Kunze kwekuunganidzwa kwezvinyorwa naJonathan Franzen Kuguma kwenyika, rakabudiswa gore rino, shamwari yaDavid Foster Wallace yatisiya nenzira yakaipa (ave makore mana kubva pakatangwa Purity). En Postposmo Isu takasarudza kutarisa kumashure uye kurangarira sezvazvinokodzera bhuku guru rakabata Jonathan Franzen kunhanho yevakuru: Rusununguko (2012). Iri bhuku raakakwenenzvera budiriro fomula yeLas Correcciones (2001), achiidzokorora kune yake yazvino chinyorwa, Purity (2015)
? Ongorora uye pfupiso yeFranzen's Rusununguko
Pamberi pekuvhara nguva naJonathan Franzen ane mwoyo murefu Mukuru weAmerican Novelist, pamberi Tsvaga chei Barack Obama akabvumidzwa kuverenga Libertad naFranzen apo yakanga isati yatombova muzvitoro, uye zvirokwazvo, nguva refu mashoko okuti “inzwi rechizvarwa” asati aramba, akava akakurumbira, uye anoramba zvakare, pamberi pazvo zvose, Jonathan Franzen akanga atogadzirwa. Uye kana ichiri kushanda chete nekuti inoshanda. Pakupedzisira, tiri kutaura nezvemhando huru yezvinyorwa. Zvakachena, zvakaoma uye zvinogara zviripo.
Iyo encapsulation yenguva, mufananidzo wenhamo dzemumba neyenyika (isu tichaganhura iyi wongororo kune chiyero cheUnited States) kuburikidza nekutendeka kurondedzera kwehupenyu hwezuva nezuva ndiko, uye kuchave, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekumanikidza majeure, Dingindira.
Kusvika pakusvika kwezuva rinoera umo isu tese tinopedzisira taputirwa (kana kutapukirwa neCoronavirus), kufamba kwenguva kucharamba kuchiumba nharaunda yedu nema epics matsva uye kuodzwa mwoyo kuti vanhu vade. John Dos Passos (anoshamisa Manhattan Transfer), John Steinbeck William Faulkner, kana kuti munguva pfupi yapfuura Don Delillo y Firipi Roth, inogona kuramba ichitora zvakanakisa uye nuances uye kukiya zvachose mukati mebhuku.
MuLibertad Franzen anotiudza, kubva pauduku kusvika pakukura, gwara revanhu vana vanoshanyirwa nebudiriro nenhamo panguva dzakasiyana muupenyu.
Zvakaoma kuziva kana mabhuku aJonathan Frazen achagara nekusingaperi. Kana Rusununguko ruchava nekusingaperi. Zvakaoma kuona kana takatarisana neRoth itsva (zvechokwadi, nekuda kwehuwandu hwemabhuku, mhinduro ndeyokuti kwete). Kana Postposmo Iyo webhusaiti iyo nyaya dzakaoma uye dzerudo sezvikamu zvevazukuru zvinogadziriswa. Ndicho chinhu chakadaro Harold Blooms (y Tongoys) shift.
Asi isu tinozviziva Libertad inopa kuverenga kunonakidza, kwemhando uye padanho netarisiro huru dzakagadzirwa neshamwari yaDavid Foster Wallace (uye dzakagadzirwa) pano muzuva rake. Tichifunga nezve zvakataurwa uye, pamusoro pezvose, iyo huru repertoire ye clichés uye zvakajairika. yakagadzirwa muU.SA. iyo inoitika munovhero yese, zvakakodzera kutsanangura chinoita kuti rive rakasiyana. Libertad naJonathan Franken.
? Mufananidzo wemamiriro erudzi
Zvinoverengeka zvemusana zvinhu zvezvakasarudzika Libertad naJonathan Frazen vatosangana mu Mufundisi weAmerica de Firipi Roth, rakabudiswa muna 1997:
- Kubudirira uye hupenyu hwakanaka muimba yebindu
- Muchato muchikamu chekuputsa, mwanakomana ane dambudziko uye baba vemhuri yakatwasuka uye yakatendeseka.
- Mavara akazvipira (to sick ends) nechimiro chepfungwa chenyika.
Zvinonakidza kuongorora kuti Walter, musoro wemhuri kubva sei Rusununguko, kuSwedish (unhu) naRoth.
