Kudiwa kwekunzwisisa zvakatipoteredza uye, naizvozvo, isu pachedu zvakasunda vafungi nemasayendisiti munguva dzose dzenhoroondo kuti vatsanangure chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma zvikuru zvisingazivikanwe pamusoro pehupenyu hwedu: mavambo echisiko chapose pose
Chii chakabva muchadenga? Akaberekwa rini uye sei?
Kubva pakatanga kufunga kwehuzivi uye sainzi yekutanga yebudiriro yedu, makore anopfuura 3500 apfuura Sumerian, Ijipiti and the Girisi yekare, kwave kune zviuru zvevafungi vakaedza, neimwe nzira, kuwana kuti chii mavambo echisiko chapose pose.
Dzidziso nezve Universe Genesisl, se mhindumupindu nemavambo echisiko chapose pose, dzakasiana-siana uye dzinotsamira pamisimboti yedzidziso idzo dzisati dzanyatsobatanidzwa, saka dzakapinda muzvikamu zvakasiyana mumakore apfuura.
Semuenzaniso: dzimwe dzidziso dzinotanga kubva pakutanga kwe Stationary Universe, ndiko kuti, fungidziro yokuti chadenga chose chakaberekwa muchimiro noukuru zvachiri nhasi. Kune rumwe rutivi, dzidziso ye Inflationary Universe kunoita kuti tifungidzire kuti chadenga chiri kuramba chichikura, chichisundira makwara enzou kubva kune rimwe nerimwe uye chinoramba chichigadzira matsva.
Kwakabva The Universe Theories in Antiquity
LSumerianos
Pasinei zvapo nokusanzwisisa kwavo kusimba kwechisiko chapose pose, vaSumer vakashamiswa namabviro enyeredzi, kusvikira kupfundo apo ruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga rwakava rudzi rwokufunga kwavo.
Kutaura zvazviri, kubva pane izvi, imwe yemagariro ekutanga anozivikanwa nemunhu, hukama pakati pezvisikwa zvekudenga uye maitiro evanhu hwakanga hwatofungwa, iyo nhasi yakashanduka mukutenda kwenyeredzi.
Kutaura idi, vakanga vari vaSumer vakaziva mapoka enyeredzi 12 ayo zuva rinofamba naro mukati megore rose ndokuripa mazita emhuka, iro gare gare rakazozivikanwa se<em>zodiac.
Kunyange zvazvo vasina kumbotaura dzidziso inogamuchirwa yegenesis yepasi rose (vaidavira kuti chadenga chakayangarara pamusoro pegungwa rinonzi nammu) vaSumer vakaisa muenzaniso wakakosha wezvidzidzo zveramangwana pamusoro pekuumbwa kweSolar System yedu mune mamwe budiriro.
Kunyanya nekuti vakakwanisa kuziva mapuraneti anonyanya kuoneka kubva Nyika: Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter uye Saturn.
Origin of the Universe maererano nevaEgipita
Kunyange nanhasi, kudzika kweiyo ruzivo rwezvenyeredzi rwevaEgipita Chinoramba chiri chakavanzika kwatiri, chatinoziva chokwadi ndechekuti vaive neruzivo rwusina kutapurirana.
Semuenzaniso, kurongeka chaiko kweiyo pyramid of giza with pole star Zvinopfuura zvose zvinobvira causality. Kutaura idi, vakashandisa fundo yenyeredzi pakufambisa nzendo uye kuverengera zvakarurama nguva yemwaka.
Zvisinei, kupfuura ruzivo urwu rusinganzwisisike, vaIjipita havana kumbosimudza a dzidziso yekwakabva zvinhu zvose kuti rakapfuura ngano dzaro rimene nengano dzakavakirwa pana Mwari Ra.
Mavambo ePasirose maererano neGriegos
Dzidziso, pfungwa uye zvakawanikwa zvakaitwa muSumer neEgypt mumazana emakore apfuura, zvakagarwa nhaka nevakanyanya kusimba. vaGiriki vanofunga sehwaro hwezvidzidzo zvake uye gare gare dzidziso.
