Nhaurirano yetsoko dzinochema nezvei? Vanoita sevari kutaurirana asi chinoitika ndechekuti nemhere yayo, tsoko inoungudza inoita kuti vamwe vasagara munzvimbo yayo, kana kuti inozivisa kana kupfimba vakadzi. Zvirokwazvo kuchema kwake kune mamwe mabasa, asi kuti uzive, tinokukoka kuti uenderere mberi nekuverenga uku.
tsoko inochema
Tsoko inochema yakasiyana-siyana kubva kuNyika Itsva, kubva kuCentral neSouth America kunyanya, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa nekuda kwekurira kwayo kunotsanangurwa sekuchema. Inonzi zvirinani setsoko ine mantled howler monkey, nyangwe ichizivikanwawo setsoko ine mantled howler monkey, araguato, coastal howler, black howler, Tumbes monkey kuchengetedza, black kuchengetedza, golden howler tsoko, brown howler tsoko, howler monkey, mong monkey. , zambo tsoko, howler tsoko kana brown saraguato kana carayá.
Etymology
Izwi rokuti "Alouatta", kubva kuFrench "alouate", zvinoreva "izwi guru", izwi rinobva mumitauro yemarudzi eCaribbean. Iro zita rekuti "palliata" rinotorwa kubva muchiLatin "pallium", inova rudzi rwechiGreek mantle uye "atus" kubva muchiLatin, iro chirevo "chinopihwa". Naizvozvo, zita rayo rinodudza kune yakawedzera uye yero-chena mvere yainayo pamativi emuviri wayo, inoita sekepe kana mantle (Tirira, 2004).
Taxonomy uye Mazita Anowanikwa
The howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) chikamu chemhuri yeAtelidae pakati peMhuka yeNyika Itsva (platyrrhines), boka rinosanganisira tsoko dzinochema, mhungu, tsoko dzine makushe uye muriquis. Iwo akasiyana anoumba chikamu cheAlouattinae subfamily iyo yega genus inonzi Alouatta, umo tsoko dzese dzinochema dzinoungana, dzinozivikanwa zvidimbu zvitatu:
- Alouatta palliata aequatorialis muColombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama nePeru,
- Alouatta palliata palliata muCosta Rica, Guatemala, Honduras neNicaragua uye
- Alouatta palliata mexicana muMexico neGuatemala.
Vamwe vanyori vanotarisa mamwe maviri ekuwedzera masubspecies, ayo anowanzo kurongedzerwa semadiki eAllouatta coibensis (Coiba Island howler ape). Nekudaro, mitochondrial DNA bvunzo dzakaratidza kuti kupatsanurwa kwavo kuchiri kusakwana.
Maererano nenharaunda yainogara, inozivikanwa se howler monkey, howler of the coast, howler monkey araguato, zambo tsoko, black howler, black tsoko, cotudo tsoko, pamwe chete neCaribbean mhenderekedzo yeColombia; Tsoko nhema munzvimbo yePacific pamhenderekedzo yeColombia (dzimwe nguva inoshandawo kuAteles belzebuth); monkey chongo uye chongón, munharaunda yekumaodzanyemba kwePacific pamhenderekedzo yeColombia, pedyo neEcuador; Gueviblanco (Chocó).
Aya ndiwo mamwe masangano emuColombia: kotudú (Noahamá); cuara (Choko); uu (Cuna) uye Ecuadorians: Aullaj munu (quichua) Ukuwo muFrench inonzi hurleur manteau; muchiGerman Mantelbrüllaffe; uye muChirungu mutema nhema, tsoko nhema inochema, inochema mantle kana Tsoko ine mantle yeGoridhe.
Hunhu hweHowler Tsoko
Ihombe uye yakatsiga ine makumbo akareba, akasimba, kana ichienzaniswa nemhando dzakawanda dzetsoko dziri mumasango anogara achinaya eAmerica. Hurefu hwayo hwepakati huri pakati pe70 ne140 centimita uye huremu hwayo huri pakati pe3,6 ne7,6 kilogram. Huremu hwevarume hwakakura kupfuura hwevakadzi, saka zvinofungidzirwa kuti pane zvishoma pabonde dimorphism. Musoro wayo wakanyanya kukura uye chiso chayo chakashama uye chine pigment mune rima.
Mvere dzayo dzakapfava uye dzinopenya, dzakashava kusvika kune yakatsvuka, yero kumativi; vamwe vanhu vanoratidza zvigamba zvakatsvukuruka munzvimbo dzakaita semuswe, kuzasi kwemusana kana pasi peruoko. Nzvimbo yezvigunwe zvake inopikisana uye inopikisa. Muswe wayo wakareba uye wakatetepa, unogona kunyange kureba kupfuura muviri wayo wose, uye unobatsira zvikuru kuti vachengetedze chiyero chavo. Iyo zvakare ine prehensile, ndiko kuti, ine simba rekubata, nenzira yekuti tsoko inochema inogona kunamatira pabazi nemuswe wayo sekunge rumwe ruoko.