Vese vari vaviri vanhu avo, kana vangosvika pamusoro, vanofungidzirwa kusvika pachinangwa, vanga vari zvapupu zvekuremekedza zvekupunzika kwehupenyu hwavo. Pasi pechinhu ichi, Frazen anowedzera tarisiro uye anosuma iyo pfungwa yerusununguko muequation, izwi rakakosha kunzwisisa zvematongerwo enyika, hupfumi uye hunhu hweUnited States kubva pahwaro hwayo uye, kunyanya, kubvira kurwiswa kwemagandanga kwe11-S. . Dzimwe nguva, Franzen angangoratidza akawandisa kune mapfuti ari kuenda, sepapeji 222:
“Zuva riri rose akanga ane zuva rose rokufunga nezvenzira inogamuchirika uye inogutsa yokurarama, asi chinhu bedzi chaaiita sokunge aibuda mune zvose zvaaisarudza uye rusununguko rwake rwose rwaiva nhamo huru. The autobiographer anenge akamanikidzwa kugumisa kuti akanzwa urombo nokuda kwekusununguka kwakadaro.
Kushandisa chaotic temporal chimiro chinodzorwa neanecdotal chitsauko kupatsanurwa uye chinyorwa che autobiographical chakanyorwa naPatty (amai vemhuri inotambura nekuora mwoyo kwakanyanya) inovhura nekuvhara chinyorwa, Jonathan Franzen anotiudza, kubvira pauduku kusvika paukuru, nzira yavanhu vana vanoshanyirwa nokubudirira nenhamo panguva dzakasiyana muupenyu. kuti, pakupedzisira, kuguma zvose zvakangofanana nenhamo uye kusuwa.
Iyi ndiyo yakanyanya kana shoma pfungwa yepakati yebhuku: zvisinei nemari nezvinhu zvaunazvo, mune mavhoti akafanana nemamwe ose kuti muzopedzisira mave nenhamo nekusuwa.
? Jonathan Franzen vs USA
Akagara zvigadziko izvi, Frazen anoita katatu somersault uye inoshandisa kuwedzeredzwa kwemutambo wemhuri kutikwevera chimiro chakafaranuka chechimiro chepfungwa chenyika yese. Kuti kana tine matambudziko nevavakidzani, kuti kana zvakakodzera kuti tirege kushamwaridzana nemhuri iyo yeDemocrats inogona kutibatsira zvakanyanya muzvinangwa zvedu, zvokuti kana mukomana ava kuita bhizinesi nemaRepublicans, avo vakaipa, vachivatengesera marori ePoland varombo ayo vanozotumira kuIraq.
Dilemmas, muchidimbu, umo muganho pakati pevabatsiri nevavengi wakasvibiswa, apo dzimwe nguva nheyo dzemunhu dzinotsanangurwa patsva, dzimwe nguva kunyange miganhu yechiremera chavo, kuitira kuti vawane rubatsiro rwemunhu.
Frazen akazvitaura zvakanaka mubvunzurudzo paterevhizheni yeSweden. inovimbisa izvozvo mubvunzurudzo 20 dzaakapiwa parwendo rwake rwemavhiki matatu muUnited States vakamubvunza chero mibvunzo ine chekuita nenyaya ine minzwa yemakwikwi.
Oo, makwikwi capitalist totem yakapoteredza iyo ikozvino yakaparara United States of America yakasimuka, raimbova simba guru panyika. “Hapana anoda kutaura nezvazvo, inyaya isingafadzi. Vanhu vanoda kuva vakanaka uye hazvina kunaka kufunga kuti unoda kurova mukoma wako zvakadii." Miniti 6.
? Rusununguko: Jonathan Frazen izvematongerwo enyika
Iyo bug pabutiro (a Cerulean Warbler) inoreva nezve purojekiti yaWalter, gweta reDemocratician uye wezvezvakatipoteredza, kuvaka nzvimbo yakachengetedzwa kwemakore zana kudzivirira kutsakatika kwayo uye yaanofanira kubatana nayo. la CorporateAmerica Republican yeCheney uye Bush (asi kazhinji kubva kuna Dick, ngatirangarirei bhaisikopo Vice) , iyo inongosiya nyika yacho kana yafuridzirwa uye yadururwa marasha.
