Sea Shumba imhuka yemumvura inoyamwisa inowanikwa mumakungwa nemakungwa ekumaodzanyemba. Imhuka inodya nyama inodya hove, octopus uye squid. Dzakareba uye dzakakora uye zvisinei nekusaenzana kwehukuru uye huremu pakati pevarume nevakadzi vanodya huwandu hwekudya. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve zvisikwa zvemugungwa izvi unofanirwa kuramba uchiverenga.
Shumba yegungwa
Shumba yegungwa (Otaria flavescens), yakasiyana siyana yepiniped yemumvura inoyamwisa iyo iri chikamu chemhuri yeOtariidae uye yavanogashirawo zita rekuti otarinos. Zvinotaridzika zvakafanana nezvisimbiso, asi zvinorema. Ivo vanozadza chikamu chikuru chemakungwa epasirese nemakungwa, mavanodya hove, octopus, squid, shrimp, pakati pezvimwe.
Mamwe acho anongodaidzwa kunzi "mhumhi", asi mamwe ane mazita akanyanya akadai seshumba yegungwa inosetsa, shumba ine bvudzi rimwe, shumba yekumaodzanyemba, shumba yegungwa yekuSouth America kana shumba yegungwa chete.
Descripcion
Iine ruvara rwebrown yakasviba kana yakura asi ine nhema muhudiki hwayo. Varume vakuru vanowanzorema makirogiramu 300, hunova huremu hwakapetwa kaviri hwevakadzi. Vanoratidza rudzi rwemvere dzemakushe matsvuku-ruvara pamusoro pemutsipa wavo, "mane" ichi chiri chikonzero nei vachinzi "shumba dzegungwa".
Kuvapo kwavo kunotakurwa mumapoka ezvienzaniso zvinenge 15, zvinoumbwa nehono, hadzi yake, uye vaduku vashoma. Muzhizha rose, muna Zvita naNdira, vanoenda kunoberekera nzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa uko zviuru zvezvienzaniso zvinoungana. Kubata kwayo pamuviri kunogona kupedza rinenge gore, kubva pakabuda mwana mumwechete.
Mumwaka wose wokuberekesa, hono dzinowanzorwira nzvimbo nehadzi, uye zvakajairika kuti dzirege kudya zvokudya panguva iyoyo. Upenyu hwayo hunogona kurebeswa kweanenge makore 25 kusvika ku50. Shumba dzemugungwa dzinozivikanwa serudzi rwenzvimbo.
Zvokudya
Mukudya kwavo tinogona kugara tichiwana hove, octopus, squid, penguin nedzimwe shiri dzegungwa. Vanodya 15 kusvika 25 kilograms ezvokudya pazuva uye panguva imwechete vanovhimwa nemhondi whales uye shark.
Iyo common sea lion imhando yakakosha yemahombekombe ecosystem uko inofamba zvakanyanya pasherufu yekondinendi. Zvisinei, vanhukadzi vanowanzova vari pamhenderekedzo yegungwa kupfuura varume mukutamiswa kwavo. Kudya kwavo kwakadzidzwa kuchamhembe nepakati pePatagonia uye kwakavakirwa pakuzivikanwa kweotoliths, (yakasimba masara ayo zera rehove rinotemerwa), hove nemiromo yecephalopod yakawanikwa kubva mudumbu mayo.
Pakati pezvainyanya kudyiwa nyama paiva hake (Merluccius hubbsi), common squid (Raneya fluminensis), squid (Illex argentinus naDoryteuthis gahi) uye octopus (Octopus tehuelchus uye Enteroctopus megalocyathus). Uyewo zvinosanganisira anchovy (Engraulis anchoita), nototenias (Patagonotothen cornucola uye P. ramsayi), salmon yegungwa (Pseudopercis semifasciata), pollock (Genypterus blacodes), uye elasmobranchs dzakasiyana-siyana. Pakati pemakrustaceans, marudzi akati wandei akawanikwa, asi haana basa, kunze kwemakore ekuwanda kwe shrimp ( Pleoticus muelleri ).
Zvichienderana nemhedzisiro iyi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti mhumhi yakajairika imhando yakasiyana-siyana inotora mukana wezviwanikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvine hunyanzvi hwekubata mhando dzakadai sedemersal uye benthic, dzimwe dzacho dzine basa rekutengesa. Sechikamu chezvipembenene zvemhumhi yakajairika, nematodes dzakawanikwa (Anisakis simplex, Contracaecum ogmorhini, Pseudoterranova decipiens, uye Uncinaria sp.); Saizvozvowo, acanthocephalus (Corynosoma australe) uye cestode (Diphyllobothrium pacificum) yakawanikwa.