Iine mhuno diki uye isina kureba zvakanyanya ine shaya dzine simba uye mhino dzakatenderedzwa. Mutsipa zvakare wakakura. Iine tambo dzenzwi dzakakura, uye varume vane makamuri chaiwo muhuro dzavo ayo anobvumira manzwi avanobudisa kuti awane hukuru uye simba. Kuchema kwainoburitsa, kunyanya mambakwedza nemanheru, kune simba zvekuti inogona kunzwika kure nemakiromita akawanda uye inoshanda kunyevera mamwe mapoka nezvekuvapo kwayo.
Vanoungana mumapoka evanhu vanenge 20, asi kazhinji vanoungana mumapoka ane mwero. Varume nevakadzi vanozozvimiririra kana vakura pabonde. Muboka rimwe nerimwe mune murume ane simba anoda kodzero yake yekusangana nehadzi. Kazhinji vakadzi vanogona kuita vana vavo vekutanga pazera rechipiri, nguva yekuzvitakura inogona kupedza semester, kumirira pakati pekuzvarwa makore maviri.
kudya kwako ndizvo inoumbwa muzvikamu zvakaenzana zvemashizha manyoro uye michero, uye kusvika pamwero muduku wemaruva, iyo inoshanduka maererano nenzvimbo, zvepabonde, mwaka wegore uye kuvapo kwezvokudya. Pasinei nekutyisidzirwa nekuda kwekuparadzwa kwemasango, rudzi rwayo rwekudya uye chido chayo chekugara munzvimbo duku, inobvumira kugadzirisa, kukwanisa kurarama mumasango akaparadzaniswa uye akapindira. Hunhu hwayo ndeye territorial.
Geographic Area uye Habitat
Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvehuler tsoko dzinogara zhinji dzeCentral America nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweSouth America. Inowanikwa kumaodzanyemba kweMexico, nzvimbo yepakati peGuatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, kuchamhembe nekumadokero kweColombia, kumadokero kweEcuador uye Tumbes Region muPeru.
MuMexico, inogoverwa kunyanya kumaodzanyemba kweVeracruz, Tabasco neChiapas, nzvimbo uko huwandu hwayo hwakadzikiswa zvakanyanya, saka kugovera kwayo kunongogumira munzvimbo diki. Nzvimbo yaro huru isango rine hunyoro rinopisa. Inozadza nzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzakadai sesekondari, semi-deciduous, humid, yakaoma kana masango emakomo. Inorerekera kunharaunda dzinopisa dzemhando inodziya yepasi-humid, munzvimbo dzakaderera. MuMexico inogona kuwanikwa pakakwirira pedyo nemamita 900 pamusoro pegungwa.
Alouatta palliata inogovera nzvimbo yayo yakafanana nedzimwe mhando dzekuchema, Guatemalan black howler (Alouatta pigra) munzvimbo yakaganhurwa muGuatemala neMexico pedyo neYucatan peninsula.
Zvichida haisati yachinja sehama yayo Alouatta seniculus kuti irarame munzvimbo dzesango rakapindira uye rakatsemuka, kuva, panzvimbo pacho, inonyatsokodzera kuzadza masango ane miti yakavharwa, iyo yekupedzisira inogadzirisa zviri nani kumasango emvura, masango emasango uye nzvimbo dzakaparadzwa. MuColombia, munharaunda yeRwizi rweAratoto, inopindirana nemhando yeAlouatta seniculus.
Tsoko inonzi howler inowanikwa muColombia kunyanya mumasango ane mwando kusvika painotema-tema pamateru emakomo. MuCentral America inogara masango akasiyana-siyana, kunyanya mumasango akadzikama anogara ari pasi, anowanikwawo mumangrove, masango akaoma uye masango anopindira. Inosimbisa zvakanyanya pakati nepamusoro denga; kufanana neAlouatta seniculus, vanowanzouya pasi uye vanogona kushambira zvine hungwaru. Nguva dzose inodzivirira masango ane mafashamo uye machakwi emanrove ari pedyo nemhenderekedzo.
Muchidimbu, iyo monkey inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzinotevera nenyika:
- Mexico: Nyika dzeVeracruz, Tabasco, Oaxaca, Chiapas uye maodzanyemba edunhu reCampeche.
- Guatemala: Mudhipatimendi reChiquimula.
- Honduras: munyika yose, kusasanganisa mimwe miganhu neEl Salvador.
- Nicaragua: munyika yose.
- Costa Rica: munyika yose, kunze kweCocos Island.
- Panama: munyika yose.
- Colombia: Madhipatimendi eMagdalena, Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Sucre, Antioquía, Chocó, Valle del Cauca, Cauca neNariño.
