Wanga uchiziva here kuti GPS inoumbwa nemasatelliti makumi maviri nemana? Munyaya ino tichakuratidza nhoroondo yeGPS, pamwe nekushanduka kwayo kubva pakusikwa kwayo kusvika nhasi.
GPS nhoroondo
Iyo GPS, Global Positioning System, ine zita rekutanga Navstar GPS: Inzira inotsvaga kuona nzvimbo iri paNyika yechero munhu kana mota chaizvo.
Iyi sisitimu yakagadzirwa neUnited States Department of Defense. Parizvino ndeyeUnited States Space Force. Kuti uwane chinzvimbo chaunoda, mufambisi wengarava anoshandisa kushandiswa kwemasetelliti mana kana anopfuura, pamwe nekuita trilateration.
Kuti ishande, GPS inoda angangoita makumi maviri nemana masatelliti anenge aripo painotenderera pamusoro pePasi, pahupamhi hwemakiromita makumi maviri nemana. Inoparadzira mitendererero yayo nenzira yokuti inokwanisa kuva nemasatelliti mana akaonekwa mupasi rose.
Pakazosvika ma1960s, iyo OMEGA sisitimu, inozivikanwa seTerrestrial Navigation System, zvichibva pazviratidzo zvakapihwa nezviteshi zvishoma zvepasi, yakakwanisa kutora nzvimbo yekutanga muredhiyo yenyika. Zvisinei, sezvo masisitimu aya airatidza zvimwe zvirambidzo, vakaona kudikanwa kwekutsvaga mhinduro huru mukufambisa yaive yakarurama, nokudaro kutanga nhoroondo yeGPS.
Mauto eUnited States akashandisa kufambira mberi uku munhoroondo yeGPS, achishandisa masatelliti aibvumira kuti ione nzvimbo chaidzo uye nenguva.
Hurongwa hwakashandiswa hwaifanira kuzadzisa zvimwe zvinhu zvaifanira kuitwa. Iva nepasi rose; muchiitiko ichi pasi rose raifanira kukomberedzwa zvakazara, kutsungirira uye basa rake raifanira kuramba richienderera mberi, pasina kuvhiringidzwa kana kuganhurirwa nemamiriro emuchadenga. Pamwe chete nekuva nesimba kuti uzvibvumire kuve nemazvo.
Muna 1964 imwe nzira itsva inonzi Transit yakanga iri mumabasa, uye muna 1967 yakashandiswa nemauto kuti ishandiswe mukutengeserana.
Iyi sisitimu yakagadzirwa nemasatelliti matanhatu epasi polar orbit, ine 1074 km yehurefu. Vakabvumira kuvharwa kwepasi rose kuwanikwa, asi kwete kuramba. Kugona kwayo kwenzvimbo kwaisagara nguva dzose, kuwana masatelliti kwaipiwa anenge maawa maviri oga oga. Kuti iverenge kuti yakamira sei, yaifanira kuongororwa maminitsi gumi nemashanu ega ega kuti isarasikirwe nepakati payo.
Hondo yeUS Navy, muna 1967, yakafambira mberi nesetiraiti yainzi Timation, yakaratidza mukana wakatsiga wekuisa wachi chaidzo muchadenga izvo zvaizopa data rinoenderana, mafambiro akafamba neGPS.
Muna 1973 zvirongwa zvakashanda neUnited States Navy neAir Force zvakabatanidzwa uye inonzi Navigation Technology Program yakasunungurwa, zvinoreva Navigation Technology Program.
Kubva 1978 kusvika 1985 vakafumura uye vaive nesere Navstar kuyedza satellite. Mushure mezvo, zvizvarwa zvitsva zvakaonekwa, kusvika zvasvika kuboka renyeredzi iro parizvino rinozivikanwa sesimba rekutanga rekushanda, zita rakapihwa muna Zvita 1993, riine huwandu uye hunobatsira panosvika gore ra1995.
Muna 2009, United States yakagadzira sevhisi yakabvumira kumisa chinzvimbo uye kubatsira ICAO, iyo isina kuramba kubvuma kupihwa. Saka zvishoma nezvishoma nhoroondo yeGPS yakaumbwa.
Hunhu uye mafomu akagadzirwa munhoroondo yeGPS
- Iyo ine 24 nyeredzi dzenyeredzi dzinomiririra pakati pe 4 ne 6 orbits.
- Iyo ine urefu hwe20200 km.
- Nguva yaro iri pakati pe12 sidereal maawa.
- Iine kurerekera kunosvika 55 °.
- Inopa hupenyu hwakanaka hwemakore masere.
- Kufukidzwa kwayo kuri pasi rose.
- Nzvimbo yevashandisi haina miganhu.
