera
Kuchinja kwechiedza chezuva pakutanga kwaifungidzirwa kuti kunounza dimming yepasi rose, asi zvakazofungwa kuti uku kwakanga kuri kuduku zvikuru kuti titaure mwero wokuderera kwepasi rose.
Zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti aerosols ndiyo honzeri huru yekudzima kwepasirese, kupiswa kwemafuta ekuchera matongo nekugadzira uye mukati meinjini dzinopisa, dzinopa humwe hutsika hwakadai sesarufa dioxide, soot nemadota, zvese izvi zvinoumba kusvibiswa kwemukati, ayo anozivikanwa seaerosols.
Aerosols anoita seanotangira kuderera kwepasirese nenzira mbiri dzinotevera:
- Zvimedu izvi zvinopinda mumhepo uye zvinotora simba rezuva zvakananga uye zvinoratidzirazve mwaranzi muchadenga isati yasvika pamusoro penyika.
- Madonhwe emvura ane zvikamu izvi mumhepo anoumba makore ane tsvina. Makore akasvibiswa aya ane nhamba yakakwira uye yakakura yemadonhwe, izvi zvakagadziridzwa zvimiro zvegore, makore akadaro anonzi "brown cloud", anoita kuti awedzere kufungidzira.
Hupfu hunogadzirwa nehutsi hunobva mundege dziri kubhururuka mudenga, dzinozivikanwa zviri nani semacontrails, ndidzo zvakare dzinokonzeresa kutaridzika kwekupisa uyezve kudzima kwepasirese kwakabatana.
Zvose zviri zviviri kuderera kwepasi nekudziya kwepasi zvanga zvichiitika pasi rose uye pamwe chete zvakakonzera shanduko huru mukunaya kwemvura, sezvinonzwisisika kuti kwaiva kuderera kwepasi rose mushure mekusanaya kwemvura muna 1984 kwakauraya vanhu vakawanda muAfrica.
Vesainzi vanoti, zvisinei nekutonhodza kwakakonzerwa nekuderera kwepasi rose, tembiricha yepasi yakakwira neinopfuura dhigirii 1 muzana ramakore rapfuura.
Kudai kudzima kwepasi rose kusina kuitika, tembiricha yepasi rino ingadai yakakwira zvikuru uye yaigona kuva netapuro yakakomba paupenyu hwavanhu, zvirimwa nemhuka.
Evaporimetry data
La evaporimetry chinhu chakakosha pakutonga kwemvura uye kuronga kwemadiridziro, nokudaro kukosha kwekuyera nekuongorora nzira dzinonyatso fungidzira evaporimetry pamwero wepano nebheseni. Nokudaro, chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaiva chekufungidzira evaporimetry referensi, zvichibva pane meteorological data.
Munhoroondo yese, makore angangoita makumi mashanu evaporimetry marekodhi akanyatso kuunganidzwa, masayendisiti akataura chimwe chinhu icho panguva iyoyo chaifarirwa sechinhu chisingawanzoitiki, inyaya yekuti mwero wekubuda kwemvura waiwedzera. kudonha, zvisinei, zvaitarisirwa kufambira mberi. nekuda kwekuderera kwenyika.
Mhedzisiro
Nepo isu tisingakwanise kubvisa mukana wekuti kusiyana kwechisikigo kwemamiriro ekunze ePasi (kuburikidza nemusiyano wemakore anowanzoitika) kungave kwakakonzera global dimming, migumisiro yacho yakanyatsoenderana nemaitiro ekusvibiswa kwemhepo zvokuti kune uchapupu hwakasimba hwokuti basa revanhu chinhu chinokosha uye chinogadzirisa.
Semuenzaniso, European and North America mutemo wemhepo yakachena muma1990s waienderana nekuwedzera kwekupenya munzvimbo idzi. Kusiyana neizvi, China neIndia dzakaona kumwe kuderera, kuenzana kusvibiswa kunowedzera kubva nekukurumidza maindasitiri.
Global dimming inofungidzirwa kuve yakave nezvakawanda zvinokanganisa. Somuenzaniso, pane ufakazi hunoratidza kuti yakafukidza kumwe kudziya kwenhau kwakaparirwa namagasi e<em>greenhouse—kutaura idi, nzvimbo dzakavhenekerwa dzakawana kudziya kwokukurumidza.
