La tambo mabhuku: mavhesi, nhetembo, nyaya uye zviitiko zvakanyorwa mumashiti asina kusimba uye zvakadzokororwa nevatengesi vemumigwagwa, mumakwere, misika nemitambo yenguva iyoyo, ramba uchiverenga! Rudzi rwezvinyorwa urwu runozokunakidzai.
tambo mabhuku
La twine mabhuku Irwo rudzi rwezvinyorwa runobva kuBrazil kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Icho chikamu cheanonzi mabhuku akakurumbira, uye kunyange zvazvo akatanga kusvika pakupera kwezana remakore rechi1930, kubatanidzwa kwawo kwakaitika zana remakore gare gare, pakati pa1960 naXNUMX.
Chaizvoizvo, idzi nhetembo dzakanyorwa nevatambi vekare kuti vadzokororwe munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji uye nekuburitswa sematurakiti. Kazhinji, mabhurocha aya anosanganisira mapepa mana akasungwa netambo ayo anogona kuturika nawo. Saka zita rehungwaru rakapihwa kusangano revanyori iri.
Saizvozvowo, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti twine mabhuku Inobata zvinhu zvine hukama, kunyanya, kuchokwadi chezvidzidzo zvakashongedzwa, pasina kuregeredza mimwe misoro, senge: rudo, njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, zviitiko zvemuno, zviitiko zvedunhu kana zvedunhu uye, mumakore achangopfuura, kunyangwe epasirese. Mukuwedzera, nhasi, inobata nenyaya dzakakura dzakadai, semuenzaniso, matambudziko ehupfumi, ezvematongerwo enyika uye emagariro evanhu anogadzirwa munyika dzakasiyana.
Kutanga
kuzvarwa kwe twine mabhuku Inogona kududzirwa semhinduro yenhetembo kune dzakatevedzana dzezviitiko zvakaitika muBrazil semhedzisiro yekudonha kweHumambo uye kusikwa kweNew Republic. Zviitiko zvenhau zvakaitika munyika iyoyo mugore ra1889.
Panyaya iyi, zvakakosha kujekesa kuti zviitiko izvi zvakaratidza kutanga kwekuvandudzwa kwenyika, izvo zvakakonzera kufungirana uye pfungwa yakasimba yekutyisidzira munharaunda yekumaruwa, avo vakaedza kubatisisa kune zvavanotenda uye tsika pazvose.
Saka, the twine mabhuku ndiko kutaura kwakanyanya kwekupikisa kushanduka kwakaitika semugumisiro wemazuva ano. Zvakadaro, nekufamba kwemakore zvakabva pakuimbwa nhetembo kuenda pakushandurwa nekubatanidzwa semhando yezvinyorwa.
Pamusoro peichi rutivi rwokupedzisira, tinofanira kucherekedza kuti maingova muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX umo twine mabhuku akarega kuderedzwa. Nekuti zuva risati rasvika iro raionekwa serinopesana nemabhuku etsika. Parizvino, inochengetedzwa nehurumende yeBrazil uye kufarira kwemasangano ane hunyanzvi mukudzoreredza uye kuburitsazve zvinyorwa zvekare.
Zviratidzo
Kufanana nechero sangano rekunyora, the twine mabhuku Icho chigadzirwa chemakore ekushanduka-shanduka uko zvinhu zvitsva zvinosanganiswa, izvo zvinoumba maitiro ayo makuru. Zvimwe zvacho zvakataurwa pazasi:
La mabhuku e tambo chimiro chendangariro chakakurumbira chinoshanda semanyuko emashoko enzvimbo, angave ari emananisiparati kana kuti nyika, kana kuti yenyika yose. Inoumba nzira yekuona nekuongorora zvimwe zvemagariro, zvechitendero nezvematongerwo enyika. Mukuwedzera, zvinobatsira kushora mamiriro ezvinhu kana maitiro ane chokuita navo.
Inoshanda senzira yekutaurirana kufambisa ruzivo rwenhoroondo, ethnographic uye yemagariro kufarira. Nemhaka yekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwava pedyo, nzira iyo mabhurocha ezvinyorwa anoparadzirwa achinja mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, kusvika pakuparadzirwa kuburikidza neInternet.
Kune rimwe divi, musika wevatengi we twine mabhuku yakawedzera. Haisisiri yakasarudzika kumakirasi akakurumbira, asi yakavhurika kune chero munhu anofarira kuziva tsika yenyika yekwakabva, Brazil.
