Dzidziso nezve Hunhu hwevanhu chikamu chetsika dzose, dambudziko guru nderokuona kuti ndeapi maitiro akakosha evanhu uye maitiro ari echisikigo uye ndeapi mhedzisiro yeimwe nzira yekudzidza kana kushamwaridzana. Dzidza zvakawanda nezvenyaya iyi mune ino post!
Chii chinonzi Hunhu Hwevanhu?
La Hunhu hwevanhu iri seti yezvakagadzikana uye zvisingachinjiki maitiro, zvakajairika zvimiro uye zvimiro zvinoratidzira Hunhu hwezvisikwa zvipenyu, izvo zvinogara mumunhu anonzwisisa nguva dzese, zvisinei nekushanduka kwehupenyu uye nhoroondo yezvakaitika.
Pfungwa yekuti munhu ane chimwe chimiro chisingachinji haina kutanga yamutsa nhaurirano dzakananga munhoroondo yehuzivi, zvaive zvakakosha kufungidzira kuti chimiro ichi chii, zvisinei, iyo pfungwa yekugadzikana kweiyo Hunhu hwemunhu yakaderedzwa kubva mukati: vazivi uye vezvematongerwo enyika vakaisa zvinopokana diametrically mune iyi pfungwa.
Apo wezvematongerwo enyika kana muongorori wezvemagariro evanhu anoedza kururamisa hurongwa huripo, anotanga kubva pakutenda kuti Chimiro cheMunhu hachichinji, semuenzaniso, kutaura pamusoro pekusadzivirika kwemakwikwi ehupfumi, vepfungwa dzekutanga capitalism vakafunga kuti munhu nemasikirwo anovavarira kuwana purofiti. enrichment.
Zviratidzo
Pakati pe Hunhu Hwevanhu ndezvekuti hazvinzwisisike, zvinofadza, hukuru uye hazvinyatsonzwisisike, inotitaurira kuti isu vanhu tiri ani nemasikirwo uye inotiratidza zvatinogona kuva kana tikashandisa simba redu rose uye mukana wekukura kwevanhu wakakura chaizvo.
Naizvozvo, apo patinodzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pedu, ndipo panobva pakura kuwanda kwezvatingagona kuita, tichiziva chimiro chemunhu, tinogona kunzwisisa zvakawanda zvedu uye zvevamwe zvidikanwi, vavariro, zvishuwo, manzwiro, zvido, mikana nezvinangwa.
Nekuda kwekunzwisisa uku, isu tinokwanisa kutonga nemazvo maitiro edu uye evamwe vanhu, nerubatsiro rwezviito zvine mufungo, izvo, munoona, hunyanzvi hunobatsira hwehupenyu hwedu.
Kutanga
Ima 1870s yaive nguva yekuchinja mugakava repasi rose pamusoro pe Origin and Evolution of the Earth nekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu, zvine zvazvinoita pasainzi, kuwedzera kwekoloni, kufambira mberi kwemaindasitiri, kutenda kwechitendero, uye gakava rehunhu neuzivi, tsamba dzaDarwin kubva panguva ino dzakakosha zvakanyanya mukunzwisisa zvese kuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yake yemavambo evanhu sehukama hwadzo nehuripo. fungidziro pamusoro peHunhu Hwevanhu.
Mune akati wandei Nature Articles zvinonzi apo Darwin akatangazve tsvakurudzo yakarongeka pamusoro pemanzwiro akapoteredza 1866, akatanga kuunganidza zvakacherechedzwa zvakanyanya, uye akanyora runyoro rwemibvunzo pamusoro pekutaura kwevanhu, runyoro rwakadhindwa kuti rive nyore kuparadzirwa pane imwe nguva mukupera kwa1867 kana kutanga kwa1868. Darwin akadzokorora. mibvunzo yake ndokuinatsiridza, sezvatinogona kuona muiyi kopi yendaza yakadhindwa ine zvigadziriso zviduku muruoko rwaDarwin.