- Ecuador: matunhu ose ari pamhenderekedzo yegungwa: Esmeraldas, Manabí, Santa Elena, Guayas, Azuay, El Oro neLos Ríos.
- Peru: Madhipatimendi eTumbes nePiura.
Anatomy uye Physiology
Iyo morphology yemhando iyi yakafanana neyemamwe marudzi eAlouatta genus kunze kwemavara, ayo akanyanya dema ane goridhe kana yero lateral mabhendi, zvisinei, brown kana rima grey mhuka dzave dzichizivikanwa. Musoro wakakura zvakati kuti zvichienzaniswa nemuviri, chiso chiri rima uye vasina bvudzi. Kufanana nenhengo dzese dzemhuri yeAtelidae, muswe une prehensile, wakareba uye wakasimba une padhi isina bvudzi padyo nemuromo. Varume vakuru vanoratidza scrotum chena.
Pane zvakajeka zvepabonde dimorphism, apo varume vakakura kudarika vakadzi, vanorema 5,5 kusvika 9,8 kilograms, nepo vakadzi vanorema 3,1 kusvika 7,6 kilogram. Bvudzi rakapoteredza chiso rakanyanya kuwanda uye rakawanda. Kureba kwemuviri wayo chete kunobva pa481 kusvika 675 millimeters, neavhareji ye561 millimeters kuvarume uye 520 millimeters kuvakadzi. Muswe wayo unosvika 545 uye 655 millimeters ine avhareji ye583 millimeters kuvarume uye 609 millimeters kuvakadzi.
Dzimwe ongororo dzakaitwa kuColombia dzinofungidzira huremu hwemuviri hunosvika makirogiramu matanhatu kusvika masere neavhareji yevarume nevakadzi iri 6 Huremu hwehuropi hwetsoko iyi hahuna huremu hwemagiramu makumi mashanu neshanu, hudiki pane mamwe ane mwero platyrrhines. Cebus capucinus). Mhando iyi yeprimate ndizvo Yakagadzirirwa kudya kwefolivorous, ndosaka matinji avo akasimudza mitsetse pamatinji avo, anobatsira pakudya kwemuriwo uku.
Maitiro
Maitiro anoratidzwa nehowler tsoko kana zvasvika pakudyisa, kuronga uye kubereka, zvisinei nekuti inogona kusiyana pakati pezvipenyu, chengetedza zvimwe zvakafanana. Mhedzisiro yakave nekushandurwa kwenzvimbo dzavo dzekugara yakaunzawo shanduko kumaitiro akadai, uye kwatichanongedzera pazasi.
Kudya
Kudya kwakoiri cInoumbwa nemashizha nemichero zvakaenzana zvakaenzana, asiwo idya maruva. Tsvagiridzo yakaratidza kuti chikamu chechikamu chekudya kwavo 48,2% mashizha, 42,1% michero, uye 17,9% maruva. Iyo muzana yenguva yakatsaurirwa kudyiwa kwemashizha, maererano neongororo, ndeiyi inotevera:
- Ficus yaponensis (Moraceae) 20,95%,
- Ficus insipidus (Moraceae) 14,89 muzana,
- Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) 6,08%,
- Platypodium elegans (Leguminosae) 5,65%,
- Inga fagifolia (Leguminosae) 3.86%,
- Poulsenia armata (Moraceae) 3,63 muzana,
- Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) 2.63 muzana,
- Cecropia insignis (Moraceae) 2.24 muzana,
- Hyeronima laxiflora (Euphorbiaceae) 1.99%, uye
- Lacmellea panamensis (Apocynaceae) 0.67%.
Nepo iyo muzana yenguva yakatsaurirwa kudyiwa kwemichero maererano nemhuri yavo ndeye:
- Moraceae 47,79%,
- Leguminosae 9,5%,
- Anacardiaceae 2.62 muzana,
- Euphorbiaceae 1,99% uye
- Apocynaceae 1,67%.
Vanoda mashizha matsva, anovapa mapuroteni akawanda pane akakura.Muongororo yakaitwa muMexico, marudzi makumi maviri nenomwe akanyorwa sechikafu, aine 27% yenguva yakatsaurirwa kumarudzi masere, kazhinji kubva kumhuri yeMoraceae. 89 .8%), iyo inonyanya kukosha Ficus spp., Poulsenia armata, Brosimum alicastrum, Cecropia obtusifolia uye Pseudomedia oxyphyllaria. Dzimwe mhuri dzakanyorwa dzaive Lauraceae ine 58,4% uye Leguminosae ine 22,6%.
Mune imwe ongororo, nguva yakashandiswa kudya mashizha akakura yakanyorwa mu19,5%, mashizha matsva mu44,2%, maruva 18,2%, michero 12,5% uye nekita 5,7%. Mukuferefeta kumwe chete ikoko, marudzi makumi matanhatu nembiri emhuri makumi maviri nenomwe akatarwa, uko akanyanya kukosha aive Leguminosae, achiperekedzwa neMoraceae neAnacardiaceae.
