El Gungwa DemaRakaita kunge ovhari, rinogara mubheseni guru riri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweEurope. Dzidza zvakawanda nezvenyaya inonakidza iyi!
Gungwa Dema
Gungwa Dzvuku rakakomberedzwa kumativi ose nenyika, asi haisi dziva, sezvo yakabatanidzwa neGungwa reMediterranean neBosporus Strait uye yakafara Dardanelles, zvinoreva (Scylla naCharybdis muGreek mythology), kuti kuchinjana kwe mvura negungwa kuburikidza nemadhiri aya yakaoma, saka hapana mafungu muGungwa Dema.
El Gungwa Dema Igungwa riri pakati peUkraine kuchamhembe, Caucasus kumabvazuva, Turkey kumaodzanyemba uye inotaurirana kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, neMediterranean kuburikidza neBosphorus linear, Gungwa reMarmara neDardanelles linear uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, kusvika. kuburikidza nemuganhu weKerch neGungwa reAzov.
Mvura yakaderera uye yenguva dzose, yakajeka uye yakadzika, isina mafungu, haina munyu wakanyanya; mhute yakakora kazhinji kazhinji inofukidza gungwa, iro rakawana zita raro nokuda kwamadutu amasimba masimba akarimutsa, rine zvitsuwa zviduku bedzi, zvikurukuru Snake Island, pamuromo weDanube, uye Tendra Island, pamuromo weDnieper.
Gungwa Dzvuku harisi chikamu cheMediterranean, nhasi mamiriro echiyero, tembiricha, salinity, zvipenyu zvakasiyana kwazvo mumakungwa maviri, muMiocene, kumaodzanyemba kwebani rose rakafukidzwa neGungwa reSarmata, iro rakatambanudzwa kubva. kuchamhembe kweCaspian kusvika pakati peAsia.
Danube yakanga iri muganhu wegungwa iri, yakaganhurwa kumaodzanyemba nemakomo eBalkan ndokuzobatanidzwa neCaucasus neCrimea, ndokuzouya tectonic modations, iyo yakagadzira kumaodzanyemba kweCaspian basin uye kumaodzanyemba nekumabvazuva kweGungwa Dzvuku. .
Zviratidzo
Mhenderekedzo yeGungwa Dzvuku inongodzikiswa zvishoma, kunze kwekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero uye kuchamhembe kwemahombekombe, ayo ari pasi-pasi uye criss-akayambuka nemipata yakawanda, mipata uye. Rivers, vane miromo inowanzovhiringidzwa nejecha, makomo ekumaodzanyemba kweCrimea anoumba nzvimbo chete dzemakomba.
Kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba, mahombekombe ane mawere uye ane makomo, zvikomo zveGreater and Lesser Caucasus ridges, akaparadzaniswa nemakomo eKolkhida, kumuganhu we. Gungwa Dema kumabvazuva, nepo Pontic Makomo anomhanya achitevedza mhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba.
Pedyo nekunobuda kweBosphorus, kurerutswa kwemhenderekedzo yegungwa kuri pakati nepakati kunyange kuchiri kumawere, mberi kuchamhembe, munharaunda yeBurgaski Bay, makomo maduku anobuda uko Makomo eBalkan eBulgaria anotambanukira kumabvazuva, achipfuurira kumadokero. mhenderekedzo yegungwa, nzvimbo yakati sandara yakati sandara inoenda kugomba guru reRwizi rweDanube, runosunda mhomho yarwo yakananga kugungwa.
Gungwa Dzvuku rine zvitsuwa zvidiki zvishoma, chikuru chiri Zmiyinyy muUkraine, kumabvazuva kweDanube delta neBerezan pamuromo werwizi rweDniester River estuary, kusunungurwa kwemvura pasi pemvura kunogona kuonekwa senhevedzano yezvindori uye dzimwe nguva asymmetrical.
Mhiri kwemhenderekedzo yegungwa isina kudzika, sherefu yenzvimbo inotora chikamu chimwe muzvina chenzvimbo yese, yakapamhama kumadokero uye kumusoro kweKerch Strait, asi kumwewo kunoumba rimu remakiromita matanhatu kusvika manomwe (6 kusvika 7 km) yakafara uye kudzika kwerimu kunowanzova pasi pe 10 tsoka (11 metres).