Basa raDarwin pamusoro pekutaura kwemanzwiro, kubva pakuona kwevana vake, kumibvunzo uye mapikicha ekuedza, chaive chikamu chakakosha chetsvakiridzo yake yakadzama pamusoro pekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu, yakapa humwe humbowo hwehumbowo hwekudzika kwevanhu kubva kumhuka.
Pakati paKurume naMbudzi 1868, zvichiratidza kutevedzana kwevashanyi seti yemifananidzo yezviso zvevanhu, vamwe vaine tsandanyama dzakabatwa nemagetsi probes, uye vachivabvunza manzwiro avaifunga kuti mafoto aiburitsa, tsvakiridzo yaDarwin ine kufanana kunoshamisa nekuyedza kucherechedzwa kwechiso chemazuva ano. .
Chinese philosophy
Zvikoro zvakawanda zveChinese zvefilosofi zvakagadzirisa mubvunzo we Hunhu hwevanhu, maonero echivanhu anoverengeka anokosha paMasikirwo Emunhu anosanganisira dzidziso yetsika yechiConfucius uye dzidziso yeMohist yepakutanga.
Pamusoro pekuongorora Hunhu Hwevanhu, zvinorehwa neaya echinyakare tsika dzechizvino dzidziso muTaiwan zvinoratidzwa, pakati peaya akaoma uye dzimwe nguva anopokana tsika, kuchinja Unhu Hwevanhu kunosimbiswa, kuzvitonga kwevadzidzisi nevadzidzi kunocherechedzwa, uye kufunga nezvemaitiro ekudzidza kunokurudzirwa.
Hunhu Hwevanhu hwakaita basa repakati muhuzivi hwechiChinese hwechinyakare uye hucharamba huine basa mune ramangwana, tsika yeEast Asia inowanzoonekwa seinopesvedzerwa zvakanyanya neConfucianism.
Zvakadaro, huzivi hwedzidzo hunoitwa mudunhu rino nhasi hwakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kupfungwa dzinotsigirwa nevachenjeri sezvavanoita kubva kumadokero, musiyano uyu unoitika setsika dzakasimukira kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana siyana. nhanho, kunzwisiswa kwedzidziso dzeHuman Nature kunobatsira kuwana mashandisiro avo uye nzira mutsika dzetsika, pamwe nekuvhura mikana yekunzwisisa uye kubatanidzwa mune dzidzo.
ChiConfucius
Kudzorerwa kwaConfucius kwakaitika munguva yeTang neSong dynasties kwakavakirwa pakutangwa kwedzidziso yaConfucius pamusoro pemwoyo nechisikigo.Mukuona kwakafara, pamberi pedzinza raTang, chiConfucius chakakamurwa pakati pedzidziso dzinoverengeka dzinopokana pamusoro peMasikirwo Omunhu.
Kufanana nedzidziso dzemaitiro akawanikwa, kunaka kwepakutanga kwe Hunhu hwevanhu, uipi hweHunhu hwevanhu, marudzi matatu ehunhu hwevanhu (kureva, wepamusoro, wepakati, newakaderera), hasha, uye chimiro chetarenda.
Nekusimuka kweNeo-Confucianism murwiyo, dzidziso yekunaka yepakutanga yeHuman Nature yakadzora pfungwa yenguva yakakosha, panguva iyo Confucianism yakakamukana.
Kunyangwe dzimwe nyanzvi dzakatsigira shanduko yeNeo-Confucianism, dzidziso yekutanga yerunako yeHuman Nature yakaramba ichienderera, zvisinei, simbiso yakaiswa paHunhu Hwevanhu yakachinjika kubudiriro yeruzivo, maitiro, uye maonero ekushanduka kwevanhu netsika.
Zvemutemo
Legalism yakavakirwa pakusavimba ne Hunhu hwevanhu, pfungwa yakatanga kutaurwa naShen Buhai, wezvematongerwo enyika mudunhu reHan akayambira mambo pamusoro pemakurukota, akamunyengedza uye akamukurudzira kutora simba rehumambo.