Mhando dzechikafu dzine huvepo hukuru hwaive Andira inermis (15%), Pithecellobium saman (10,04%), Pithecellobium longifolium (7.92%), Anacardium excelsum 7,23%, Licania arborea (7,06%), Manilkara achras (6.19 %), Astronium grandi (5.46%) uye Pterocarpus hayseii (4.71%). MuCosta Rica, nguva yakashandiswa kudya pamashizha yakanyorwa mu49%, michero mu28% uye maruva mu22,5%.
MuColombia, musango rinogara richinaya reChocó, zvakasarudzwa kuti tsoko inodya marudzi 51 emiti inoumba mhuri 22 ne35 genera. Mhuri dzakaonekwa kazhinji dzaive Moraceae neMimosaceae, umo akashandisa 76% yenguva yakashandiswa, achiteverwa neCaesalpinaceae, Sapotaceae, Cecropiaceae, Annonaceae uye Myristicaceae. Mhando dzainyanya kudyiwa dzaive: Brosimum utile, Ficus tonduzii, Inga macradenia, Pseudolmedia laevigata uye Lacmellea cf. floribunda.
Social structure
Kazhinji havana hasha, kunyange zvazvo vachigona kuita zvechisimba. Mhosva dzakaonekwa umo mapoka evarume vasina kuroorwa vanodzinga varume verimwe boka, vachiuraya zviduku zvishoma, izvo zvinokurudzira kupisa kwepabonde pakati pevakadzi.
Alouatta palliata inoungana mumapoka evanhu 6 kusvika ku23, nhamba yepamusoro paavhareji kupfuura yeAlouatta seniculus. Munzvimbo dzakaita seBarro Colorado Island, mapoka ane avhareji yenhamba dze20,8 ne21,5 akawanikwa, imwe yepamusoro-soro yakamborekodhwa kurudzi urwu. Kazhinji muboka rimwe nerimwe mune varume vakuru vaviri kana vatatu, izvo zvinopesana neAlouatta seniculus, iyo mapoka ayo anowanzova nemurume mumwe chete. Mapoka aya anogara aine vakadzi 4 kusvika 6, uye vanogona kusvika pa7 kusvika ku10.
Boka rimwe nerimwe rinowedzera nharaunda dze10 kusvika ku60 hectares, asi dzimwe nzvimbo dzine mwero pakati pe3 ne7 hectares dzakazivikanwa mune mamwe masango ePanama, zvichida nekuda kwekuwanda kwevanhu kunokonzerwa nekutama kubva kumasango ari pedyo akatemwa. Nzendo dzemazuva ese dzekuwana chikafu chakanyorwa avhareji 123 metres (kubva pa11 kusvika 503 metres), 443 metres (kubva pa104 kusvika 792 metres) uye 596 metres (kubva pa207 kusvika 1261 metres).
Mumasango emahombekombe ePanama akazara nevanhu vanobva kumasango akaparadzwa, vanhu zviuru zana neshanu paskweya kilometa (km²) vakawanikwa. Zvakadaro, densities ye1.050 kusvika 16 specimens per km² inogara ichiwanikwa paBarro Colorado Island, Panama, 90 per km² muMexico uye 23 per km² muCosta Rica. MuColombia, 90 kusvika ku0,7 masumbu pakm² aivepo.
Social Systems
Mhando dzakawanda dzevanoridza mhere dzinogara mumapoka emhuka 6 kusvika ku15, ine murume mukuru mumwe kusvika kutatu nehadzi dzakawanda. Kusiyana neizvi, tsoko dzine mantled howler hadzisizvo, sezvo mapoka adzo achigara aine vanhu 15 kusvika ku20 vane varume vakuru vanopfuura vatatu. Huwandu hwevarume muboka rakapihwa hunoenderana nehukuru hwehyoid yavo (bhonzo riri mukati mehuro yavo rinowedzera kuita kuti kuchema kwavo kuve nesimba), izvo cu.al ari dizvakanangana nekukura kwemachende ake.
Nenzira yekuti izvi zvinoguma nemapoka maviri akasiyana, mune rimwe pane murume ane hyoid hombe uye machende madiki anosangana nerimwe boka revakadzi. Mune rimwe boka kune varume vakawanda vane hyoidis more pmadiki asi ane machende mahombe anosvirana zvakasununguka neboka rose revakadzi. Iyo yakakura nhamba yevarume, idiki mahyoid, uye yakakura machende.
Mukupesana nenyati zhinji dzeNyika Itsva, umo munhurume mumwe chete anoramba aine mapoka adzo aakazvarwa, pwere dzevarume nevakadzi dzinosiya mapoka adzo epakutanga, saka tsoko dzinochema dzinopedza huzhinji hwoukuru hwadzo dziri pamwe chete netsoko dzadzisina kumboshamwaridzana nadzo.