Sherufu inofuratira kumucheto kwayo kumateru, ayo akapwanywa nemipata yepasi pemvura uye ane materu kumusoro kwayo. Pakati pemaguta ane chiteshi chezvikepe eSinop neSamsun (Turkey), mhenderekedzo yegungwa inofananidzwa nemakomo ane makomo anotamba makiromita angasvika 100.
Gomba iro rinoumba pakati pebheseni rinovhara chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chenzvimbo yese uye ibani risingaratidzike rakati sandara, rine hudzamu huchiwedzera zvakafanana nechepakati kusvika painodarika 7,200 metres (2,200 metres), neaxis yehudzamu hwepamusoro ichibviswa. kumhenderekedzo yeTurkey.
mazita enhoroondo
Dzidziso dzinoratidza kuti dzisati dzanzi Gungwa Dzvuku, mutumbi wemvura wainzi "Gungwa Risingagari", kunyanya nekuda kwekuvapo kwemarudzi emusango pamhenderekedzo yaro, kana vaGiriki vatora mahombekombe ayo, zita rakashandurwa. "
Kune zvakare mareferenzi anoti gungwa rakadaidzwa se "Gungwa" kwenguva yakareba, zvisinei, gungwa iri rakagamuchira mazita mazhinji nemazana emakore nevanhu vakasiyana, asi iro zita chairo ndiro rine mukurumbira, iro rinotendwa kuti rine. yakapihwa nevaTurkey munguva dzepakati, zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo zvinoratidza panguva yeHumambo hweOttoman.
Pane mamwe mafungidziro anoratidza zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvekwakabva zita re Gungwa DemaMaererano neimwe nharo, madutu munguva yechando anoita kuti mvura iri mugungwa iri iite sematema, zvichiita kuti vafambisi vengarava vaiti Gungwa Dzvuku.
Imwe dzidziso yakaratidza kuti zvinhu zvinonyura mumvura zvinovharwa mumatope matema mushure menguva yakati, kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvakadaro mhiri kwegungwa kungave kwakava chikonzero chezita ravo.
Etymology
Mabviro eGungwa Dzvuku ane hukama zvakanyanya nenhoroondo yenyika yose, pakutanga kwenhoroondo yaro, nyika yaive bhora dzvuku-kupisa kwemoto, saka, nyika yakatanga kutonhora, mwando wakatanga kupfupika, uye une simba. mvura yakatanga kunaya pamusoro payo ndokutanga kuzadza nzvimbo dzose dzepasi, mvura yepasi pevhu ikaungana nokudaro Makungwa nemakungwa yakapoteredza Gungwa Dzvuku.
Mazhinji emhando dzetectonic akatsanangurwa kuti atsanangure kuti gungwa iri rakagadzirwa sei uye riini, imwe modhi yakaiona seyakasara yegungwa, imwe yaiti kuumbwa kwayo kune basification yekondinendi crust, yechitatu modhi yakaratidza kuti yaive mhedzisiro yekusimudzwa uye kukukurwa. kuenderera mberi kwehuwandu hwenyika.
Yechina modhi yakaratidza kuti yaive mhedzisiro yekurohwa-kutsvedza kukanganisa zviitiko, iyo inonyanya kufarirwa modhi ndeyekumashure-arc kuvhurwa, mumamodheru aya, fungidziro dzezera dzakasiyana dzakarongwa, kubva pre-Cambrian kusvika Quaternary, kunyangwe iyo Cretaceous medium. akawana rutsigiro rwakakura.
Nhoroondo yeGungwa Dzvuku
Kune vaGiriki vekare, gungwa rakanga riri pamucheto wenyika inozivikanwa, nekufamba kwenguva, kukura kwemaGreece ekutengeserana makoloni akabatanidza mahombekombe ose mumambure ehukama hwehupfumi, muMiddle Ages, gungwa rakasungirirwa kune kutengeserana kukuru. maguta kubva kuMediterranean.
Gare gare, maOttoman akashandisa zviwanikwa zvedunhu racho kuvaka humambo hwavo. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, gungwa rakazarurirwa kutengeserana kunze uye mhenderekedzo yegungwa yaiva chikamu chechokwadi chekutengeserana kwenyika yose.
Mushure mekuparara kwehumambo hweRussia neOttoman, mhenderekedzo yegungwa yakakamurwa pakati penyika dzichangobva kuumbwa, imwe neimwe ichisimbisa kodzero yayo kune chidimbu chemahombekombe uye chikamu chemvura yegungwa, nhasi, kuedza kumutsa pfungwa yegungwa. Gungwa Dzvuku sedunhu rakabatana rave zvakare pachirongwa chepasirese.