Kubva pane iyi dzidziso, mutemo wakagadzirwa kuti utarisire vanhu uye vanhu, semuenzaniso, mambo haafanire kutaura zvaanoda nezvaasingadi kana kuvimba nemunhu mumwe chete, pachinzvimbo chake, anofanira kuteerera kune zvakasiyana-siyana kuti adzivise zvidzidzo kuti zvisabatana kutora masimba.
Zvisinei, Shen Buhai aiwanzoonekwa semunhu aikwanisa kuverenga pfungwa dzashe wake Han Zhaohou.
Shang Yang, munyori wezvematongerwo enyika weQin akaita shanduko dzakawanda, aive mumwe wezvemitemo anozivikanwa, akashandisa mibairo yakaoma uye zvirango kudzora vakuru vakuru nevanhuwo zvavo, akagadza mirau yakawanda semitemo yekuzvibata kwevanhu, panguva imwe cheteyo akaraira vanhu kuti vadzidze izvo zvemitemo. uye tevedzera mirairo.
Vakarayirwa kuti vadzidze gadziriro dzemitemo uye kuwirirana nemirayiridzo, nokuti simba rezvamatongerwe enyika renhaka raiva nevakuru rakanga raderedzwa zvikuru uye mitoo yokufarikanya pfuma yomunhu oga yakanga yakaganhurirwa, nzira bedzi yokuti vanhu vaida kuvandudza mararamiro avo uye nzira yokufarikanya nayo pfuma yavo. kusimudzira magariro avo kwaive kurwa hondo, kuita mabasa ekurima, uye kutevedzera mitemo.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, budiriro yemunhu yakatemwa nezvinangwa zvenyika uye nyika yeQin yakava muenzaniso wekutanga wezvematongerwo enyika ehudzvanyiriri munhoroondo yeChina.
Philosophy yeWestern Modern Age
Uzivi munyika yemazuva ano chirango chekuzvidzora, chakakwanisa kuzvitsanangura pachedu, chichizvisiyanisa kune rumwe rutivi kubva kuchitendero uye kune rumwe rutivi kubva kune chaiyo sainzi, asi uku kupfupika kwekutarisa kwakaitika kunonoka munhoroondo yayo, zvirokwazvo kwete. zana remakore rechigumi nesere risati rasvika.
Vazivi vekutanga veGreece yekare vaive ma theorists epasirese, Pythagoras naPlato vese vaive vazivi uye masvomhu, uye muAristotle hapana mutsauko wakajeka pakati pehuzivi nesainzi yechisikigo, Renaissance uye nguva yekutanga yemazuva ano yakaenderera mberi nehupamhi hwekunamba kwehunhu. yevaGiriki.
Galileo naDescartes vaive masvomhu, mafizikisi uye vazivi panguva imwe chete uye fizikisi yakachengeta zita rehuzivi hwechisikigo kusvika pakufa kwaSir Isaac Newton, kana vafungi veRenaissance vakashanda zvakanyatsonaka pazvinhu zvetsanangudzo (zvavakanga vasiri), vangadai vakatsanangura uzivi, pahwaro hwomuitiro wahwo chaiwoiwo, se“kurangarira kwomufungo, kwakarongeka, uye kwakarongeka kworudzi rwomunhu, nzanga yavanhu, uye nyika yechisikigo.
Naizvozvo, nzvimbo dzekufarira kwehuzivi dzingadai dzisina kupokana, kunyangwe nyaya yekuti chii chinoumba "kurangarira, kwemaitiro uye kwakarongeka" ingadai yakakakavadzana zvakanyanya, nekuti ruzivo rwunofambira mberi kuburikidza nekuwanikwa nekudzivirira pfungwa itsva. nokuti idzi nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinotsamira pakutendeseka kwadzo pamaitiro ehuzivi agara aripo echokwadi, chirevo, uye kukosha, makakatanwa akakosha euzivi emuzana remakore rechigumi nematanhatu neregumi nenomwe aive pasi pegakava pamusoro penzira.