Habitat
Inogara kumahombekombe ekumaodzanyemba kweSouth America. MuPacific Ocean iri pamahombekombe ePeru neChile; muGalapagos Islands (Ecuador) uye muMalpelo neGorgona Islands (Colombia). MuAtlantic Ocean inogara kubva kumahombekombe eUruguay, uye kumahombekombe eGungwa reArgentina, mumativi ekondinendi eArgentina Patagonia pamwe neFalkland Islands neSouth Sandwich Islands. Inowanikwawo kumaodzanyemba kwemakungwa eAfrica, Australia neNew Zealand.
Ngozi yekutsakatika
Kare dzaivhimwa nevanhu kuti vawane nyama nemafuta, asi chikonzero chikuru chokuvhima kwadzo nhasi kushandiswa kwadziri kupiwa matehwe evana vavo vachangoberekwa, anonzi “popos” (kubva kumbwanana yechiRungu.” yaive muindasitiri yemvere. Pasinei nenyaya yekuti kubata kwavo kwakananga muPatagonia kwakarambidzwa, shumba dzegungwa dzine bvudzi rimwe dzinodyidzana nemhando dzese dzehove uye nenzira dzakasiyana. Mukati mese ma1990 huwandu hwekufa hwakakosha hwakaverengerwa mhando dzakasiyana dzepasi uye pelagic trawling.
Huwandu hwevanhu vaifa pagore hwaive pakati pezvienzaniso zve150 kusvika 600. Inodyidzana zvakare nevekubata hove dzegillnet muProvince yeBuenos Aires iyo inoitirwa shark necroaker, umo inodya chikamu chehove, ichideredza kukosha kwayo kwehupfumi. Inobatana nekuredza kwetambo refu muSan Matías Gulf umo inoparadza hove uye inotambudzwa nevabati vehove.
Imwe kirasi yekudyidzana nekubata hove iya ine hukama neyakasiyana kana yezvakatipoteredza uye inokonzeresa mibairo isina kunanga yekubata hove pane zvakabatwa izvo zvinowanzoitika kune dzimwe mhuka dzinodya mugungwa. Sezvo shumba yegungwa iri mhuka ine mukurumbira wakashata uye yakawanda kwazvo mugungwa, zvinofungidzirwa kuti inodyidzana nehove nekudya mhuka dzakafanana nedzekuredza.
Zviri mukati mekudya kwechikara chakadai seshumba yegungwa zvinotarisirwa kushanduka sezvo kuwanda kwehuwandu hwayo hunogona kuchinja; kunyanya tichitarisa kuti hake necommon squid ndidzo dzinobatwa zvakanyanya uye dzinoumba mhando dzakanyanya kukosha dzehove munharaunda. Naizvozvo, kukanganisa kunoita vabati vehove pakuwanda kwemhando idzi kunozoguma kwave kuchinja kudya kwezvikara zvikuru.
Pakagadzirwa mhando yakasiyana-siyana yaisanganisira squid, anchovy, hake, nehair-hair sea lion kuchamhembe nepakati pePatagonia Migumisiro yakawanikwa inoratidza kuti kuwirirana kunooneka pakati pemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakabatanidzwa, chinonyanya kukosha chiri kukohwa kwembesa squid uye hake, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa huwandu hwegungwa reshumba zvichienderana nekuwanda kwegoho rega rega.
Huwandu hweshumba dzegungwa pamhenderekedzo yePatagonian huri kuwedzera kunyangwe husati hwadzokera kuhukuru hwayo hwekutanga. Zvakaipa zvekufa netsaona mumidziyo yekuredza, kunyangwe zvakambotariswa, hazvisati zvaonekwa nevefisheries management system. Mamiriro ezvinhu ezvipfuyo zvinoperekedza haasi chikamu chehurongwa hwekuongorora zviwanikwa zvehove uye muzvirongwa zvevacherechedzi zvinongoongororwa chete zvine chekuita nemhando dzakanangwa.
Nezvekushanya, kunyangwe zvisingakwanisi kutariswa sekutyisidzira kana kusagadzikana kwekuchengetedza, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, nzvimbo nyowani dzeshumba dzegungwa dziri munzvimbo dzekubiridzira vanhu, dziine dziviriro shoma kana kutonga kune vadziviriri vemhuka kana manejimendi system. yenzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa.
Mhando dzeSea Shumba
Mhuri yeOtarine, iyo inozivikanwa zviri nani seshumba dzegungwa, inopararira munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi. Pazasi isu tichakupa ruzivo rwemhando yega yega uye yakasarudzika nharaunda.