Kurwisana kwepanyama pakati penhengo dzeboka hakuna kujairika uye kunowanzogara kwenguva pfupi, zvisinei, kukuvara kwakakomba kunogona kuitika. Mukati memunhurume mumwe chete kurwa hakuwanzoitika, asi zvinotonyanya kukosha ndezvokurwisana kwevanhukadzi vakasiyana. Saizi yeboka rega rega inosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi nenzvimbo, nereshiyo yerume rimwe kune vakadzi vana.
Zvishandiso kushandisa
Tsoko dzainzi Howler dzainzi imhuka dzisingakwanise kushandisa maturusi. Zvisinei, muna 1997 imwe mheremhere inobva kuVenezuela ( Alouatta seniculus sezvinoshumwa) aigona kuonekwa achishandisa tsvimbo kuedza kurova Linnaeus ane minwe miviri sloth ( Choloepus didactylus ), iyo yakanga yakazorora mumuti wayo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti dzimwe tsoko dzinochema, senge iyi, dzinogonawo kushandisa maturusi nenzira dzisati dzaonekwa.
Kukurukurirana
Chinonyanya kuzivikanwa cherudzi urwu ndechekufambisa kwayo inzwi, kuungudza kwaro kuri kweimwe yeayo anozivikanwa nekuda kwesimba rayo pakati peNyika Itsva. Mutsindo uyu unoburitswa kunyanya kunyevera varume vemamwe mapoka kana kuti pavanonzwa kutinhira nendege, uye kazhinji kunoperekedzwa nemhere-mhere inobudiswa nevakadzi uye vaduku muboka. Zvimwe zviratidzo zvinonzwika maererano naNeville et al. (1988) zvakanyorwa pazasi:
- «ruzha rwekutanga»: kudzvova kupfupi (kubuda) kwevarume vakuru mumhirizhonga sezvataurwa pamusoro.
- «bombastic roar»: inzwi repamusoro pamagumo ekutinhira kwevarume vakuru pakupera kwekuchema kwavo.
- «kurira kunoperekedza»: kuridza mhere kwevakadzi nepwere kuperekedza murume anoomba.
- «Kuhukura (wuf) kwemurume»: bark yakadzika ne 1-4 kudzokorora kwakadanidzira mumapoka evarume vakuru kana vakavhiringidzika.
- «mukadzi hure»: makwati akakwirira-akadzikama emadzimai kana akanganiswa.
- «Kuhukura kwekutanga kwemurume»: kuhukura kufenda kwevarume vakuru kana vavhiringwa zvishoma.
- «Kuhukura kwekutanga kwemukadzi»: kuhukura hamheno kwevakadzi kana vanhurume vavhiringwa zvishoma.
- «oodle»: rhythmic reiterations of air pulses inobudiswa nevakuru vakavhiringidzika uye vane chisimba.
- «Moan»: kuchema kunonzwika kwevacheche, vechidiki nevakadzi vakuru kana "vakavhiringidzika".
- «Eh»: kudzokorora kufema mumasekonzi mashoma ega ega nevacheche kuchengetedza kubata.
- «Cackle»: kukwenya kwepamusoro uye kwakadzokororwa nevacheche, vechidiki nevakadzi vakuru kana vachinzwa kutyisidzirwa.
- «Squawk»: kutevedzana kwemanotsi matatu ekuchema anotaurwa nevacheche kana varasika kana kure amai vake.
- «haa ha»: sonority of 2-3 syllables yaamai pavanoparadzaniswa nemwanakomana wavo.
- «Aullido»: senge canine kuchema, inotaurwa nevacheche, vechidiki nevakadzi vakuru pavanenge vachitya zvikuru.
- «Shriek»: Kurova EEeeee yevacheche, vadiki nevakadzi vakuru kana vachitya zvakanyanya.
- «mucheche achihukura»: kuhukura kukuru uye kuputika, kashoma kuratidzwa nevacheche kana vachishungurudzika.
- «Purr»: kufanana nekatsi purr, inotaurwa nevacheche kana iri pedyo nemuviri waamai.
Kusununguka
Mukuferefeta kwakaitwa muBarro Colorado uko kushandiswa kwenguva muzuva rose kwakaongororwa, zvakaonekwa kuti vanopedza 65,54% pakuzorora kwavo, 10,23% pakufamba, uye 16,24% pakudya. Imwe ongororo yakaratidza kuti howler tsoko dzakapedza 58,42% yenguva yekuzorora, 15,35% kudya, 14,68% kufamba famba, uye 11,54% kushamwaridzana.