Ndiyo nhau iyi, panzvimbo pokusabvumirana kupi nokupi pamusoro penhau kana kuti nzvimbo dzinofarirwa, iyo yakakamuranisa vazivi vakuru veRenaissance.Idi huru itsva yakatarisana neRenaissance yakanga iri yekukurumidza, ukuru, uye kufanana kwenyika yechisiko, asi kuti Chii kukosha kwekutanga kwaive maonero matsva ayo chokwadi ichi chakadudzirwa nacho.
Kuvana vechikoro veMiddle Ages, chisiko chapose pose chakanga chiri chetsika, chipenyu, uye chakarairwa naMwari, kuvazivi veRenaissance, chakanga chiri chezvizhinji, machinistic, uye masvomhu akarongedzerwa, muMiddle Ages, nyanzvi dzakafunga maererano nezvinangwa zvoumwari, zvinangwa, uye zvinangwa , muRenaissance, vaifunga maererano nemasimba, masangano emagetsi uye zvikonzero zvemuviri, izvi zvose zvakava pachena pakupera kwezana remakore rechigumi neshanu.
Chiratidzo chaHannah Arendt
Mafirosofi ehupenyu anofunga nezvechokwadi chemunhu nekuramba kutsanangura munhu uye kuchengetedza hurukuro yesainzi nezvake, pakutanga kuona, Hannah Arendt anogovera hunhu uhu, zvisinei, anozvibvisa kubva kune kuvapo uye kupfuura kurambwa kwese ruzivo rweanthropological, akazvipira kuchengetedza nhaurirano yemamiriro emunhu isinganangi kutsanangurirwa kwemunhu, asi kuti inotora zviri mukati neimwe nzira kubva kutsanangudzo dzekare kana dzemazuva ano dzinozivikanwa.
Aiwanzotaura pamusoro petsanangudzo dzemunhu, asi nenzira yakapararira, chidzidzo chine mufungo uye chakarongeka chemashoko ake chinoumba imwe yenzira dzinobvira dzekuyera mutsauko pakati pehurukuro yake yeanthropological uye yekuvapo.
Nyika, sezvakaita Kwakabva zvinhu zvose iyo yakanyorwa mairi, inotaurwa seye empirical spatial masangano ane ruzivo rwesainzi runoita kuti zvikwanise kuvaka zvinomiririra, kunyanya kushandisa chaiwo maturusi ekufunga: senge nzvimbo yejometri kunyanya uye midziyo yehunyanzvi, senge teresikopu yeGalileo.
Kuna Arendt, ndiko kurongeka kwenzvimbo dzepasi uye dzepasi uye kushandiswa, kuvabata, kwenzvimbo yejometri, iyo yakaita kuti kugadzirwa kwemaitiro mazhinji, kunyanya hunyanzvi hwekufamba (ndege, njanji, ngarava dzemuchadenga, nezvimwewo, nezvimwewo). .
Kufarira kwake pasi uye cosmic space kunotora chikamu pamusoro pezvose purojekiti yake yekutarisana ne "chimiro chevanhu" uye kwete, sekuda kweimwe tsika yehuzivi, iyo "chimiro chemunhu".Hunhu hwevanhu«, chimiro chemunhu chinoreva chirevo chake chekuti vanhu, sevanhu nemapoka vanoigadzira, vanogona kunzwisiswa chete kana tikavabatanidza nemamiriro ezvinhu uye nzvimbo yekuvapo kwavo.
Nzira yekunzwisisa munzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika
Vanoshingairira kushanda kuti vaparadzanise vanhu kubva kune mumwe uye kuparadza nzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika nekuda kwezvavanogona panguva imwechete kuzvisiyanisa uye kuwirirana kune mumwe nemumwe, izvi ndizvo zvinobvumidzwa nemutemo muhurumende dzehudzvanyiriri, izvo zvinokanganisa pfungwa chaiyo ye mutemo mumademocracy ekare neanhasi.