Shanduko dzenguva yemberi dzepasi rose dzinogona kutarisirwa kunge dzine hukama nemhepo inoburitsa. Ichi chingave chinhu icho munhoroondo isina kuita basa rakakosha, asi icho chingangove chichibuda pachena mune ramangwana, chiratidzo chekudziya kwemagasi egreenhouse mukudzima kwepasirese.
Kana kudziya kwepasirese kweramangwana kukaratidza kuve kwakanyanya, kunyoroveswa kwakapararira nemhute yemvura kunogona kuve mugumisiro, kunyange zvazvo kutonhora kweizvi kusingagone kuderedza zvakanyanya maitiro ekudziya kwese.
kukurumidza kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze
Iko kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze munguva pfupi haina zvakawanda zvekuita nekuwedzera kuri nyore kwematembiricha. Zvikonzero zvakawanda uye zvakaoma, chinonyanya kushamisa ndechekuti zvidzidzo zvekuzvimiririra chikamu chechiitiko chakabatana nekudziya kwepasi, pamwe nekuderera kwepasirese.
Ichi chiitiko, chinowanikwa mune chero chikamu chepasi, mhedzisiro yekuwedzera kweavhareji chiyero cheaerosols mumhepo mushure mekuratidzwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana zvine chekuita nekutsva kwesango, kutakura mota, basa rekugadzira kwedu uye kupisa. zvezvinobvira moto.
Gerald Stanhill, muchiito chake pamusoro pechiedza chezuva muIsrael nokuda kwebasa rokudiridza, “Ndakashamiswa kuona kudzikira kukuru zvikuru kwechiedza chezuva muIsrael. Kana tikaenzanisa zviyero izvi muma22 nezviyero zvemazuva ano, tinoona kuti pakanga paine kuderera kwezvemuchadenga neXNUMX%, uye zvinoshamisa."
Tinoona mhute yose iyi yakasviba yakarembera mumhepo yemaguta edu. Beate Liepert, muGermany akapedza kudzidza mutsvakurudzo yezvemamiriro ekunze, akaita ongororo yakazvimirira pamusoro penyaya iyi akawana mhedzisiro yakafanana.
El global dimming haisisiri kupokana, zvakare yakasimbiswa nevaviri veAustralia biologist, Graham Farquhar naMichael Roderick, vese vanobva kuAustralia National University.
Vakawana kudzikira kwepasirese kwehuwandu hwekupupuma uye funga nezvemubvunzo. Zvinoita sekuti zvinhu zvakakosha zvekupusha chiedza chezuva, hunyoro nemhepo. Asi chiedza chezuva ndicho chinhu chikuru, kana kunyungudika kukadzikira, zvingadaro nokuti zuva rava kunyura.
Kukanganisa kwekushomeka kwepasirese uku kunogona kushandura zvakanyanya mwero wekunaya kwemvura uye kudzikira mune mamwe matunhu emonsoon seAsia, zvichizotungamira kunzara muAfrica kutanga, kozoti Asia.
Dr Leon Rotstayn, nyanzvi yezvemamiriro ekunze ari kushanda pakuongorora nezvemuchadenga, akati: “Kusanaya kwemvura kumaXNUMX nemaXNUMX kungangove kwakakonzerwa nekusvibiswa kwemhepo kunobva kuEurope neNorth America, uko kunokanganisa midziyo yemakore nekutonhodza makungwa epasi rose. North Hemisphere”.
Hukama pakati peGlobal Warming uye Global Dimming
Kufungidzira nezve kukanganiswa kwekusiyana kwemwaranzi yezuva pakudziya kwepasi kunobva mukunetsekana kwekuti kudzima kwezuva kwakavharisa huwandu hwakazara hwekudziya kwegreenhouse, zvichireva kuti kudzoserwa kuchangobva kuitika kweSolar dimming pamusoro pekupenya kwete kupisa kwegreenhouse kwakakonzera chii. yakaonekwa.
Kuparadzanisa nzvimbo yesolar uye greenhouse pesvedzero pakudziya kwepasi, mafambiro e tembiricha ye diurnal anoongororwa. Ivo vanopa zano kuti kudzima kwezuva kwaishanda mukumisa kupisa kwegreenhouse, asi kusvika kuma1980s, apo dimming yakachinja zvishoma nezvishoma kuita kupenya.