Australia neSouth Africa Fur Chisimbiso
Sainzi inonzi Arctocephalus pusillus uye, sezita rayo rinoratidza, inogona kuwanikwa pamhenderekedzo yeAustralia, kunyanya pazvitsuwa zveBass Strait, uye pamhenderekedzo yeSouth Africa, kunyanya muNamibia. Imhuka ine runyararo uye inoshamwaridzana, ine hushamwari mumvura uye inoda kuperekedza vakasiyana kusvika pakadzika kwemamita makumi matanhatu. Panyika vanowanzo vhunduka uye kutya kuvepo kwevanhu.
South American Sea Shumba
MaOtaria flavescens edunhu rino anopiwa mazita akasiyana, seshumba yegungwa yebvudzi kana chisimbiso chePatagonia. Inogara kuPacific uye kumaodzanyemba kweAtlantic kumahombekombe eSouth America uye inogona kuwanikwa muEcuador, Chile, Argentina neUruguay. Shumba yegungwa yekuSouth America ine ruvara rwakasvibira, hono dzinorema makirogiramu 300, hadzi mbiri mbiri, uye dzinozivikanwa nekuve nemvere dzakatsvuka pamutsipa wavo. Ivo vanogara mumakoroni anoumbwa nemurume nehadzi yake yevakadzi, uye vane kambani yevadiki mienzaniso.
Galapagos Gungwa Shumba
Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare sechisimbiso chemvere, zita rayo resainzi richinzi Arctocephalus galapagoensis. Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zveGalapagos Islands, muEcuador, uye hazvitame. Kudya kwavo kwemasikati kunosanganisira hove dzepakadzika-gungwa uye usiku vanodya kune avo vanouya pamusoro.
Varume vane hurefu hwemamita 1,5 uye huremu hunosvika 65 kilos. Kune rumwe rutivi, hadzi idiki uye dzakareruka. Imhando yemhando diki mukati memhuri. Dzinorongwa mumapoka ekuberekana mumapako, umo hadzi hadzina kubereka mwana mumwe chete mwaka.
New Zealand Fur Chisimbiso
Iyo Arctophoca fosteri kana kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero fur chisimbiso inogara kumahombekombe ekumaodzanyemba kweAustralia neSouth Island yeNew Zealand. Nharaunda dzevarume dzinogona kuwanikwa muCook Strait uye, sechokwadi chinonakidza, makoroni muAustralia neaya muNew Zealand haasanganise pamwe chete, kunyangwe ari emhando dzakasiyana.
Hono dzine huremu hunosvika 150 kilos uye dzinosvika kureba kwemamita maviri; nepo huremu hwehadzi huri 50 kilos uye kureba kwayo 1,5 metres. Vese varume nevakadzi vanotaridza mapapiro ekumberi, mhuno yakanongedza, uye ndebvu refu chena. Muviri wayo une grey brown color kumusana uye neruvara rwakareruka padumbu.
Antarctic Fur Chisimbiso
Iyo Arctophoca gazella inogara mumakungwa eAntarctic uye mumakungwa ekumaodzanyemba eArgentina neChile. Kure kuchamhembe kwavakaonekwa kwaive kuKerguelen Islands, iri makiromita 2.000 230 kubva kuAntarctica. Kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe nhengo dzemhuri, mhuno mupfupi weAntarctic fur seal inogona kucherechedzwa. Ukuwo, hono, dzinosvika mamita maviri pakureba uye dzinorema kusvika makirogiramu XNUMX, dzinoratidza ganda rakasvibira, asi muhadzi nomuduku rine grey. Kudya kwavo kunosanganisira krill uye pakupedzisira hove.
South America Fur Chisimbiso
Zita rayo resainzi ndiArctophoca australis australis, kunyangwe ichizivikanwa zvikuru seshumba ine mvere dzegungwa. Iyo inogara iripo yeSouth America, iyo inogara kumaodzanyemba kweBrazil, Uruguay, Argentina neChile. Sexual dimorphism inowanikwawo mumhando iyi, umo varume vakakura kupfuura vakadzi (mamita maviri uye 200 kilos kupesana ne1,5 metres uye 60 kilos, zvichiteerana).
Kudya kweshumba iyi yegungwa kunoumbwa nekrustaceans, cephalopods nehove; imhuka yemukana inodya chayanowana mugungwa. Shumba yegungwa imhuka ine mukurumbira zvikuru kuzasi kwehemisphere, uko inogona kuonekwa kumahombekombe, ichiungana mumapoka pakati pematombo kana kumahombekombe ane jecha.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvatinokurudzira ndezvi:
- Mhuka dzemugungwa
- Zvisimbiso
- Manatee