MuGreece yekare, dzidziso pamusoro kuti zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa sei dzakanga dzakasiana zvikuru, kutaura idi, vamwe vazivi vakatsigira zvinogamuchirwa zvakafara geocentric theory, Chemhondoro Ptolemy, ane dzidziso yakagamuchirwa uye yakadzidziswa mumayunivhesiti kwemakore 1500 akatevera.
Vamwe, nguva isati yakwana, vakanga vatotanga kutaura heliocentric theory, iyo, sezvaunotoziva, yakarambwa mukati mamazana amakore akatevera neChechi yeKaturike.
Mumwe wevanonyanya kudzidza nezvenyeredzi muGreece aive Aristarko weSamo, uyo, kunze kwekuve wekutanga kutaura kuti yedu solar system inotenderera zuva uye kwete ku Pasi, ndiyewo akatanga kuita macalculations anogamuchirika kuyera nhambwe pakati penyika nezuva.
Ukuwo, Aristotles, Achizvitsigira pahumwari hwechimiro chedenderedzwa, chimiro chakakwana kwazvo, maererano naye, akaronga kuti The Earth was actually spherical in shape and not flat., sezvagara zvichitendwa. Imwe dzidziso yakafambira mberi zvikuru munguva yayo, iyo, sezvatinoudzwa nenhau, yakarambwa kweanopfuura makore ane chiuru.
Nicolaus Copernicus dzidziso
Nicolaus Copernicus akanga ari nyanzvi yenyeredzi yekuPoland uye nyanzvi yakapidigura zvachose pfungwa ye Genesi yenyika nokuda kwedzidziso yake inokakavadzana heliocentric, izvo zvakaita kuti arambwe nenzanga yesayenzi nechitendero muEurope, iyo panguva iyoyo yaitongwa nemasimba. Ptolemy's Geocentric theory (chirevo chokuti panguva iyoyo chaiva nemakore 1300).
Mumhedziso dzaCopernicus, dzakatorwa mumakore anoverengeka efundo yezvenyeredzi, akakarakadza kuti, sezvakangoitawo. Arisitako weSamovakatenda, ivo Pasi nezvimwe zvitunha zvemudenga zvinotenderera zuva uye kwete imwe nzira yakatenderedza.
Pasinei nechokwadi chokuti, panguva iyoyo, muzana remakore rechiXNUMX Copernican dzidziso yakanga ine gakava zvikuru uye, chaizvoizvo, yakarambidzwa kuparadzirwa neChechi yeKaturike, zana rimwe bedzi gare gare yakava rondedzero inogamuchirwa zvikurusa pamwero wenyika yose.
Uchapupu hwemasvomhu hwe Heliocentric theory yeCopernicus Yakavhura mikova kuti nzanga yesainzi iwane kunzwisisa kwakakura kwazvo kwesimba resolar system yedu nechadenga.
Uku kudzvanyirira kunofambira mberi kwakabhadhara, uko, pamwe chete nebudiriro yetekinoroji yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zvakabvumira nyanzvi dzefizikisi nenyanzvi dzenyeredzi kuti vatange kufungidzira pahwaro hwesainzi nezve. kusikwa kwezvinhu zvose.
Dzidziso yaAlbert Einstein
Albert Einstein, nhasi, anozivikanwa semufizikisi ane simba zvakanyanya munhoroondo, kunyanya nekuda kwekubatsira kwake kusainzi nehunyanzvi. Theory of Universal Relativity muna 1915, umo akarondedzera deformations mu kuchinja kwechiedza maererano nemasimba anokwevera zvinhu
Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso huru ndeyokuti iyo yakakurumbira ndeyokuti Einstein's Theory of Relativity haina kunyatso kutsvaga kutsanangura mavambo echisiko chapose pose, asi chimiro chemichina yaro, mienzaniso yaro yakanga iri ibwe repakona pakavakirwa rondedzero yokuwedzera yechisiko chapose pose, yakasimbiswa naEdward Hubble makore mashomanene bedzi gare gare, muna 1930.