Broadcast
Kubva pakutanga kwayo, iyo twine mabhuku yaionekwa seyakakurumbira uye yaiwanika. Izvi, zvichida, zvinokonzerwa nenzira iyo yakagoverwa nekuparadzirwa.
Nenzira iyi, kutaura pamusoro pekupararira kwayo hakugoneki pasina kubvuma kuvepo kwechimiro chakasarudzika: mutengesi aifamba wenguva iyo, anozivikanwawo seBofu, pasina izvi zvinoreva kuti iye pachake haaoni.
Saka, vatengesi vemumigwagwa ava ndivo vaiunza mapepa etambo kuruzhinji. Nenzira imwe cheteyo yavakaaturika patambo, kukwezva ngwariro yevoruzhinji, ndivo vaiimbawo kana kudzokorora zvirevo, prose, mavhesi, mabhatani, uye kunyange kuzivisa zvichangobva kuitika, nyaya, dzerudo nezvishamiso. zvakanga zvaitika. Nenzira imwecheteyo, sezvavaigona kushanyira maguta nenharaunda, vaigona kutanga makioski munzvimbo dzinogarogarogarwa, misika nemisika.
Pakupedzisira, sezvatakambotaura, shanduko uye shanduko yakabudiswa mumunda wemashoko nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwevanhu, zvakaguma nekubvisa iyi nzira yekare yekuparadzira ruzivo. string Literature, kusvika pakuzadzisa kuti inoparadzirwa kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana dzemazuva ano tekinoroji.
Kuumbwa kwemashizha
Pasina mubvunzo, kuumbwa kwetambo mapepa akagadzirwa kuti anyatsotora pfungwa dzevanhu. Nenzira iyi, zvirevo izvo vatengesi vemugwagwa vakaimba kana kudzokorora zvinosanganisira zvikamu zvina: Kutangwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu ezvaibatanidzwa uye nzira yaro yekuzvipa, tsanangudzo yemhando huru yechiitiko chacho, kuzivikanwa kweprotagonist yechiitiko, pamwe chete nekwaunogara uye, pakupedzisira, mafambiro ekupedzisira kwenyaya.
kubudisa genre
Kazhinji, iyo twine mabhuku aya mafomu enguva refu, anonzi loose sheets. Zvakanakisa zvakataurwa pazasi:
Iyo folio fomati haina kushandiswa, inotungamira ingangoita iyo 4th fomati. Mukuwedzera, inopetwa kaviri.
Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinyorwa zvinogoverwa muzvikamu zviviri. Inosanganisira zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvehuni. Pamusoro pezvo, kutenderedza typography kunoshandiswa, yakasanganiswa nemhedzisiro yekutuka kuratidza mamwe mazita kana zvimwe zvikamu zvekupararira.
Chekupedzisira, shandisa yakaderera-mhando bepa uye shandisazve typographic material. Izvi kuitira kuderedza mari uye kuderedza nguva yekugadzira.
maumbirwo nemadingindira
La literatura we twine inosanganisira marudzi akasiyana-siyana mukati menhetembo dzine mukurumbira. Nekudaro, kuti tifarire kuchengetwa kwezviri mukati neruzhinji rwevanhu vasina kudzidza uye, mune dzimwe nguva, vasina kuverenga, zvakajairika kuwana zviwanikwa zvendangariro senge antithesis, kudzokorora uye kuverenga.
Nenzira imwecheteyo twine mabhuku anowanzo shandisa mutauro wekutaura, pamwe chete netsumo, zvirevo uye mitsara yakakurumbira yekutaura kukuru, yakatakurwa kupfuura zvese nekuseka uye chido.
Panyaya iyi, ungafarira kuverenga nyaya yacho mutauro wakawandisa.
Nekune rimwe divi, kukwana kwemazwi ane tsika kuzvinyorwa zvakakurumbira zvinogona kucherechedzwa, zvichipa kukwira kurudo rwemadingindira akasiyana, akadai se: ekare, chivalrous, nhoroondo, rudo, bandit, zvechitendero, mhosva, pakati pezvimwe. Saizvozvo, isu tinowanzo kuwana akajairwa mamita enziyo dzemimhanzi, pakati pavo: nziyo dzerudo dzinofara uye dzerudo, zvechitendero, zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro, zvekuda nyika, nezvimwe.