Bhuku zvematongerwo enyika zvakachena. Uye kwete chete kune iyo chikamu chikuru chehurukuro dzapedza kudya kwemanheru, asi nokuti kune vanhu vane mafungiro anochinja kuva nani, semuenzaniso, apo "nyika yavo zvakare inotora hutungamiri hwenhoroondo" (p.475).
Hunhu hwakafanana nenyeredzi yedombo uyo kuona "vachena vaviri vane makore makumi maviri ekutanga, vakapfeka maT-shirt machena uye vachidya ice cream chena" zvinomuyeuchidza nezve "Bush regime" (p. 420). OR hunhu hunorangarira Bill Clinton pavanomupa blowjob. Ndinotora mazita ekusiya mazita:
"Sekondi imwe chete," akashingirira achivhura nhunzi yake, "Ndapota, X.
X akafunga Clinton naLewinski, uyezve, achiona muromo wemubatsiri wake wakazara nenyama yake uye kunyemwerera mumaziso ake, akafunga nezvechiporofita cheshamwari yake yakaipa.
Franken naObama
Kana pane munhu akaipa mubhuku rino, kunze kweutere uye hana yeumwe neumwe wevatambi, ndiye George W. Bush nezvose zvaanomiririra. Rusununguko ibhuku rakajairwa raizoverengwa nekushambadzwa, chii chandinoziva, Barack Obama (chaizvoizvo, akazviita).
Kunyangwe iro zano rakanangana nehupenyu hwemhuri yeDemocratic fanatics, nyaya yacho yakanyanya kujeka: avo venzou ndivo vari shure kwezvose zvakaipa zvinoitika kumhuri yeBerglund nepo zvevakomana vakaita saAl Gore zvinonyatsotaurwa kuti "aive akanaka kwazvo munhu kuti atambe tsvina muFlorida".
pasina kuva vulgar, manyorerwo acho haanyanyi kurovedzera kana kurongeka zvakanyanya uye inopindura zvakanyanya kune chirevo chekuita kuti bhuku rive rakagadzirwa rinofamba zvakanaka uye risina hutsinye. Kune kumwe kuwanda kwezviratidzo uye mazita emapoka emimhanzi, vatambi vemafirimu, nezvimwe. Mazhinji ePads, Ted's uye Coca-Cola anoratidza zvakajeka chinangwa chekuratidzira nguva chaiyo ine yakanyatsozivikanwa tsika.
Kusekesa kwemabhuku aFranzen
Kutaurwa kwakakosha kwakakodzera kare kuseka kwemabhuku aFranzen.
Mutsara wemitsara izere nehungwaru (kwete chaizvo) inoshanyira muverengi paanenge asingazvitarisire. Hechino chiitiko apo wechidiki anonetsa anoisa mhete mumuromo make: “Kuomarara kwegoridhe remakarati gumi nesere kwaishamisa. Joey angadai akati goridhe isimbi yakapfava."
Kune zvakare kumwe kushungurudzwa kweshoko rekuti "chaizvoizvo." Chiitiko chega icho chokwadi chingadai chisina kushaikwa ndicho chaakanyatsonamirwa, pasina kudiwa kwe "zvinenge": (Peji 558) ”… shuwa Chokwadi chakazara zvakanyanya."
Hongu. Chokwadi, bhuku racho rine nguva dzaro.
Misoro yakasiyana-siyana inotariswa mubasa rekuvaka iri rakaomarara uye hazvina kunaka kuti zvese zvinopfupikiswa nechirevo chekuti imhosva yatinoti mufaro nerusununguko. Pane nzvimbo yekufungisisa nezveushamwari, hukama hwemwana nemubereki, unyengeri mune zvematongerwo enyika zveAmerica, Mwari, Iraq, kukura kusingamisiki kwehuwandu hwenyika, udhakwa, matekinoroji matsva. shiri. Franzen akaedza kubata akawanda emazuva ese emazuva ese emhuri yepakati-yepakati yeAmerica sezvinobvira kupfupisa nyika nenguva. Nguva ichataura kana zvakafamba zvakanaka.
Jonathan FrazenLiberty
Salamander, Barcelona, 2011
672 pages | 23 euros