Zvinotonyanya kukosha ndezvokuti aya mazwi enzvimbo haawanzo shandiswa sedimikira, chokwadi munhu anogona kuedzwa kuona mumutsara waArendt uye kunyanya pfungwa yake yenzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika, yenzvimbo yekuonekwa, yenzvimbo pakati pevarume, dimikira rakakura kwazvo. , chinhambwe chaizoenzaniswa nemusiyano, chinhambwe nekusiyana kwevanhu uye nzira yakanyanyisa nekuramba kwevanhu.
Kupokana uku pamusoro pechimiro chedimikira kunodyiswa nekusavapo kwechokwadi maprotocol ekuonesa empirical uye nenhamba diki yezvinoitika zvine chekuita nekongiri modalities maererano neizvo varume vanobata nechadenga, kana kukwereta kubva kuSocial science uye psychology, izvo zvinonyatso kusavimba. rudzi urwu rweempirical material.
Iyo Ethological Analysis yeKonrad Lorenz
Classical ethology, inomiririrwa mumabasa aKonrad Lorenz, John Bowlby, naRobert Hinde, vanogona kuita yakakosha theoretical mupiro mukutsvaga kwehukama. Lorenz akakurukura maitiro eboka uye hukama hwevanhu uye akasimbisa kuti hukama hwemunhu uye kuumbwa kwechisungo kune hukama hwepedyo nehukasha.
Bowlby akaedza kubatanidza pfungwa uye nzira kubva kupsychoanalysis uye classical ethology. Hinde akaedza kubatanidza ruzivo rwedu pamusoro pehukama hwevanhu hunobva pane dzimwe nheyo dzechinyakare ethology.
Tsvagiridzo yakanangana nebiologically pamusoro pemhuka nemafambiro evanhu mumakumi emakore achangopfuura yafambira mberi mune zvakasiyana siyana, ethology, sociobiology, behaviour ecology, neurophysiology, behaviour genetics ndedzimwe dzenzvimbo dzakabatsira kufambisira mberi kweruzivo rwedu pamusoro pemagariro evanhu uye hukama.
Ikozvino uye Ramangwana reHunhu Hwevanhu
Taura nezve Hunhu hwevanhu ndiko kutaura nezvehunhu hwepasi rose hwemunhu, kureva kuti kune chiverengero chakati chehunhu chinowanikwa kuvarume vese pasina ganhuriro, izvi zvinoreva kuti pane dudziro yemunhu ingashanda kune mumwe nemumwe wavo pasina residu.
Zvisinei, kana tikatarisa varume, izvo zvatinoona hazvisi zvisizvo, izvo zvavanazvo zvakafanana, asi kusiyana, kusiyana-siyana kunoita sekuparadza pfungwa chaiyo yeHuman Nature.
Naizvozvo, dambudziko nderekutevera, kune rumwe rutivi, tinotaura nezve Hunhu hwemunhu, hwehunhu hwemunhu uye zvinoita sekunge iyi pfungwa yetsanangudzo yeicho munhu ndeye pamutemo nekuti hapana chiripo chinoita sechisingagone kuve nacho. zvisikwa, asi kune rumwe rutivi, zvinoratidzika kuti pfungwa iyi haina maturo nokuti misiyano inooneka pakati pevanhu ndeyekuti vanoita sevasina chinhu chakafanana.
Aristotle, naizvozvo, anosimbisa misiyano mitatu pakati pemunhu nemhuka izvo zvisingangomusiyanise kubva kwavari, asi zvakare zvinoratidza izvo zvinoratidzira munhu murudyi rwake, kutsanangura nguva dzose kusiyanisa, kuwana kuzivikanwa kunenge nguva dzose kunoreva kuratidza misiyano.
Munhu imhuka yezvematongerwo enyika, yakapiwa hurukuro yekutenda iyo yaanogona kutaura nayo, hongu, asi pamusoro pezvose kutaura pfungwa dzisina mhuka, dzezvakanaka nezvakaipa, dzevakarurama nevasina kururama, naizvozvo, hatisi. kure nemunhu semhuka inonzwisisa.