Kubva ipapo, iyo greenhouse effect yakawanikwa yakaratidza chiyero chayo chakazara, sekuratidzwa kwekukurumidza kukwira kwekushisa (+0,38 degrees C/pamusoro penyika kubvira pakati pemakore ekumaXNUMX).
Global dimming chiitiko chinogadzirwa ne Masimba Anokosha Ezvakasikwa izvo zvinoita nenzira inopesana nekudziya kwepasi. Global dimming inoderedza kuwanda kwemwaranzi yezuva inosvika mumhepo yePasi, zvichiita kuti tembiricha pasi rose dziderere.
Uyezve, dimming yepasi rose inovhiringa kutenderera kwehydrological mubiosphere uye inoderedza mwero wekubuda kwemhepo, ongororo yekudziya kwepasi haingapedzi pasina kutaura kuderera kwepasirese.
Global dimming inokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwezvikamu zvakadai se sulfate aerosols mumhepo, izvo zvinosvibisa zvinotungamirira kune dimming yepasi rose zvinotungamirira kumatambudziko akasiyana-siyana ezvakatipoteredza, zvakadai se phytochemical smog, matambudziko ekufema, uye mvura yeasidhi.
Scientist Research
Maererano nenyanzvi, nzira chete iyo vanhu vanogona kudzivirira nayo njodzi yemamiriro ekunze ndeyekuita kuderera kukuru mumabasa emaindasitiri uye magasi egreenhouse, semuenzaniso carbon dioxide (CO2). Izvi zvinoderedza panguva imwe chete kupararira kweaerosols, semuenzaniso sulfur dioxide (SO2) iyo inokanganisa cloud nucleation uye kuumbwa.
Muchidimbu, kuvharwa kwegore kushoma kunoreva kutonhora kushoma, ndiko kuti, kushomeka kushoma, munyika ine kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, izvo zvinounza kutya kukuru uye kutya kwakatenderedza nekuda kwenyaya iyi.
Mhedzisiro iyi yakatanga kuwanikwa naGerry Stanhill, musayendisiti wechiRungu anoshanda muIsrael.Achienzanisa zvinyorwa zvezuva reIsrael kubva kuma1950 nemazuva ano, Stanhill akashamisika kuwana kudonha kukuru kwemwaranzi yezuva. "Pakanga paine kudonha kunoshamisa kwe22% muchiedza chezuva uye zvinoshamisa chaizvo."
Afadzwa, akatsvaga zvinyorwa kubva kumativi ose enyika uye akawana nyaya imwe chete kunenge kwose kwose, nechiedza chezuva chichidonha ne10%, inoda kusvika 30% mumativi eyaimbova Soviet Union, uye kunyange 16% mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzezvitsuwa. Kunyangwe mhedzisiro yacho yaisiyana zvakanyanya munzvimbo nenzvimbo, kudzikira kwacho kwakasvika 1-2% pasi rose pamakore gumi pakati pemaXNUMX nemaXNUMX.
Gerry akadana chiitiko chacho global dimming, asi tsvakurudzo yake, yakabudiswa muna 2001, yakasangana nemhinduro yekusava nechokwadi kubva kune mamwe masayendisiti. Yakanga iri nguva pfupi yapfuura, apo mhedziso dzavo dzakasimbiswa namasayendisiti eAustralia achishandisa nzira yakasiyana chose yokuyeresa mwaranzi yezuva, apo masayendisiti ezvemamiriro okunze akazoziva chokwadi chokuderera kwepasi rose.
Kudzima kunoratidzika kunge kunokonzerwa nekusvibiswa kwemhepo, kupisa kwemarasha, mafuta nehuni, mungave mumotokari, zvicherwa zvemagetsi kana moto wemukicheni, zvinogadzira kwete chete isingaonekwe kabhoni dhaikisaidhi (iyo yekutanga greenhouse gasi inokonzera kudziya kwepasi) asiwo twudiki twunofambiswa nemhepo. we soot, dota, sulfur compounds nezvimwe zvinosvibisa.
Vesainzi vave kunetseka kuti kudzikama, nekudzivirira makungwa kubva kusimba rakazara reZuva, kungave kuri kuchinja nzira yekunaya kwemvura pasi rose. Pane mazano ekuti kudzikira kwacho kwakakonzera kusanaya kwemvura muAfrica uko kwakauraya mazana ezviuru zvevanhu mumaXNUMX nemaXNUMX.