- Mukati meiyo coordination system inoshanda ne8000.
chiratidzo munhoroondo yeGPS
Mukati menhoroondo yeGPS tinoona kuti inoramba ichitumira meseji yekufambisa paanenge makumi mashanu mabhiti pasekondi mune yayo 50 MHz microwave yekutamisa chimiro. Yeredhiyo yeFM inotumirwa pakati pe1600 ne86 MHz uye yewi-fi inoshanda neinosvika mazana mashanu 109 MHz uye 5000 MHz, pachayo masatellite akazara anotumira 2500 MHz yechiratidzo cheL1600 uye 1 yechiratidzo cheL1228.
Ichi chiratidzo cheGPS chinopa nguva, nguva inoenderana nesvondo rega rega, uchishandisa wachi yeatomu iri mukati mesatellite, inoratidzawo nhamba yevhiki yega yega, uye inogadzira chirevo chinokubvumira kuti uone kana satellite ine mhosva.
Nhepfenyuro dzayo dzakareba masekonzi makumi matatu ne30 bits yedata iripo. Idzo nhamba dze data dzakatangwa nepamusoro-kumhanya pseudo-random tracking iyo inoratidza imwe neimwe satellite.
Nhepfenyuro yaro yakarongwa nguva, inotanga uye inopera panguva imwe chete, sezvinoratidzwa newachi mukati me satellite. Pakutanga, iyo inogamuchira ruzivo inoziviswa nezvehukama huripo pakati peiyo satellite wachi uye nguva inoratidzwa neGPS, uye panguva yechipiri, inotumira iyo ruzivo kune inotumira iyo chaiyo orbit yesatellite.
gps system yekushanduka nzira
- Chiratidzo chitsva chekushandiswa kweveruzhinji chinowedzerwa paL1.
- Saizvozvo, chiratidzo chitsva chevagari chinowedzerwa kuL5 neinoda kusvika 1177 MHz.
- Pamusoro pezvo, chimiro chekutarisira chinotangwa kune zviratidzo zvitsva zveSecurity yeHupenyu masevhisi.
- Inopa zviri nani kugovera chiratidzo.
- Inovandudza simba rechiratidzo.
- Kuwedzera kunoitwa mumabhokisi ekutarisa, anokwira kusvika ku12.
- Svika hukama neGalileo's L1 inoenderera.
- Sangana nemitsetse yevatengi, vangave vemauto kana vevanhu mukushandisa gps.
- Inosarudza gps III zvikumbiro maererano nemafomu ekushanda.
- Inofambisa mvumo inodiwa mune ramangwana shanduko kuitira kugutsa zvikumbiro izvo vashandisi vari kuda kuita kusvika 2030.
Iyi sisitimu yakawana kufambira mberi kukuru kwakabvumira kushingaira kumisikidza nzvimbo muchikamu che data, iyo inobvumira mutengi kunyatsoona mafambiro eiyo inozivikanwa inozivikanwa Mobile Mapping.
Neiyi nzira, 3D cartography inoshandiswa, kuburikidza ne scanner ine laser, zviyero zvemakamera, sensors, gnss masisitimu anogadzirwa, anobvumira kuziva nemazvo, kubatwa ruoko neayo matatu matekinoroji enzvimbo: IMU, GNSS uye Odometer, uyo. vanowana chiratidzo chechiratidzo, kunyangwe munzvimbo idzo dzisina kunaka.
gps inoshanda sei
Nhoroondo yeGPS yakaratidza kufambira mberi kukuru, mukati mavo mabasa avo akagadziridzwa, pakati pavo zvakakodzera kujekesa:
- Mukati memabasa ayo, GPS inotara patani inonzi ephemeris, ndosaka mumwe nemumwe achitumira ega ega, umo hupenyu hwesetiraiti hunosimbiswa. kuti iri sei muchadenga, nguva yayo, zvirimo zvedoppler, pakati pezvimwe.
- Iwo ma satellites akaparadzana anoratidza kuti uyo anotarisira kugamuchira ruzivo anowanikwa mune imwe nzvimbo iri pamusoro penzvimbo, kuchamhembe kwayo ndiyo satellite imwe chete uye redhiyo yayo ndiyo nhambwe chaiyo kune anogamuchira.
- Kana iyo ruzivo rwakaburitswa neaviri emasatelliti rwagamuchirwa, contour inogona kugadzwa inova mhedzisiro yezvikamu zviviri mune imwe nzvimbo chaiyo, mune iyo inogamuchira.
- Kana iyo ruzivo kubva kunhamba yetatu yesatelliti yakagamuchirwa, kukanganisa kunodzivirira wachi kubva kune imwe neimwe uye vanobatsirwa neGPS vanonyangarika, vachiwana chaiyo 3D chinzvimbo.