Inofamba munzvimbo ine quadrupedal 70% yenguva; dzinosvetuka kashoma uye dzinowanzobatirira miswe yadzo dzichidya. Imwe ongororo yakaratidza kutama kwakapetwa kane mu47% yezviitiko, vanorembera mu37% yenguva, uye vakasanganisa 10% yemikana. Nzvimbo dzakatorwa nemhuka iyi ndeidzi: 53% dzakagara, 20% dzakamira, 12% dzakazvambarara, uye 11% dzakabata tsoka dzadzo nemuswe.Dzinorara pamapazi akachinjika mumiti mikuru zviri pakati nepakati panzvimbo yadzinodyira.
Kuberekerwa
Vanhurume vanosvika pakukura pabonde pamwedzi ye42 uye vakadzi pamakumi matatu nematanhatu uye nguva yavo yebonde imazuva 36. MaPheromone anogona kuita basa panguva yese yekusangana pabonde, sezvo varume vanofembedza nhengo dzesikarudzi uye kunanzva weti kubva kuvakadzi. Mukono mukuru muboka une kodzero yekusangana nehadzi. Kubata pamuviri kunotora mazuva 16,3 uye kusununguka kunoitika mugore rose.
Kazhinji mhuru imwe chete inogadzirwa, iyo inotsamira chose pana mai vayo. Painongozvarwa, muswe wayo weprehensile haushande, unobatsira pamwedzi miviri. Vanobatirira mudumbu raamai vavo kusvika mavhiki maviri kana matatu, ndipo pavanotanga kuvanamatira kumusana. Kuchengeta kwaamai kunosvika kumwedzi gumi nemisere.
Murudzi urwu, kuchengetwa kwababa kune mukurumbira wakashata sezvo vanaamai vasingadi, kunyangwe saka vanogona kuvamirira nekuvatsigira kana vadiki vasingakwanise kukunda nzvimbo dziri pakati pemiti. Nokuda kweizvi, vanogonawo kuwana rubatsiro kubva kune dzimwe nhengo dzevakuru dzeboka.
Zvikara
Pakati pezvikara zvaro zvechisikigo pane jaguar (Panthera onca), puma (Puma concolor), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) negondo reharpy (Harpia harpyja), uko kunowedzerwa makudo nenyoka, izvo zvinonyanya kudya vacheche, zvichikonzera inenge 30% chete yevacheche vanochema vanorarama kwenguva yakareba kupfuura gore.
Sezvo kufa kwavo kwevacheche kuri kwakaderera, kunogona kuratidzirwa sekukunda kukuru kwekubereka kunowanikwa nevakadzi vepakati penzvimbo, iyo, ine nzvimbo yealpha yekuderera kukuru, zvichida yakakonzerwa nemakwikwi emakwikwi, inoungana panguva yekuzvarwa. . Kana akararama achiri mucheche, munhu anochema anogona kazhinji kurarama kwemakore anenge 25.
Howler Monkey Conservation
Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zve howler tsokokana kuti inoonekwa paRed List yeInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) serudzi rusina hanya.Munzvimbo dzese dzayakagoverwa, haisi pasi pe kutyisidzira kwakanyanya, zvisinei mune dzimwe nzvimbo vanhu vavo vakatarisana nekurasikirwa kwepekugara uye kuvhima zvisiri pamutemo. Semuenzaniso, muAzuero peninsula mune kuparara kwakanyanya kwenzvimbo yayo yekugara uye mune dzimwe nguva kupatsanurwa kwayo.
Mudhipatimendi reColombia reChocó, tsoko inochema yave pasi pekuvhima kwakapararira nevanhu veAfro-Colombian nevanhu veko. Mukuwedzera kune izvi, pamhenderekedzo yeAtlantic yenyika inenge 90% yemasango akaparadzwa kuitira kuwedzera zvirimwa.
Zvisinei, Alouatta palliata yakasiyana-siyana inogona kuenderana nekugara mumasango maduku anopfuura makore makumi matanhatu, uye inogona kumira kuparadzaniswa uye kumucheto (kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo yekugara), kana ichienzaniswa nemamwe marudzi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti mararamiro avo anoda kushomeka kwesimba rekushandisa, hudiki hudiki hwenzvimbo yavanoda uye kudya kwavo kwakasiyana.
Iyo ine hukuru hukuru hwezvakatipoteredza nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, kunyanya seyekuparadzira mbeu uye semumera, sezvo mhodzi dzinofamba nemudumbu retsoko dzinochema dzichinyanya kumera. Zvipembenene zvemhuri yepamusoro Scarabaeoidea, idzo dzinoparadzira mbeu, dzinoita sedzinoenderana nekuvapo kweAlouatta palliata. Kudzivirira kutengeserana kwavo kwenyika dzese, maprimate aya ari pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwezvibvumirano zvakasiyana pasi rese.