Pfungwa yekutanga ye Dzidziso yaEinstein inotiudza kuti maonero ezviitiko zvepasi rose haachinjiki sezvakarongwa naNewton, asi akaremara maererano nemaonero emugamuchiri maererano nenzvimbo yawo muchadenga. nguva and the nzvimbo.
Akaratidzawo nekusiyana kwe general relativity kuti, kufamba kwenguva uye chiedza kunokonzerwa nemasimba anokwevera enyaya maererano nehukuru hwayo, iyo yakabatsira kuisa nzvimbo-nguva curvature pfungwa uye kunzwisisa zvinhu zve cosmic zvakadai se wormholes.
Saka denser clumps of matter, senge nyeredzi nyuturoni, iyo inotarisisa nhamba yakakura yezvimedu munzvimbo diki, inokwanisa kugadzira yakanyanya kusimba minda yegiravhiti, inokwanisa kugadzira deformation ye nzvimbo uye mutsara wenguva wechadenga.
Big Bang Dzidziso
Kubata kwe Kwakabva The Big Bang Universe, Iyo inozivikanwawo seBig Bang Theory, yakagadziridzwa nekuda kwekusimbiswa kwezvirevo zvakati wandei uye basa rakabatana revamwe vakuru vezvenyeredzi munhoroondo, saka ndiyo dzidziso yekwakabva zvinhu zvose zvakanyanya kugamuchirwa neruzhinji rwesainzi.
The Big Bang inoratidza kuti pasi nedenga rakazvarwa kubva ku simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rose pane imwe nguva isati yazivikanwa nguva, anenge mazana emamiriyoni mazana matatu emakore apfuura (ringava zera rinofungidzirwa rezvakasikwa zvedu).
kunzwisiswa se Singularity chiitiko che nzvimbo nguva kuti haigoni kutungamirirwa nemitemo yepanyama yezvinhu, munyaya iyi, mufambiro wesimba kana nyaya yaizotungamirirwa nemitemo ye quantum physics, iyo inenge isati yatsigirwa.
Naizvozvo, kubva panguva ino zvichienda mberi zvinova zvakaoma kuti fizikisi itsanangure mamiriro ezvinhu angadai akakonzera Big Bang pakutanga, kana kune chero humwe hunhu hwekuvapo pamberi peiyi nguva, kwainotanga. Nguva. Muchokwadi, iyi chiyero chinoedza kuzvitsanangura mu stationary universe theory.
El Big Bang kwakabva kwave kuputika uko zvinhu zvinoumba chisiko chakasikwa zvakasikwa (nyaya, nzvimbo uye nguva) uye, kubva panguva ye singularity vari mukukura kwechigarire, vachiwedzera miganhu yechisiko sechipiri nechipiri (musimboti weiyo inflationary theory).
Asi chii chaivapo Big Bang isati yaitika?
Sezvatataura, hazvibviri kunzwisisa, kuburikidza nemitemo inodzora denga redu (inotsanangurwa nedzidziso ye general relativity), mamiriro ezvinhu ekufungidzira kuvapo kusati kwaitika chiitiko chakasika chisiko chapose pose sezvatinochiziva.
Zvisinei, dzidziso imwe chete Big Bang inoratidza kuti, pakarepo mushure mekuputika, huremu hwose hwechadenga hwakaunganidzirwa panzvimbo ye hyper-concentrated density, iyo yaizopfuura nezviuru zvenguva. planck Density, ndiko kuti, kuunganidzwa kwenyaya ye mazana ezviuru zvezuva mukati meimwe poindi isingakure kupfuura atomu imwe chete.