Ndechipi chikonzero chekukurumidzira kwazvino kune Hunhu Hwevanhu?
Mumakumi mana emakore apfuura, tsvakiridzo yakawedzera yakanangana nekunzwisisa kana paine chinongedzo pakati pekuchinja kwehukama hwe Hunhu hwevanhu uye kukanganisa kwaro pahutano hwevanhu, zvisinei, kuti uongorore kana pane chinongedzo, zvakakosha kuti uongorore huwandu hwayo uye nzira dziri pasi kubva kune imwe nzira yekudyidzana.
Zvinotarisirwa kuti nekukwevera pane izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zveruzivo, yakadzika nhanho yekunzwisisa inogona kuunzwa kudambudziko riri kukura rehukama hwevanhu nemasikirwo uye kukanganisa kwaro pahutano, izvi imhaka yekuti kuongorora Chimiro cheMunhu kubva kune imwechete yekuranga kunogona kutungamirira zvikamu zvakawanikwa zvinoregeredza mamwe masosi akakosha, pamwe nekuomesesa kuripo pakati pezvibatanidza, causal directions, maitiro, uye hukama.
Evolutionary psychology inzvimbo ichangoburwa yekudzidza, iyo yakakura zvakanyanya nekufarirwa kubva kuma1980, ichitarisa kugadziridzwa kwehunhu hwepfungwa hunonzi hwakashanduka nekufamba kwenguva maererano nemagariro uye ecology mamiriro mukati memunhu.
Ndeipi pfungwa iri kuvimbisa?
Ndokusaka varume vakasiyana kwazvo kubva kune mumwe nemumwe: vanongove varume mukati menzanga, saka mukati metsika, zvisinei, tsika dzakasiyana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe uye dzinosarudza vanhu mumutauro wavo, maitiro avo, maitiro, kufunga, kunzwa. nenzira yekuti havasi vese vanosiyaniswa kubva kune mumwe.
Kusagadzikana, kuvimba uye kuzvimiririra
Kusagadzikana kwabuda sepfungwa ine muchero yelkuHunhu Hwevanhu Muhurukuro yezvematongerwo enyika ichangoburwa, kunyangwe vaongorori vezvekutarisira dzimwe nguva vakaronga tsika dzekutarisira maererano nekusagadzikana, kazhinji kazhinji ivo vakainangisa kune kutsamira.
Nhasi anoongorora mutsauko uripo pakati pekutsamira uye kusagadzikana uye anotsigira kudzokororwa kwemaitiro ekutarisira maererano nekusagadzikana, nekugadzirisa hunhu hwekutarisira pakatarisana nekusagadzikana, vanochengeta theorists havangango wedzera hupamhi hwematambudziko ayo maitiro ekutarisira anogona kugadzirisa. uye kujekesa kusajeka mudzidziso, asiwo kusimbisa kururamiswa kwebasa rekuchengeta.
Shanduko huru yeHunhu Hwevanhu
Evolution yakatigonesa kuratidza kuti isu tine nguva irinani yekurarama nekufarira vamwe, kuenderana uye nekuva nerubatsiro, sevanhu vazhinji tinogona kutanga chikafu chakawanda, kuvaka nzvimbo dzekugara dzakachengetedzeka uye kudzivirirana.
Kukwezva, kunyengedza uye chishuwo chepabonde zviri pakati pezviratidzo zviri pachena zvekuda kwedu kubatana, nekuita kuti zvinakidze, shanduko yakawedzera mikana yedu yekubereka uye kurarama.
Saizvozvo, isu tinogona kubatana nevamwe vanhu, kuti tinzwe takakodzera kune nyika yakatitenderedza, nezvatinoita mairi, nezvinhu zvipi zvinofananidzira, zvatiri uye watinogona kuva naye, ndicho chikonzero manzwiro netsika, kwete chokwadi nenhamba, zvinonzwika zvakanyanya mumunhu.