Ecology yeAmazon Red Howler Monkey
Nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo yakakura yekugovera, iyo ecology yeAmazonian red howler tsokoco inosiyana zvakanyanya pakati penzvimbo dzekufunda. Red howlers inonyanya kudya uye inodya uye ine folivorous, kwainosanganisa kudyiwa kwemichero, maruva emichero nemashizha, uye kuwedzera kudya kwavo nemidzi, maruva, epiphytes, mhodzi, mabheri, madrupe, petioles, buds, bark, huni, mizambiringa. , lianas nezvimwe zvinhu zvinomera.
Pakati pezvikafu zvinowanzoitika zveiyi primate zvirimwa zveFicus, Clarisia, Xylopia, Cecropia, Ogcodeia, uye Inga genera. Kazhinji, mahure matsvuku anofarira kudya michero mikuru kana yepakati-kati ine muto unopisa uye ruvara rwakajeka. Pakati pemaapes neotropical, ndiwo anogona kunge ane folivorous, achisarudza kudya mashizha matsva pane akakura.
Huwandu hwemhando dzemiti dzavanodya dzinogona kunge dzakanyanya, kunyange kunyoresaKune marudzi zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu kubva kumhuri makumi mana nenomwe mukudya kwavo, zvisinei nhamba iyi haina kujairika. Zvinogoneka kuti data iri rakasiyana uye rinonyanya kureva kuwanda kwezvipenyu uye kuvapo kwechikafu chakataurwa panzvimbo yefundo. Rudzi rwetsoko urwu chinhu chakakodzerawo mukupararira kwembesa kuburikidza nemhodzi dzadzinodya dzozopararira munzvimbo yadzinogara.
Kuvepo kwemichero munzvimbo yechisikigo yeAmazonian red howler tsoko kunowanzo kuve kwemwaka, uye semhedzisiro, kukosha kwayo mukati meD.ieta inosiyana kubvaZvinoenderana negore uye pakati penzvimbo dzekufunda. Nenzira yekuti, pane dzimwe nguva mukati megore rose, mhando dzemhuka idzi dzinowanzoita folivorous, nepo dzimwe nguva dzinogona kunyanya kusadya.
MuColombia muTinigua National Park, izvo zvinodyiwa neAmazon howler zvinoshanduka zvichienderana nekuvapo kwechikafu, asi izvo zviviri zvakakosha zvekudya michero nemashizha zvinosanganisira pakati pe10-49% uye 43-76% yekudya kwavo, zvichiteerana. gore. Munguva yekushayikwa kwemichero, pakati peSeptember naNovember, mashizha anouya kuzotora chikamu chepamusoro mukudya kupfuura michero. Kusara kwekudya kwegore rose kunoumbwa nembeu (2-8%), maruva (3-6%) uye zvimwe zvekudya (1-2%).
Zvinozivikanwa kuti muTinigua, kupfuma kwezvibereko kunokwira pakutanga kwemwaka wemvura (March-May) uyewo mumwaka wakaoma (December-February). MuPeru, muPacaya-Samiria National Reserve, kuwanikwa kwemichero kwakafanana nezvinoitika muTinigua, kunze kwokuti kune kushomeka kukuru mumwaka wokusanaya kwemvura. Munzvimbo ino yekudzidza, nguva yakatsaurirwa kudyisa yakagoverwa mumichero (72%), mashizha (25%) nemaruva (3%).
Amazonian red howler tsoko hadzidi kunwa mvura, saka dzinogona kurarama munzvimbo dziri kure nemvura yechisikigo. Matsoko aya akaonekwawo achidya kubva pasi munzvimbo dzine munyu, pamwe nekudya zvinhu zvemujuru, chinhu chaanowanzo dzokorora kwemazuva maviri kana matatu.
Kuwedzera kune zviri pamusoro apa, tsoko yechirume inochema yakaonekwa ichibata uye ichidya maiguana egirinhi muFrench Guiana. Nekudaro, uyu ndiwo chete wakanyorwa muenzaniso wehutsika hwemhuka mumhuka, saka inogona kungonzi ndeye munhu iyeye.
Kunyange zvazvo tsoko dzvuku dzeAmazonian dziri rudzi rwetsika dzemazuva ose, dzinoratidza kusiyana kwemaitiro adzo ezuva nezuva pakati pemwaka wakaoma neunonaya. MuVenezuela, mumwaka wose wakaoma, mabasa avo ezuva nezuva akakamurwa pakati pekuzorora (37.9%), kurara (24.0%), kudya (19.8%) uye kufamba-famba (18.4%). Munguva yese yekunaya kwemvura, zvikamu zvezviitiko zvezuva nezuva zvakasiyana kubva pakuzorora (43.2%), kurara (18.2%), kudya (23.8%), uye kufamba (14.8%).