Dzidziso yekubatana neMediterranean panguva yeHolocene
Gungwa Dzvuku rine hukama hwepedyo nemakungwa epasi muzvikamu zviviri, Dardanelles neBosphorus, munguva dzechando gungwa rose raive nemamita akati wandei pazasi pariri iko zvino.
Pane humbowo hwekuti mwero wemvura muGungwa Dzvuku wakave wakadzikira zvakanyanya pane imwe nguva mushure menguva yechando, vanochera matongo vakawana mabhomba emhando dzemvura yakachena uye kugoverwa kwakaitwa nevanhu metres pazasi pegungwa mumhenderekedzo yeTurkey, ndezveizvi. chikonzero chokuti Gungwa Dzvuku rinofungidzirwa kuti rakanga riri mudhamu remvura yakachena, ringangove rakanga riri munguva yekupedzisira yeaizi uye imwe nguva gare gare.
Mvura yeGungwa Dzvuku
Muna 1997, William Ryan, Walter Pitman nevabatsiri vavo vakazivisa yekutanga dzidziso yemafashama eGungwa Dzvuku, vakafungidzira kukwira kunoshamisa kwemvura kubva muGungwa reMedithera ichipinda mugungwa reBlack Sea.
Zuva iri risati rasvika, kunyungudika kwechando kwakashandura Gungwa Dzvuku neCaspian kuita madziva makuru emvura inoyerera ichienda mugungwa. Gungwa reAegean, mazaya echando paainyura, dzimwe nzizi dzaiyerera dzichipinda muGungwa Dzvuku dzakaderera uye dzakachinja mafambiro aiyerera dzichipinda muNorth Sea.
Nyanza dzeLake dzakadonha nekuda kwekunyungudika, nepo shanduko muhydrology yepasi rose yakakonzera kukwira kwese kwese kwegungwa, iyo Mediterranean yaikwira yakazoyerera pamusoro pedombo reBosphorus.
Gungwa Dema munguva dzekare
Izvo zvave zvichizivikanwa kuvanhu kubva panguva dzekare uye inorumbidzwa nevanyori nevadetembi vazhinji, nzvimbo dzinoshamisa dzeGungwa Dzvuku, mamiriro ekunze akapfava uye hukuru hwemanzwiro eGungwa Dzvuku zvicharamba zviripo nekusingaperi mundangariro yevose vakashanyira gungwa raro. coast..
Gungwa Dzvuku rinonakidza kubva kune zvakasiyana-siyana maonero, aesthetic, ehupfumi, ezvematongerwo enyika nevamwe vakawanda, asi zvichida vaGiriki vekare ndivo vakatanga kutaura nezveGungwa Dzvuku, nekuda kwekunaka kwegungwa, zvinomera zvegungwa uye mhepo , rakakwidziridzwa nokufema kwegungwa uye kunhuhwirira kwemaruva, vakaritumidza kuti Pontasi de Euxine, ndiko kuti, gungwa rine mutsa.
Zvisinei, vaGiriki vekare vakapa zita iri chete mushure mokunge vaziva zvakanaka uye vasati vazvitumidza kuti Pont Aksinsky - gungwa risina kunaka, pakati pevaGiriki paiva nengano dzokuti varidzi veGungwa Dzvuku pamhenderekedzo, Taurus inotyisa inouraya vatsva vose. vachizvibayira kuna vamwari vavo, uye padehenya vanogadzira mikombe yewaini.
Gungwa Dema rakatanga munzvimbo dzekutanga dzechiGiriki, ngano dzakawanda uye ngano dzenhetembo dzinobatanidzwa navo, vaArgonauts vachitsvaga Golden Fleece vakaswedera kumhenderekedzo yeGungwa Dzvuku, yekare Colchis. Prometheus anozvikudza akasungirirwa kumatombo emahombekombe, asingateereri vamwari uye achipa vanhu moto mutsvene.
Marudzi okutanga aigara munharaunda ye Gungwa Dema, avo vakasvika kunguva yedu, vaiva vaCimmerians, avo vakazotsiviwa nevaSitiya, nguva yekutonga kwevaSitiya pamhenderekedzo yeGungwa Dzvuku yakagara kusvika muzana remakore rechitatu AD VaSitiya havana kuita zvekurima uye havana. kuvaka maguta; vakatora nekuba dzimwe nyika.
Chikonzero nei Gungwa Dzvuku rakashanduka turquoise
NASA's Aqua satellite yatora mifananidzo inoshamisa yeGungwa Dzvuku kubva muchadenga, ine turquoise swirls inotonga kazhinji mvura yakasviba, nekuda kwekuramba kuri kutumbuka kwephytoplankton.
Phytoplankton zvipenyu zviduku zvinodya chiedza chezuva uye zvinovaka muviri zvakanyungudutswa, mufananidzo unoratidza nzizi dzeDanube neDnieper dzinotakura izvi zvinovaka muviri kuGungwa Dzvuku, uko phytoplankton inodya pairi, vakuru veNASA vakadaro mukutaura. Zvino twupukanana utwu tunodyiwa nemhuka huru dzakaita sehove nehove.
Nyika dzakaganhurana neGungwa Dzvuku
Gungwa Dzvuku riri muEurasia, rakakomberedzwa neEurope, Caucasus, neAnatolia, nyika dzinogovera muganhu neBlack Sea dzinosanganisira:
- Romania
- Turkey
- Bharugeriya
- Ukraine
- Russia
- Jojiya.
Uyu mutumbi wemvura wakakomberedzwawo ne:
- Makomo ePontic.
- KuCaucasus.
- Crimea kumaodzanyemba, kumabvazuva uye kuchamhembe.
- Yakaganhurwa neMakomo eStrandzha kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero uye Dobrogea Plateau kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero.
Maguta anokosha ari pedyo nerwizi
- Istanbul
- Constance
- Burgas
- Varna
- Uye kureba
- Odessa
- Sevastopol
- kerc
- Novorossiysk
- Sochi
- sukhumi
- Batumi
- Trabzon
- mastiff
- Zonguldak
Hydrology uye hydrochemistry
Gungwa Dzvuku ndiro dhamu rakakura kwazvo pasi rose (rine mazinga emvura asingasanganisi), iyo yepamusoro pemvura inokura pakadzika 150 m, inotonhora, isina kusimba uye isina munyu munyu, yakazadzwa neokisijeni, inoparadzana kubva pasi. inodziya, saltier, uye denser layer yehydrogen sulfide ine chemocline.
Hapana imwe tsananguro inogamuchirwa pasi rose yekwakabva hydrogen sulfide muBlack Sea, pane pfungwa yekuti hydrogen sulfide muBlack Sea inoumbwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuita kwebhakitiriya inoderedza sulfate, inodudzwa stratification yemvura uye isina simba. vertical exchange.
Panewo dzidziso yokuti hydrogen sulfide yakaumbwa semugumisiro wekuparara kwemhuka dzemvura yakachena dzakafa panguva yekupinda kwemvura yemunyu yeMediterranean panguva yekuumbwa kweBosphorus neDardanelles.
Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvemakore achangopfuura zvinotibvumira kutaura pamusoro peGungwa Dzvuku semvura yakakura yehydrogen sulfide kwete chete, asiwo methane, inogona kunge yakasunungurwa panguva yekushanda kwezvipembenene, uyewo kubva pasi pegungwa.
Kusvibisa mhedzisiro yekuvandudzwa kwemaindasitiri
Nekuda kwezvikonzero zvenhoroondo uye zvemagariro nehupfumi, nyika dzekumaodzanyemba kweGungwa Dzvuku dzakatarisana nematambudziko ari kukura uye anoita seasingagoneke mukutarisira tsvina yavo yakasimba, zvichiwedzera kukanganisa kuhutano hweveruzhinji uye hupenyu hwehupenyu, pamwe uye neruzhinji rwemagariro. kuvandudzwa kwehupfumi.
Kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kunorevawo kuponesa hupenyu hwemugungwa kubva mukutsakatika, pane chirongwa chakanangana nekuderedza kusvibiswa kwenzizi nemakungwa inzira yekutevera yekuwedzera nzira dzekuparadzanisa marara idzi.
Iyo purojekiti inoronga kuisa midziyo mitsva muguta remahombekombe rePoti mu Gungwa Dema uye kuvaka nzvimbo yekugadzira manyowa muKutaisi, kunze kwepurasitiki, Kutaisi ichatangawo kugadzirisa mapepa nemarara egirazi zvakasiyana.