Kana iwe uchida kuzvipfumisa neimwe imwe nyaya yetekinoroji, ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti uteedzere chinongedzo Satellite Technology
Kuvimbika kweruzivo rwunoburitswa ne gps
Sezvo GPS iine mutsara wemauto, muUnited States, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rinochengeta mukana wekutora diki chero nguva, iyo inogona kugadziridzwa pakati pe15 ne100 m. Nekudaro, parizvino chikanganiso ichi chinofambiswa hachishandiswe, iyo chaiyo uye chaiyo ruzivo inotumirwa neGPS ine hukama nenhamba yemasatelliti anogona kucherechedzwa panguva yakatarwa.
Kana ruzivo rwakagamuchirwa rwuri pakati pechinomwe nepfumbamwe satellite uye zvisingaenderani, zviyero zvadzo zviri pazasi, zvinogona kunge zviri pakati pe2 metres mu95% yenguva, kana zvinopesana neiyo GDPS system inoshandiswa, iko kuyera kwechiyero chayo kwakawanda. zviri nani, sezvo inomiririra 97% yemamiriro ezvinhu.
Kuvimbika kweiyo data inopiwa ne gps kunoenderana nechimiro chayo chinzvimbo, kunyatso uye kuyera nzvimbo yevanogamuchira.
Sezvatinoona, kune kufambira mberi kwakawanda kunoitika munhoroondo yeGPS.
Kwakabva gps kukanganisa munhoroondo yako
Ruzivo rwunoyerwa neGPS panguva ino, nzvimbo yesatellite uye kunonoka kwechiratidzo chinogamuchirwa. Kururama kwaro kunokonzerwa nekururama kwechinzvimbo uye kunonoka kwechiratidzo.
Pakuona kunonoka, munhu anotarisira kugamuchira ruzivo anorondedzera zvimedu zvinoverengeka zvinotumirwa nesatellite nekududzira kwake. Kana iwo mazwi eiyo akateedzana aine hukama, zvikamu zvemagetsi zvinogadzira kusaenzana kwe1% munguva shoma; saka masaini anoburitswa neGPS anowedzera nekumhanya kwechiedza, izvo zvinogadzira kukanganisa kwemamita matatu, inoonekwa sechikanganiso chidiki kwazvo kana chiratidzo cheGPS chinoshandiswa.
Kururama kunogona kuvandudzwa nekushandisa chiratidzo cheP (Y), chinoratidza mhedzisiro yakafanana, iyo inomiririra 1% yenguva, iyo P (Y) chiratidzo, mukuita kwepamusoro, inoratidza mhedziso yakarurama yeanenge 30 centimita.
Kururama kwezviyero zvegps zvinokonzerwa nezvikanganiso zvinomuka kubva kumagetsi. Idzi nzira dzekuyera dzinogona kuvandudzwa nekushandiswa kwesoftware uye nzira dzinoshandiswa munguva chaiyo.
Kana iwe uchida kuziva nezve shanduko yeGPS, ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti utarise zvinotevera audiovisual content.
Mukati memuganhu wekukanganisa munhoroondo yeGPS, tinogona kufunga nezve:
- Kunonoka mukuburitswa kwechiratidzo muionosphere uye troposphere.
- Zviratidzo zvinogoverwa panguva imwe chete muzvivako nemakomo uye zvinodzorerwa.
- Mhosho mumigwagwa, uko ruzivo rwezvimwe chete haruna kunyatsojeka.
- Huwandu hwemasatelliti anoonekwa.
- Kusaenzana munzvimbo yema satellites anogona kutariswa.
- Zvikanganiso mumukati gps wachi.
Zvinhu zvinopindira mukukanganisa kwedata rakaburitswa.
Zvinhu zvakabatanidzwa mukukanganisa kwakaitika munhoroondo yeGPS zvine hukama ne:
Zvakasarudzika satellite kukanganisa munhoroondo yeGPS
- Mhosho mumigwagwa: Zvinhu zvakakwana zvinodiwa kuti utyaire nzira, sezvo setiraiti isina mutsara wakananga kuKleperian orbit, inova ndiyo inonzi yakajairika, izvi zvine mhedzisiro yekuti maitiro anovhiringwa nekuda kwekushaikwa kweruzivo rwe. simba rinopesvedzera setiraiti imwe neimwe.
- Mhosho muwachi yemukati: Izvo zvine chekuita nekushandurwa munguva yewachi dzemukati izvo zvinokonzerwa nekurasikirwa kwemaoscillator uye izvo zvinokonzerwa nekufamba kwehukama mhedzisiro, izvo zvinounza semhedzisiro musiyano mukuru pakati pe nguva inotangwa uye satellite.
