Mashizha eMiti: Mhando, Maziviro Ekuita? Uye zvimwe

ari mashizha emuti, pamwe chete nemakwati awo, kukura kwawo uye maumbirwo ekorona yawo, zvinotibatsira kusiyanisa muti kubva kune mumwe. Imwe neimwe ye mashizha emiti nemiti, ine hunhu hunovasiyanisa kubva kune imwe, ndicho chikonzero ichitendwa kuti izvi zvakafanana neminwe yemiti.

Chii chinonzi mashizha emiti?

Mashizha emiti anozivikanwa senhengo yemuriwo inogara yakatsetseka uye inozadzisa basa guru rekuita photosynthesis. Kutaura anatomically uye morphologically yemadzinde uye mashizha emiti nemiti yakawanda, izvi zvakanyatsobatana uye pamwe chete, nhengo mbiri idzi dzinoumba dzinde remuti.

Mashizha akajairika kana akajairika, anozivikanwawo se nomophiles, handizvo chete zvatinogona kuwana mukukura kwemiti uye munguva yehupenyu hwavo muhuwandu.

Sezvo kumera kwechirimwa kunotanga, mashizha anoberekwa kubva kune imwe neimwe yeiyi anogona kuva emhando yakasiyana, cotyledons (mune nyaya yemashizha ekutanga), prophylls, bracts uye anthophylls (mune maruva).

izvi zvakasiyana-siyana mhando dzemashizha emuti, zvichava nechimiro chakasiyana uye kushanda kubva kune chimwe nechimwe.

basa remashizha emuti

Rimwe remabasa makuru emashizha emiti uye emiti yose ndeyekuti anotipa chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvehupenyu pasi pano, oksijeni.

Mashizha anozadzisa basa rekutora carbon dioxide inowanikwa mumhepo uye kuigadzirisa mukati mavo pachavo apo photosynthesis inoitwa, nenzira iyi, inogona kubatsira kuchenesa mhepo uye zvakare, isu Inopa okisijeni iyo yose inorarama. zvinhu zvinoda kurarama.

Kunyangwe iri risiri iro basa rayo chete, pamusoro pazvo, mashizha ane basa rekuchengetedza muti uri mupenyu, nekuti kuburikidza nawo, chirongwa chephotosynthesis chinoitwa, icho chinopa chikafu kuchirimwa uye kuchibatsira kukura nekufema. .

Chikamu chemuti chinosiya

Sezvatakambotaura, mashizha anomirira mafingerprint emiti, izvi zvinoreva kuti muti umwe neumwe une zvigunwe zvawo, izvi zvinoreva kuti mumwe nomumwe ane hunhu hwakasiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwaunobva.

Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvakakosha kuti tikwanise kuziva kuti zvikamu zvinoumba mashizha ndezvipi, nokuti nenzira iyi, zvichava nyore zvikuru kwatiri kuti tinzwisise kuti vanoiswa sei.

Petiole

Iri riri pahwaro iro rine basa rekubatanidza bazi nedzinde rechirimwa, rinozivikanwawo nezita refoliar base. Inogona kuzivikanwa sezvo iine mutete uye cylindrical chimiro, kunyangwe, dzimwe nguva, inogona kunge idiki, ingangoita diki, kana kunyange chirimwa chingachishaya.

Stipules

Mumidziyo yevascular, stipules inogona kuwanikwa kune rumwe rutivi rweshizha, izvi zvinoratidza kuti vane sap yavo yekutakura hurongwa, kunze kweizvi, vanogona kuuya nehukuru hwakasiyana uye maumbirwo.

Kazhinji, imwe inowanikwa pashizha rimwe nerimwe remuti uye basa rayo nderokudzivirira primordium yemashizha, kana yasvika kumagumo ekukura kwayo, inowanzopera.

Limbo

Iyo inozivikanwawo selamina, izvi zvinoreva nzvimbo yakati sandara yeshizha, mairi, chikamu chepamusoro chinozivikanwa sedanda uye kazhinji chine ruvara rwakati svibei, nepo chikamu chezasi chichizivikanwa sepasi uye chinogara chakareruka. muruvara.

Iyo blade inowanzo kupatsanurwa maererano nemupendero wayo se: yakazara kana yakatsetseka, yakatsemuka, yakanamirwa mazino, yakatsemuka, yakatsemuka kana serrated.

Apex

Mugumo weshizha unozivikanwa saizvozvo, ndiko kuti, chikamu chinopesana nechepasi peshizha. Mune mamwe mashizha, apex haigoni kutsanangurwa zvakajeka, izvi ndezvokuti, zvichienderana nechimiro, chikwata chinogona kana kusaratidza zvakajeka kana kutsanangurwa.