Pamusoro peizvi, zvakakodzera kujekesa kuti kudanana kutevedzana kwemavhesi eoctasyllabic ane assonance rhyme ari maviri maviri. Nepo nziyo dzemumhanzi dzichireva macouplets, chegumi uye magirosi anoperekedzwa nemimhanzi uye nekutamba kwakakurumbira.
Tremendism uye zvakaipa
Tremendism uye zvakaipa chikamu chezvakajairika nhetembo dze tambo mabhuku. Vanobva zvakanyanya kubva kuhunhu hwemhando yezvinyorwa zvataurwa, zvichireva madingindira nemafomu ataurwa muchikamu chapfuura.
Nenzira iyi, ndezvekuti iyo tremendism inosanganisira kuwedzeredza kwechokwadi nenzira isingagoneki. Izvi, kunyanya, nechinangwa chekutora nhamba huru yevaverengi kuburikidza nekushamisika uye kushamisika pamwero wepamusoro.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kukanganisa kunoreva dingindira redzimwe nziyo dzakananga dzinobata nemakororo, vapoteri, mhondi nembavha, avo pakupera kwenyaya vanodzikinurwa nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka, chinoruramisa zviito zvavo nemaitiro. Chekupedzisira, aya mavara anopedzisira aonekwa nenzira yakanaka nevaverengi uye anogamuchirwa.
Muchidimbu, muchirongwa chezvinyorwa zve twine mabhuku Zvikamu zvechisimba zvinoburitswa munzvimbo dzine ropa zhinji zvinowanzoitika. Zvisinei, mushure mekusuruvara uye kutambura kwenguva refu kwe protagonist, uye mushure mekukurumidza dhinouement, nyaya inosvika pakuguma kunofadza.
Exponents
Mumazana emakore kwave kune vatsigiri vakawanda vezvinyorwa zvetambo. Zvakawanda zvekuti zvinofungidzirwa kuti parizvino kune vanyori vangangosvika zviuru zvina muBrazil. Kuzvitaura zvese hazvigoneke, asi pakati pazvo zvinotevera zvinobuda pachena:
Leandro Gomes Barros
Akazvarwa muna 1865, aive wekutanga munyori weBrazil wenziyo tambo, akaonekwawo semudetembi akakurumbira muBrazil. Akawanda emabasa ake akajeka akashanda sehwaro hwenyaya dzevamwe vanyori.
Joao Martins de Athayde
Mudetembi nomuparidzi wokuBrazil, akaberekwa muna 1880, uyo akabatsira zvikuru mukuparadzirwa kwemabhuku etambo nomuchina wake wokudhinda. Mupiro wake mukuru mukushanduka kwetambo zvinyorwa zvinoreva kuiswa kwemifananidzo yevaHollywood artists pabutiro remabhurocha.
Firminio Teixeira Do Amaral
Aive mudetembi ane mukurumbira uye mutori wenhau akaberekwa muna 1896. Muhupenyu hwake hupfupi akamira semumwe wevanyori vakuru vezvinyorwa zvakakurumbira. Kwaari ndiko kwakafanira kusikwa kwerurimi runyoro, serudzi rutsva mukati merwiyo.
Jose Fernando Souza uye Silva
Akanga ari mudetembi anokosha nomuzivi wenyeredzi akaberekwa muna 1902. Pamusoro pazvose, anozivikanwa nokuva musiki wealmanac yakakurumbira zvikuru kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweBrazil, Almanac de Pernambuco, iyo yakapfuura makopi 70000 1936 pakati pa1972 naXNUMX.
Apolonio Alves Dos Santos
Uyu mumiriri we twine mabhuku akaberekerwa muBrazil muna 1926. Akatanga kunyora mapepa paaiva nemakore 20 uye pakazopera upenyu hwake akanga ava ne120 awo. Nekudaro, haana kukwanisa kuburitsa bhuku rake rekutanga uye akapedzisira atengesa kune mumwe muimbi muna 1948, uyo akariburitsa kwapera gore.
Kuvaka
Pasina mubvunzo, mabhuku etambo ane mabasa asingaverengeki, rimwe nerimwe rine maitiro akasiyana anoita kuti ave akakosha. Pano tichadoma mamwe acho:
Kana kuti Dinheiro.
Bhiza rakasvibisa mari.
Hondo yeOliveiros kurwisa Ferrabrás.
Badza nechigadziko chemwenje.
Hurukuro yevadetembi vaviri.
Iyo gamba Joao Cangucu.
The northern adventurer.
Olegario naAlbertina pakati pehutsotsi nerudo.
Ndatenda neruzivo rwakakosha, rwakakwana.