Pane zviratidzo zvinokatyamadza zvokuti zvimwe chetezvo zvingava zviri kuitika nhasi muAsia, musha wehafu yavagari vapasi. Purofesa Veerhabhadran Ramanathan, mumwe wenyanzvi dzezvemamiriro okunze pasi rose anoti:
"Chandinonyanya kunetseka ndechekuti kupera kwepasi rose kuchakanganisawo mhepo yekuAsia. Tiri kutaura pamusoro pemabhiriyoni evanhu.
Izvi zvakaita kuti masayendisiti akawanda agumise kuti mamiriro ekunze emazuva ano haanyanyi kutarisana nemigumisiro ye carbon dioxide kupfuura zvayakanga iri, semuenzaniso, munguva yechando, apo kuwedzera kwakafanana kwe CO2 kwakakonzera kukwira kwekushisa mu 6 ° C.
Asi zvino kunoratidzika kuti kudziya kunobva mumagasi egreenhouse kwakapedzwa nepesvedzero yakasimba yokutonhodza kubva mukudzima; kutaura zvazviri, zviviri zvezvinosvibisa zvedu zvakadzima. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mamiriro ekunze anogona kunge achinyanya kunzwa kune greenhouse effect pane zvaimbofungwa.
Global Dimming uye Hydrological Cycle
Basa rakakosha reiyo hydrological cycle ine chekuita neglobal dimming rinokurudzira ongororo yakazara yemhinduro dzayo mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kudzikisira. Kuedza kwakarongeka kwepasirese kuongorora mamiriro ekunze e solar geoengineering, chirevo chekurwisa kudzikama kwepasirese nekudzikira kwekusvibisa.
Isu tinoongorora maitiro ari pasi pemhinduro yekunaya kwemvura kune yakareruka simulation yekudzika kwezuva rakadaro, kuyambuka modhi ensemble kuti tizive yakasimba maficha.
Nepo solar geoengineering inoda kudzoreredza tembiricha yepamberi peindasitiri, hydrology yepasi rose inoshandurwa uye shanduko yekunaya kwemvura inonaya mvura inotonga mhinduro mukati meiyo yese modhi suite uye izvi zvinonyanya kufambiswa neHadley circulation cell shanduko. .
Shanduko dzesimba dzinotsanangura zvakasiyana-siyana zvekunaya kwemvura yemunzvimbo dzinopisa zviri nani pane kuchinja kwemwando kana ukuru hwekunaya kwemvura kunopfungaira (P-E), zvichipihwa kuti tembiricha nehunyoro hunoenderana nemhinduro dzakasimba pane yese sutu.
Iyo inopinza kuderedza mukati Tembiricha uye Humidity Zvine hukama pamusoro penzvimbo dzakasimwa dzepasi dzinogona kunge dzine hukama neiyo physiological CO2 mhinduro muzvirimwa uye inozopawo kuderera kwepasirese.
Njodzi dzechisikigo uye dzakagadzirwa nevanhu dzeGlobal Dimming
Maaerosols anosanganisira sulfate kubva mukutsva kwehuturu hwakadai semarasha, soot kubva mumafekitori kana huni, huruva yemumugwagwa, uye kuparara kwevhu. Anthropogenic aerosols, seaya anobva kumafekitari, pombi dzemhepo nemoto, anozivikanwa nekukanganisa nharaunda uye anogona kukonzera zvese kubva pakuderera kusvika pakudziya, kusvibiswa kwemhepo uye nekukurumidza kunyungudika kwe glacial. .
Kazhinji, nhaurirano pamusoro global dimming vanonyanya kukoshesa zvinhu zvakagadzirwa, nepo vachiregeredza zvemusikirwo. Aerosols echisikigo anosanganisira magwenga, miti, munyu wegungwa, guruva, uye makomo anoputika. Makomo anoputika ave achizivikanwa kwenguva refu kuti anounza kutonhora kwemhepo.
Makomo anoputika anobudisa sulfur dioxide (SO2) mumhepo yepamusoro, inozivikanwa se stratosphere, iri pamusoro petroposphere panoitika mamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvinogona kugara kwemakore akati wandei, kusiyana nemaindasitiri aerosol masosi anopinda mutroposphere uye kazhinji anonaya mukati meisingasviki svondo. Natural aerosols inogona kudzima magasi ekudziya egreenhouse uye kuve nemukana wekutonhodza Pasi.