Kwemakore 500.000 anotevera mushure me yekutanga spatiotemporal singularity, nyaya yakabudiswa nekuputika yakachinja, nzvimbo yakakura uye kutonhora zvakakwana kuti itange kuumba yekutanga yakagadzikana maatomu particles, ane huremu hwaikwanisa kugadzira minda yegiravhiti.
Iwo ekutanga subatomic particles akagadzirwa panguva ino (Lepton-Quark era) aive iwo Protons uye Neutrons kuti kana vakabatana, vanotanga kuumba nyaya sezvatinoiziva nhasi.
Zvimedu zvezvinhu zvine zvimiro zvemuviri zvakatanga kukwezva nekuunganidza nekuda kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu (inotsanangurwa mudzidziso yaEinstein yehukama), mune yatinoziva iye zvino se. Makore eCosmic.
Iyo hyper condensation ye magasi akawanda emakore ecosmic akapa nzira yekuumbwa kwe mapoka enyeredzi ekutanga, pamwe chete nenyeredzi nemapuraneti zvirimo.
Somuenzaniso, zvinofungidzirwa kuti solar system yedu yakaumbwa makore angangoita mabhiriyoni 4600 apfuura kubva pakuputsika kwegore guru recosmic.
Chikamu chikuru chehombe yakadururwa panguva yekudonha yakaunganidzwa, ichipa nzira yekuumbwa kwezuva redu chete. Imwe nyaya yakadzingwa yakasiya kuumbwa kwe mapuraneti iyo parizvino inotenderera kutenderedza munda wenyeredzi yedu.
Kutsiga mamiriro edzidziso
steady state Idzidziso inopikisana nedzidziso yekuti inflationry universe, umo kunotaurwa kuti chisiko chedu chapose pose chine mativi akagadzwa, kuti hachichinji kupfurikidza nenguva uye kuti, kutaura idi, hachichinji chose chose kubva panzvimbo ipi neipi yechadenga nenguva.
Saka, chadenga chinofanirwa kugara chichiratidza hunhu hwakafanana maererano nechimiro uye chiyero kune vanoona zvisinei nenzvimbo yavo muchadenga kana panguva.
Dzidziso iyi inobvuma izvozvo chadenga chiri kuramba chichiwedzera uye kuti kurasikirwa kwechinhu chinobudiswa nokuwedzera kunotsiviwa nokusikwa kwechinhu chitsva pamwero wakaenzana, kuwana kutenderera kwakakwana kwechisiko, muchisiko chose chisina mavambo kana kuti magumo.
Zvisineyi, kugamuchirwa kwekuverenga dzidziso kwakamira kwaizosakisa dzidziso dzakawanda dzinogamuchirwa uye zvidzidzo zvakasimbiswa, kusanganisira kuratidzira kwaHubble kwekutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX uye misimboti yehukama hwese.
Kunyange zvakadaro hapana kuedza akwanisa kuratidzira misimboti inokosha yedzidziso yakamira, masayendisiti akawanda azvino uno anopfuurira kushanda pairi, achidavira kuti nokugadziridzwa kuchiyero chequantum cheequation yaEinstein, zvaizobvira kutsanangura muenzaniso wechisiko chapose pose mukufamba kwenguva, ndiko kuti, kuvapo kwechinhu chakafanana neyedu kare. yekusikwa kwenguva sezvatinozviziva.
Maererano neongororo ine musoro "A finite Universe, isina mavambo kana magumo" yakapihwa nenyanzvi yefizikisi peter lynds muna 2007, akataura kuti kuvapo kwepasi nedenga kunotenderera uye kuti zviri mukuzvarwa patsva nguva dzose.
Mukuwirirana neiyi fungidziro, chisiko chapose pose chichakura kusvika papfundo gurusa, uye ipapo chinotanga kuwiriranisa zvinhu kusvika papfundo rokudzana rinoparira masimba egiravhiti kuti adzingane panzvimbo pokukwezvana, achiparira pfundo idzva rokuwedzera.