Rumbabvu

Izvi zvinoreva mambure etsinga anogona kuonekwa mushizha, kuburikidza neiyo sage iri kutenderera, nenzira iyi, shizha rinogona kutaurirana nemamwe emiti.

muhapwa yolk

Izvi zviri panzvimbo yekubatana pakati pehunde neshizha, basa rayo nderekukwanisa kugadzira nhungirwa dzinogona kuberekana mune ramangwana kana kuramba dzakarara muchirimwa.

Kupatsanurwa kwemashizha emuti

Mashizha emiti, kazhinji, anotarirwa nekuda kwenharaunda iyo inowanikwa, nekuda kweizvi, shizha rinotora fomu rinobatsira kuti rive nekugadzirisa kwakanyatsogadzirisa.

Tiri kuzoziva kuti boka rakasiyana sei marudzi emashizha emiti nemazita awo:

Nekuda kwechimiro chayo

• Nyore: Ndivo avo, kubva kune petiole, limbo imwe chete inoberekwa, izvi zvinoreva kuti kune shizha rimwe chete pa petiole.
• Rinoumba: Muchiitiko ichi, zvinopesana neyakapfuura, mashizha akasiyana-siyana anotsanangurwa anoberekwa kubva kune petiole, iyo inozivikanwa semashizha.

Nekuda kwembabvu yayo

• Uninerves: Ndiwo mashizha iwayo ane tsinga yepakati chete, tinogona kuona rudzi urwu rwemashizha mumapaini.
• plunervous: Kusiyana neiyo uninervias, mumashizha aya, tinogona kuona kuwanda kwetsinga.

mazita emashizha emuti

Kurongeka kwemashizha, unoona zvichidzorwa nechimiro, mupendero, tsinga uye mharidzo yavanayo. Nhasi, tichakuzivisa iwe kune mamwe maficha anogona kukubatsira kutsvaga pepa rega rega zvichienderana nekuti rinotaridzika sei.

Zvichienderana nechimiro chepepa rako

Nokuda kwechikamu ichi, takaisa marudzi akasiyana-siyana enzira iyo mashizha emiti anogona kuonekwa, zvisinei, inofanira kutorwa mukufunga kuti inotaurirwa kune nzvimbo yakadzika iyo photosynthesis inoitika.

Ngatizivei kuti mafomu aya ndeapi:

• Ensiform: munyaya iyi, mashizha ane chimiro chakafanana nebakatwa uye kupera kwavo kunongedzerwa.
• acicular: Chimiro chayo chakafanana neicho chetsono, chakareba uye chakapinza, chine apex kuguma kwakajeka uye kunotsanangurwa.
• Filiform: munyaya iyi mashizha akaonda zvikuru, akafanana neshinda.
• linear: aya mashizha matete uye akatetepa ane mipendero inofambirana.
• Oblanceolate: munyaya iyi, mashizha akafanana nemuseve, kunyange zvazvo anogonawo kuva oval.
• Oblong: ine oval shape inoita kunge yakareba kudarika yakafara.
• Ovhari: muchiitiko ichi, blade ine elliptical chimiro.
• Rhomboid: Mashizha aya ane hunhu uye chimiro chakafanana neicho cherhombus.
• ovate: Mashizha erudzi urwu ane chimiro chakafanana nerezai, hwaro hwaro hwakafara kudarika muromo uye nhongonya yaro inotsanangurwa zvinooneka.
• Obovate: izvi zvinopesana neovate, iyo apex yakafara kupfuura chigadziko.
• Tambo chimiro cheshizha iri chakafanana nechomwoyo.
• Zvakacherechedzwa: Yakaumbwa semwoyo wakapidiguka, blade iyi inopesana netambo.
• Deltoid: chitarisiko chayo chakafanana nebhii rechiGiriki, hwaro hwaro hwakafara uye nhongonya yaro yakanaka.
• Orbicular: ane chimiro chakaurungana.
• reniform: ine chimiro chakada kufanana neitsvo.
• Spatulate: Mhando iyi yemashizha ine chimiro chakafanana neye spatulas, ine nheyo yakaonda uye yakafara apex.
• Flabellate: chimiro chayo chakafanana nefani.
• Panduriform: rakada kufanana neregitare, sezvo richitanga nehwaro hwakafara hunokwira hwakananga kumusoro.
• mbira: muchiitiko ichi, tinoona shizha rinotanga rakafara kuzasi, richitetepa nepakati, uye richikura zvakare rakananga kumusoro.
• mhanya: mashizha aya akapatsanurwa kuita matinji akadzama zvishoma uye akakombamira pahwaro hwawo, mupendero wepamusoro weshizha iri unogutsa asi rezasi rakatwasuka.
• Updated: shizha iri rine nhongonya umo maroko maviri akasiyana anogona kuonekwa pazasi.
• Sagittate: kunyangwe ichi chinewo chimiro chakafanana nechomuseve, hwaro hwaro hune mativi maviri akapinza.

Maererano nechimiro chepamusoro

Sezvatinotoziva, iyo yepamusoro peimwe neimwe yemashizha iri pamugumo wayo, ndiko kuti, tiri kutaura pamusoro peinopesana tipi kusvika pachigadziko. Izvi zvinogona kuratidza mamiriro ayo chirimwa chinowanikwa.

Kana apex inofa, izvi zvinotiudza kuti kune matambudziko nemamiriro ekunze, nemudzi wemuti, kunyanya kushandiswa kwefetereza, kusvibiswa kwakanyanya uye zvimwe zvinhu. Iye zvino, isu tava kuziva kuti vanoiswa sei uye ivo Mhando yemashizha zvemiti zvichienderana nechimiro chemuromo wayo;

• Acuminate: izvi zvinopa apex yakanyatsotsanangurwa kana terminal.
• Acute: muchiitiko ichi, apex ine acute angle.
• acuminate zvakanyanya: Muchiitiko ichi, tinogona kuona kuti elliptical blade ine magumo akapinza muchimiro chechimiro chakanaka.
• Apiculate: muchiitiko ichi, iyo apex inotanga kuumba zvakanaka kusvikira yapera mune imwe pfungwa yakanaka.
• Caudate: mune izvi, iyo pekisi inooneka yakareba, yakafanana nemuswe.
• Cuspidated: iyi ine chimiro chakapfava kupfuura "yakapinza acumidate", mune iyi kesi, iyo apex inoguma mune yakanaka point.
• Mucronate: mune iyi kesi, iyo apex inenge isingaoneki, saka muromo hauoneki kana kuti hauoneki kune ziso rakashama.
• Mucronulate: akafanana neapiculate asi aine kamuromo kadiki.
• Obtuse: Muchiitiko ichi, lamina ine elliptical uye apex iri muchimiro chekona ye obtuse.
• Yakatenderedzwa: mune iyi kesi, iyo apex yakatenderedzwa zvachose.
• Yakatemwa: kuvapo kwayo kunenge kwakatwasuka, kwakafanana neinochekwa.
• Retuse: blade iri semi-yakatwasuka kana semitsipa uye kumusoro kwayo kwakareruka, ndiko kuti, kashoma kuoneka.
• kusunungurwa: muchiitiko ichi, shizha rine kuvhura kudiki paapex, asi zvishoma.

Zvichienderana nechimiro chechigadziko

Apo patinotaura pamusoro pechigadziko chemashizha, tinoreva chikamu icho chakawedzerwa umo tsvina inobatana ne petiole. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, tinogona kuwana mamwe maappendages ane maumbirwo akasiyana. Muzviitiko izvi, nheyo inogona kuiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana:

• Acute: izvi zvinoitika kana hwaro hweshizha huchiita acute angle ine petiole.
• Obtuse: muchiitiko ichi, kona yakaumbwa ndeye obtuse.
• Acuminate: pano, chigadziko cheshizha chinoumba katatu akakwana.
• dimmed: pano, blade inodzikiswa kusvika yasvika petiole.
• Cuneate: munyaya iyi, mativi emashizha akarurama kusvikira asvika petiole.
• Tambo blade yeshizha iri inotora chimiro chemoyo kusvika yasvika petiole.
• reniform: ichi chakada kufanana nechordate, chimiro chete chakapfava saka chinonyatso fanana nechimiro cheitsvo.
• Updated: muzviitiko izvi, chigadziko chinoumba marobe maviri akasiyana.
• Sagittate: kunyangwe izvi zvakafanana nehastada, kusiyana kwayo kwakakura.
• Auricular: Mukurongeka uku, kune mashizha ane hwaro hune twudiki twuviri tusinganyanyi kutaurwa.
• rounded: munyaya iyi, blade inobatanidzwa kune petiole nenzira yakakomberedzwa.
• Yakatemwa: blade inosungirirwa inenge yakananga kune petiole.
• Zvisina kuenzana: kunyangwe mubatanidzwa welamina kune petiole usina kuenzana asi une chimiro chakatenderedzwa.
• Oblique: muchiitiko ichi, mubatanidzwa pakati petiole uye lamina hauna kumira muchimiro.

Zvinoenderana nekumucheto kwepepa

Iyo inozivikanwawo pasi pezita re "limbo", iyi ndiyo inopa chimiro chinogona kuonekwa kubva pamashizha emashizha, nenzira iyi, rimwe nerimwe remashizha rakasiyana uye rinozivikanwa. Pakati pezvakawanda zvatinowana ndezvi:

• Zvose: Panguva ino, hapana poindi inoita mutsauko kune bepa, sezvo inoratidzwa zvakanaka.
• serrulated: Muchiitiko ichi, blade ine masipikisi anotaridzika akateedzana uye ari madiki muhukuru, akafanana chaizvo nemazino ekusona mapanga.
• Sawn: kuvapo kwepamusoro-soro kusinganyanyi kutaurwa kunocherechedzwa.
• Sawn Kaviri: izvi zvakafanana nesawn, zvisinei, mapeaks acho akanyanya kutaurwa uye unogona kuona kuvepo kwegomba pakati pemumwe nemumwe wavo.
• Crenate: izvi zvakafananawo nekucheka, asi munyaya iyi, pints panzvimbo yekuve nepamusoro-soro, iine wavy zvinyoro.
• Lobed kana Lobed: Chimiro chayo chiri mumalobe anotaurika zvakanaka, ine maconcavity anobuda kunze uye maconvexities anopinda mukati.
• Zvakaoma kana kuputika: muchiitiko ichi, majoini ekumucheto anopa chimiro chemutsipa uye concave maumbirwo.
• Curly: iyo concavities yainopa inoenda kunze uye iyo convexities, mune iyi kesi, inopinda mukati, zvisinei, iwo akanyanya kuderera kana kutetepa.
• Subsection: Nekuda kwekusarongeka kwainopa, inoratidzika kunge yakatsenga.
• zvinokukurwa: yakafanana newavy asi isina kurongeka muchimiro.
• Zino kana prickly: chimiro chemuganhu weshizha iri serrated, zvisinei, kuvapo kwaro kune minzwa yakawanda, iyi, kuitira kuchengetedza chirimwa kubva kumhuka dzinodya uswa.

Mashizha emiti zvichienderana nerudzi rwemuti

Mhando yemashizha ane muti ichaenderanawo nemamiriro ekunze ayo anowanikwa, nzvimbo yenzvimbo iyo inowanikwa uye mamiriro emuti wacho, kureva kuti, hutano kana kwete.

Miti yacho yakakamurwa kuva mapoka makuru matatu, ayo ane mashizha anogara akasvibira, miti yokushongedza nemiti inobereka michero. Ngatidzidzei nezve kupatsanurwa kwemashizha emuti:

• Mashizha emiti yakasvibira: munyaya iyi, mashizha emiti anogona kuonekwa gore rose, muorivhi muenzaniso wakajeka wemhando iyi yemuti, sezvo idzi dzine mashizha akabatanidzwa kumatavi avo kwenguva yakareba kana mukati megore rose.
• Ornamental Tree Mashizha: Mhando iyi yemiti ine mashizha anodonha, izvi zvinoreva kuti mashizha awo aripo kune imwe nguva yenguva, iyo inosungirirwa kumatavi, inowanzogadziriswa kumamiriro ekunze. Izvi miti inodonhaVanowanzoonekwa nemavara avo, hukuru uye maumbirwo avanazvo. Mavara eizvi anoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva kusvika adonha kubva kubazi.
• Miti Yemuchero Mashizha: Kazhinji, miti iyi ine mashizha anogara akasvibira, ndiko kuti, ivo mashizha emiti kana makwenzi anorarama gore rose. Zvibereko zvayo zvinokura nguva nenguva uye pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.

Kukosha kwemashizha emiti

Mashizha emiti nezvinomera zvakazara, anozadzisa mamwe mabasa akanyanya kukosha kune hupenyu uye nepasi, ndosaka zvakakosha kuti pave nezvinomera zvakawanda sezvinobvira paNyika yedu. Uyezve, kubva pane izvi kunouya Kukosha kwemiti uye mashizha ayo epasi rose.

Ngatidzidzei zvishoma pamusoro pekuti aya mabasa akakosha ndeapi:

Kufemera

Iyi inzira yakada kufanana neiyo yekuputira. Transpiration chikamu chekutenderera kwemvura kwechisikigo uye kunosanganisira kurasikirwa kwemhute yemvura kuburikidza nenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzechirimwa, kunyanya kuburikidza nemashizha, kunyangwe iyi nzira inogona zvakare kuitwa kuburikidza nematanda.

Zvisinei, zvizhinji zvekufambisa kunoitika kuburikidza ne stomata yemiti. Kana chimiro ichi chikavhurwa nekuvharwa, chinoburitsa mutengo wesimba unobatanidzwa nekurasikirwa uku kwemhepo.

Izvi zvinobvumira kupararira kwecarbon dioxide kuti kuitwe, izvo zvakakosha kuita photosynthetic process kubva kumhepo kuenda kunzvimbo yemukati yeshizha, kubuda kweokisijeni iri mukati meshizha kuenda kunze uye kunguva, kurasikirwa kwemhute yemvura.

Mukati mekufema, kutonhora kwemuti kunoitwawo, nenzira iyi, kuyerera kwepasina yezvose zvicherwa zvinovaka muviri uye mvura zvinobvumirwa kubva pamudzi wechirimwa kusvika kumashizha.

Uku kubuda kwemvura yakawanda kubva kumidzi kuenda kushizha kunokonzerwa nekudonha kwehydrostatic pressure inowanikwa munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzechirimwa zvichikonzerwa nekuwedzerwa kwemvura inobva mustomata ichienda kunharaunda.

Mvura iyi inotorwa kubva muvhu nemidzi, nekuda kwemaitiro anonzi osmosis, chero mineral inonyungudika mumvura iyi inotakurwa ichiendeswa kumashizha kuburikidza nexylem yechirimwa.

Photosynthesis

Imwe yemaitiro akakosha emiti uye yezvirimwa zvese, kuburikidza nazvo organic matter inoshandurwa kuita makomboni, zvakare organic, nekuda kwechiedza simba (solar simba). Kuburikidza nemaitiro aya, simba rechiedza rinoshandurwa kuita simba remakemikari rakagadzikana, uye adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ndiyo molecule yekutanga inochengetwa simba remakemikari.

Izvi zvisati zvaitika, ATP inoshandiswa mukati mesero, kuitira kuti kuumbwa kwemamorekuru ayo ari organic uye akanyatsogadzikana anogona kuitwa, yakadai ndiyo nyaya yemakhahydrates.

Macytoplasmic organelles ane basa rekuita photosynthesis maitiro ma chloroplasts, aya ma polymorphous akasvibira zvimiro (ruvara nekuda kwechirimwa chlorophyll) anowanikwa mukati memasero ezvirimwa.

Mukati meiyi organelles, mune kamuri umo stoma inowanikwa, iyi inotarisira kuchengetedza zvimwe zvikamu, pakati peizvi tinogona kuwana ma enzymes, ayo anotarisira kushandura carbon dioxide kuita organic matter, mukuwedzera, kune zvakare. masaga akatsetseka anozivikanwa se thylakoids kana lamellae, ane membrane umo photosynthetic pigments inogona kuwanikwa.

Kazhinji, sero reshizha rega rega rinogona kunge riine pakati pe50 ne70 chloroplasts. Izvo zvipenyu zvinogona kuita maitiro e photosynthesis anozivikanwa se photoautotrophs, ayo ane basa rekugadzirisa CO._2.

Parizvino, kusiyanisa kunogona kuitwa kwemhando mbiri dzephotosynthetic process, dzinoti: oxygenic photosynthesis uye anoxygenic photosynthesis. Yokutanga yazvo inogona kuonekwa mumiti yakakwirira yakadai sealgae uye cyanobacteria, uko, uyo anopa maerekitironi imvura, saka, kusunungurwa kweokisijeni kunoitwa uye nokudaro kunotanga oxygen kutenderera.

Chechipiri, anoxygenic kana bacterial photosynthesis, inoitwa nepepuru uye girinhi sarufa mabhakitiriya, umo, anopa maerekitironi hydrogen sulfide, semugumisiro wekuti, kemikari chinhu chichasunungurwa panzvimbo yekuve oxygen. sarufa, iyo inogona kunge iri mukati mebhakitiriya, kana inogonawo kudzingwa nemvura.

Iyo kemikari equation inoshandiswa paphotosynthesis inowanzova inotevera:

2nCO₂ + 2n HD₂ + mapikicha → 2(CH₂O)_n + 2nA

Carbon dioxide + electron donor + chiedza simba → carbohydrate + oxidized elekitironi donor.