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, nguva yavanopedza kuita zvinhu zvakadaro yakafanana, nekatsika kekupedza hafu yenguva vachizorora uye vachidyisa, nepo imwe yasara ichipedzwa kufamba. Zvave zvataurwa kuti Amazonian red howlers inozorora yakawanda yenguva yavo semugumisiro wekudya kunonyanya kuumbwa nemashizha uye zvipingamupinyi zvine chokuita nekudya kwechinhu ichi.
Mumwaka wose wokunaya kwemvura, tsoko dzeAmazonian red howler dzinopedza nguva yakawanda dzichidya uye nguva shoma yokuzorora pane mumwaka wokusanaya kwemvura. Muzuva rose chairo remwaka wokusanaya kwemvura, kune nhambo huru mbiri umo dzinodya, nhambo yokusimba kukuru mangwanani uye imwe masikati, chimiro chimwe chetecho chakacherechedzwawo munharaunda yeAndean. Kuwedzera kune iyi nzira yekudyisa yakadzama, panogona kunge paine mamwe matatu kana mana mamwe ekudya zvine mwero zuva rese.
Muitiro wakajairwa wakazivikanwa kudya nemichero yakawanda mangwanani uye mamwe mashizha masikati. Mabasa ezuva nezuva, kunyanya kudya, anowanzotanga kusati kwaedza uye anomira chete manheru asati asvika. Amazonian red howlers vanopedza husiku mucanopy uye vanochengetwa vari muhukama hwepedyochiito chemuviri mukati meboka ravo.
Mamiriro epamba anosiyana kubva pa0,03 kusvika 1,82 square kilometers (0,1 kusvika 0,7 square mamaira), asi muzvidzidzo zvakawanda, nzvimbo idzi dziri mukati mepasi pematanho anogona kusiyana. Pane zvimwe zviratidzo zvinoratidza nzvimbo dzakagadzikana dzepamusha.
Idzi nharaunda dzepamba dzinowanzo pindirana nedzemamwe mapoka, saka mhando iyi haigone kutorwa seyenzvimbo. Miti inoshandiswa nemhuka idzi kurara inowanikwa munzvimbo dzakatarwa mukati memusha wambotaurwa uyewo munzvimbo dzinopindirana nemamiriro epamba emamwe mapoka.
Hwero hwepakati hwenzendo dzemazuva ese dzinoitwa nemhuka idzi dziri pakati pe980-1150 metres (3.215,2-3.773,0 tsoka) pazuva, asi dzinogona kufamba pakati pe340 ne2.200 metres (1.115,5 uye 7.217,8 tsoka). Imwe nyaya yekushandiswa kwezviridzwa kana kunyengedza nemaune yakaonekwa mutsoko yemusango yemuAmazonian red howler, iyo yakaonekwa ichirova kabhebhi (Choloepus didactylus) netsvimbo.
Nekuda kwekupararira kwayo munzvimbo dzakakura, iyo Amazonian red inorira inogona kuramba ichigara munzvimbo dzakafanana nedzimwe mhando dzemaprimate. Izvi zvinosanganisira nhengo dzegenera Callithrix, Saguinus, Saimiri, Aotus, Callicebus, Pithecia, Cacajao, Cebus, Lagothrix, uye Ateles.
Tsoko dzedandemutande (Ateles paniscus) dzinodzingwa neAmazonian red howlers padzinozviwana dziri mumuti mumwechete umo dzinogona kuzvipa michero yemusango. Pamusoro peizvi, mhembwe dzakachena-muswe (Odocoileus virginianus) dzinoita hukama netsoko dzeAmazonian red howler. Mhara dzinogara pasi pemiti inodyirwa netsoko, izvo zvinodzipa chimwe chezvokudya izvo zvingadonhedzwa netsoko idzi netsaona pasi pesango.
Shiri dzinodya mhuka dzakanaka kwazvo, idzo mhuka dzeAmazonian red howler tsoko. Harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja) akaonekwa achirwisa, achiuraya, uye achidya tsoko dzakura, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakacheneswa kana masango mumuganhu umo mhuka idzi hadzina dziviriro pakushungurudzwa nema raptors aya.
Pane humbowo hunoratidza kuti jaguar ( Panthera onca) dzinodyawo tsoko dzeAmazonian red howler, pasinei nekuti izvi hazvina kunyatsoonekwa. Zvimwe zvikara zvingangoita zvikara, kunyange zvisina kusimbiswa, zvinosanganisira makudo (Felis concolor), makava (Cerdocyon thous), ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), alligator (Caiman crocodiles), uye boa constrictors.
Communal defecation inoenderana neAmazonian red howler tsoko, kunyangwe vamwe vanhu vanogona kuita tsvina vega. Kazhinji, boka rinoita tsvina panguva imwe chete uye kubva pamuti mumwechete kana boka remiti uye maitiro aya anowanzoitika. mangwanani luekumuka, masikati uye mushure menguva yekuzorora.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvatinokurudzira ndezvi: