El nguva nenzvimbo ndiyo nzira yemasvomhu inoita nguva nenzvimbo mune imwe chete isingaperi sepfungwa mbiri dzisingaparadzanisiki. Mune ino isingaperi nzvimbo-nguva, hupenyu hwese hwepanyama hweCosmos hunofananidzwa, zvinoenderana nefungidziro yehukama uye mamwe fungidziro yemuviri.
Izwi nguva nenzvimbo Zvakaitika zvakajairwa kubva mudzidziso yehukama chaihwo hwakaratidzwa naEinstein muna 1905, iyi pfungwa iri imwe yekufambira mberi kwakakosha kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri mumunda wefizikisi.
Data nezve nzvimbo nenzvimbo
Maererano neEinstein's relativity hypotheses, nguva haigoni kuparadzaniswa kubva kune matatu ekuwedzera ekudenga, asi pane kudaro, kufanana navo, inoteerera mamiriro ezvinhu ezvino emuoni. Kunyanya, vataridzi vaviri vachaverenga nguva dzisina kuenzana dzechinguvana pakati pezviitiko zviviri, mutsauko pakati penguva dzakaverengwa zvinoenderana nekukasira kwevateereri.
Kana paine zvakare a simba regiravhiti nenzira imwechete ichaenderana nekusawirirana kwesimba rezvakataurwa simba regiravhiti kuvateereri vose vari vaviri. Basa raMinkowski rakaona bhenefiti yekuratidzira nguva sechinhu chakasarudzika uye chisingaperi chakasarudzika chinogona kuumbwa kubva muchimiro chepseudo-Euclidean, chinoratidza Cosmos se "nzvimbo yezviso zvina" inoumbwa neatatu anooneka optical cosmic dimensions uye a. " temporal yechina kumeso» (kunyanya kusiyanisa kweLorentzian yezvina kuwedzera).
Mhosva yakapfava ndeyekushaikwa kwenzvimbo uye nzvimbo mune chaiyo relativity, uko nekuita konsati nzvimbo uye nguva munzvimbo ine mativi mana, Minkowski spacetime inowanikwa.
Minkowski nzvimbo nguva uye nzvimbo
Minkowski's place-time-space ndiyo iri nyore nyaya mukati nguva nenzvimbo relativistic. Iyo chaiyo inzvimbo yakatsetseka ina-dimensional, umo mitsetse yediki kana geodesic curvatures ari radii graph. Saka atomu pasina simba rinoenderera inotenderera ichitevedza imwe yeiyi mitsetse yakatwasuka.
Nzvimbo yeMinkowski inoshandiswa sehwaro hwekumiririrwa kwese kusinganzwisisike kwemuviri zvinoenderana netsanangudzo yakapihwa neiyo yakasarudzika dzidziso yehukama. Panguva imwecheteyo, kana nzvimbo diki dzenguva yazvino-yenguva dzichiratidzwa, uko shanduko yecurvature idiki, iyo pateni ye l.nguva nenzvimbo de Minkowski kuita mamwe maotomatiki, pasina kukanganisa kukuru kuri kuitwa.
Iyo yakanyatsogadzirwa neyakasiyana-siyana yeupamhi ina iyo homeomorphic, nemamwe mazwi, topologically determinable. Pamusoro pekusiyana uku, pseudo-Riemannian accent yechiratidzo (1,3) inotsanangurwa, iyo inoitisa chiKristu munzvimbo yepseudo-Euclidean ye torsion iyo yakadzoserwa zvakare. Mukuoma uku iyo maximal isometry inobvumirana nePoincaré set.
Einstein's cosmos: Gravity uye Geometry
Einstein's approach to the gakava kubva giravhiti zvinosimbiswa muruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana uye mune dzakawanda innuendos izvo zvinobvisa kwete kubva pakuvakazve kwake kweiyo relativity hypothesis asi kubva pakumiririra kwayakatsanangurwa nedzimwe nyanzvi dzefizikisi uye iye pachake naMinkowski.
Maonero uye mazano
Chekutanga ongororo yekuti sequel haifanire kusiyanisa pakati pekuchimbidza kushuma system uye yekuzivisa system inodzorwa nekukweva kwesimba. Chechipiri, kubva mukusasiyaniswa uku, uye kubva mumibairo yemuenzaniso wega wega wainoshivirira, kufanana pakati pekusakendenga negiravhiti kunoburitswa.
Chechitatu, kuti, maererano netsanangudzo yake yemetamorphoses yaLorentz, nzvimbo, nguva uye nzvimbo zvinorega kuva mafomu akasiyana kuti abude akabatana. Chechina, kubatana uku kunoda kusiya, sechiitiko umo kusaenzana kwemuviri kunopararira, nzvimbo uye nguva semafomu ari kure kuti atsive nechimiro chimwe chete icho chichange chakasarudzwa nzvimbo, nguva nenzvimbo.
Nokudaro, mitsara yaMinkowski iyo inosimbisa kuti maonero enzvimbo uye nguva akabuda kubva pane zvakakosha zvefizikiki yemagetsi, uye mune izvi pane simba rayo, kuunganidza kushanda kwavo kwose. Iwo akakosha. Kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, iyo nharaunda pachayo, uye nguva pachayo, inorangwa kuti iparare serima chete uye chete mubatanidzwa wezvose zviri zviviri unodzivirira mamiriro ekuzvidzivirira.
Chechishanu, simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi iro rinofambisa nguva nenzvimbo ye "nzvimbo" yega yega uye inomisa nzira yekukotama. Pakupedzisira, sezvo ikozvino iri pasi pesimba resimba rinokwevera rakasunungurwa kubva mukuwanda kwechinhu chinofamba, zviri pamutemo kufunga kuti ikozvino inosungirirwa kune "nzvimbo" uye kuti nzira dzemitsara ye geodesic dzinoonekwa dzakanamwa nekugoverwa kwe jira remuchadenga.-nguva dzavanokunguruka.
Simba rinokwevera raizopedzisira rave rechiKristu mukuratidza kushungurudzwa kwenguva-yenguva iyo Minkowski inotaura nezvayo. Kubva ipapo zvinotevera kuti muchirongwa ichi hapana kurovedza munzira kana maitiro akavanzika ekufambisa akananga kusinganzwisisike foci, kana nzvimbo dzisina magumo dzinozviisa pasi, kana nguva dzisina magumo dziri kunze, iyo constituent. Huremu hunotaridza kunguva-nguva nzira yekukotama uye inomanikidza ruzhinji kuti ungazungunuswa sei. Icho chinhu chinonzwisiswa chinopa maonero pamusoro penzvimbo uye nguva.
Nguva yenzvimbo uye nzvimbo yakakomberedzwa yegeneral relativity
Nzvimbo yakakomberedzwa yenguva-yenguva iLorentzian manifold iyo Ricci torsion pulley inogoneka ihafu yeEinstein field yakaenzana kune inonzwisisika simba-ipulse pulley. Mazana emishonga yemuenzaniso iwoyo anogara achidzokororwa. Mamwe emamodheru anogaro gara achinyanya kuyevedza uye ndiwo zvakare mishonga yekutanga kuwanikwa, inofananidzira nzvimbo-nguva ine kukosha kwehuwandu.
Schwarzchild nzvimbo uye nzvimbo
El nguva nenzvimbo de Schwarzschild, iyo inopiwa ne metrical citation de Schwarzschild inofananidzira inomiririra spacetime pedyo nemuviri wakatenderera, uye inogona kuva fungidziro yakanaka kune nzvimbo yezuva renyeredzi inofamba zvakafara zvikuru pachayo.
Big-Bang mapatani, ayo anoonekwa akapihwa mune yazvino nemuenzaniso marevereri eFriedman-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker uye ayo anorondedzera cosmos mukuwedzera, iyo maererano nehukuru hwayo hwekutanga inogona kuwana hunhu hwekudonha.
Iyo nguva yenzvimbo nenzvimbo yerelativistic fizikisi
Iye chaiye Roger Penrose, achizvitsigira pahwaro hwenhaka uye fungidziro dzefungidziro dzakawanda dzepre-relativistic fungidziro yemuviri, yakaratidza kuti kune imwe neimwe yadzo tafura yejometri yakanakira inogona kutsanangurwa iyo inotsanangura kuti guruva razvino rinobva sei zvinoenderana nefungidziro idzi.
Saka zvese zviri zviviri fungidziro dzefizikisi yeAristotelian, uye kutangwa kwehukama kwaGalileo kwaizoputira mukati mavo zvakagadzika kugoverwa kwejometri kweseti yezviitiko.
Nzvimbo yeGarireya nguva nenzvimbo
Nekudaro, nguva inoramba ichikosha mufizikisi yeGarireya inopa musimboti wehukama zvichienderana nekuti vaoni vaviri vanosimuka kubva kune mumwe nemumwe nekukasira kwakaenzana vaisakwanisa kumisa pasina kusiyanisa kana vari kubva kune mumwe nemumwe.
Penrose anopikisa kuti chimiro ichi chinogona zvakare kufananidzwa nejometri ne nguva nenzvimbo fiberized, zvisinei kutangwa kwehukama kunosanganisira kuti kukurumidza hakuna zvisungo uye, zvinobudirira, mapoinzi emafiber asina kuenzana haagoni kungoenzana.
Newtonian nzvimbo nguva uye nzvimbo
Nzvimbo, nguva uye nzvimbo muchivako ichi zvakatsanangurwa pakutanga naÉlie Cartan pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. nguva nenzvimbo zviri nyore kurondedzera Newtonian mechanics ine inomiririra iyo simba regiravhiti, inoramba iine kuzunguzika kusingakoshi ine base nzvimbo yekufananidza nguva uye tsinga yakapihwa neatatu-dimensional Euclidean nharaunda.