- Position kukanganisa: Iko kushaikwa kwechengetedzo kunobva panzvimbo sefungidziro kubva mukushaikwa kwechokwadi chenzvimbo uye masatellite akasarudzwa.
Zvikanganiso mumafomu ekutumira munhoroondo yeGPS
- Mhosho mukusimbisa ionospheric: Iyo ine hukama neiyo GPS frequency, iko kukanganisa mukusimbisa kwayo kunooneka kubva pa50 metres kusvika 1 mita, iyo ionospheric simba inotsamira pane yakajairika uye fungidziro mhedzisiro yechiyero chimwe nechimwe chinoitwa.
- Mhosho mukusimbisa kwetropospheric: Mhosho idzi dzinomaka muganho uri pakati pe2 ne25 metres, izvi zvinopatsanurwa kubva kune yakajairika kuyerwa. Zvisinei, kukanganisa uku kunogona kugadziriswa uchishandisa mamwe tropospheric modhi.
- Multipath: Iyi nzira inobvumira chiratidzo kuti chisvike uchishandisa maviri akasiyana masosi, kunyangwe izvi zvichigona kukonzera kuti chiratidzo chivhiringidzwe. Kushandiswa kweMultipath kunocherechedzwa pakuyera nzvimbo, kurerutsa chimiro chayo, antenna inogona kushandiswa inoshanda nemasaini ainogamuchira kubva kwakasiyana nharaunda.
Zvikanganiso zvakanangana nekugamuchira ruzivo munhoroondo yeGPS
- Ruzha: Ruzha rwakabatana nehuwandu hweruzivo uye nguva inodiwa kuti uiwane nemazvo, izvi zvinofanirwa kuteverwa kuti uwane zviyero nemazvo.
- Antenna Information Centers: Kana chikanganiso chinozivikanwa chikawanikwa muchikamu cheiyo antenna muyero, mapoinzi akadzimwa, kana zviyero zvakwana, ma antenna anorongedzerwa kune imwe nzira kuti awane mhedzisiro yaunoda.
Kubatanidzwa kweGPS kune mbozhanhare
Parizvino, kushandiswa kweGPS mumafoni kwakawana boom yakakura, yakaunzwa mumafoni efoni, ichibatsira zvakanyanya kana zvasvika pakukumbira kero, kushandiswa kweGPS kwakapa mukana kune software nzira yemhando dzakasiyana uye mhando, pamwe nemhando dzakasiyana dzemabhizimisi dzinoda kushandiswa kwenharembozha.
Izvo zvinotipa mukana wekuziva nzvimbo idzo shamwari nemhuri dziri kuburikidza nemepu, zvinongodiwa chete kuve nepuratifomu inodiwa.
Kubatanidzwa kweGPS mumawachi
Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji nhasi kwaita kuti zvikwanise kupa nzira kune smartwatches ine GPS inosanganisirwa, inogona kushandiswa nemafoni kana isu tichinongedzera, semuenzaniso, kumawachi emitambo kana zvishongo zvisina masikirini.
Kufanana nemafoni emafoni, izvi zvinotibvumira kuziva nzvimbo yevanhu vatinoda, zvinongodiwa chete kuva nechinodiwa chekushandisa uye chikuva.
Iyo Theory yehukama uye GPS
MuGPS satellites, wachi dzinoda kuve nehukama nenzvimbo dziri pasi, saka iyo general uye yakakosha dzidziso yehukama inofanirwa kutariswa, mhedzisiro yavanopa ndeiyi: nguva, frequency shanduko uye eccentricity.
Nekune rumwe rutivi, maererano nenguva kumhanya kwesetiraiti kutenderera pakati pechikamu chimwe mugumi, kuwedzera uku kunoguma nekuita kuti wachi yesatiraiti ive muchidimbu chezvikamu zvishanu mugumi nekukurumidza.
Nezve hukama hwepakati nepakati, kutanga kubva padzidziso yehukama, nekuti inogara ichifamba uye kureba kwainomiririra, inokanganisa kumhanya kwewachi, general relativity inotaura kuti wachi iri padyo nezvainoda kuyera inononoka kupfuura imwe. izvo zviri kure, kana tikazvibatanidza zvakananga kune gps, izvo zvaunoda kuwana ruzivo zviri pedyo nepasi pane satellites.
Kushandiswa kwegps ikozvino kwave chinhu chikuru, zvose zvehukama uye basa, ndicho chikonzero zvakakosha kuziva kuti inoshanda sei kubva pamavambo ayo kuziva chiyero chayo uye kuwana zvakanyanya kubva pairi.