Ferns inozivikanwa nhasi inomiririra zvirimwa zvakashanduka kubva kuPaleozoic Era, mamiriyoni emakore apfuura. Mukati mezvipembenene, mapoka maviri anocherechedzwa, boka rine mashizha maduku zvikuru uye rimwe rine mashizha ane mashizha makuru. Iwo zvirimwa zvakaoma kuchengetedza, saka pano tinokupa mamwe matipi ekurima kwavo, kutarisirwa uye maitiro.
The ferns
Ferns muenzaniso wezvinomera zvakatanga makore anopfuura mamirioni mazana matatu apfuura, panguva yeCarboniferous nguva yePaleozoic Era. Mune iyo Geological Era, makondinendi, nekuda kwekufamba nguva dzose kwe tectonic plates, makondinendi akatanga kupatsanurwa, achifambisa chikamu chikuru chenyika kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kwepasi. Nyika dzakaenda kuchamhembe dzakapihwa zita reLaurasia uye idzo kumaodzanyemba Gondwana. Miti yeFern yakatanga munyika dzeGondwana.
Munguva iyoyo, miriwo yepasi inotenderedza nyika, pamwe nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze ari nani, senge tembiricha yepamusoro uye ruzhinji rusina chando. Izvi zvakakonzera kutaridzika kwemiti yechinyakare, uye pamwe chete navo masango ekutanga, uko mafiritsi ekutanga uye zvinokambaira uye zvipembenene zvefossil zvakakura nekukura. Makorari akange atovepo mugungwa uye shark dzekutanga dzakaonekwa.
Zviratidzo
Ferns pamwe nemimwe miriwo zvidyarwa zvine vascular, zvakabva kuPaleozoic, uye zvakatanga kukunda nharaunda yepasi, zvichigonesa yavo vascular conductive system yavanotora uye nekugovera chikafu muchirimwa chose. Mukuwedzera, nzira dzavo dzakasiyana dzekubereka zvepabonde, dzinoguma mukuonekwa kwembeu dzakadzivirirwa ne carpelar kana megasporophyllous leaf.
Izvi zvakasiyana nezvimwe zvirimwa zvevascular (zvinomera zvine zvakanaka-differentiated conductive tissues) zvinonzi Tracheophyta, nokuti hazvina mhodzi. Fern ndiyo yepakutanga Tracheophyta uye, akaiswa mumapoka (kusvika parizvino) muPteridophyita Division, anogona kuve nemashizha madiki uye nemashizha makuru, anokura mumasango ane hunyoro uye munzvimbo dzine hamvuropu yakawanda senge pasi (pasi pasi. yehuni).
Kuve zvirimwa zvisina mhodzi kana maruva, ivo vanoberekana mune zvakasikwa kuburikidza ne spores, vanogara munzvimbo dzine hunyoro hwemamiriro ekunze, mazhinji ari zvirimwa zvinomera uye mamwe marudzi emiti. Fern ane rhizome-kunge madzinde, mune herbaceous Ferns anokura akatwasuka pamusoro pevhu kana pasi pevhu.
Kusiyana nemuti ferns madzinde aya anokura akati twasu uye vamwe vanokwira. Madzinde aya anowanzo kuvharwa nemazero kanawo nemvere. Zviyero zvinogona kuva lanceolate uye orbicular muchimiro. Mvere dziri pamatanda eFern dzinogona kuva unicellular kana multicellular, dzakawanda Ferns dziri nyore, zvisinei, mamwe marudzi ane stellate kana ctenitoid bvudzi.
Mashizha eFern anonzi fronds, marudzi mazhinji ane monomorphic fronds uye kunewo mamwe marudzi ane dimorphic fronds. Iyo laminae inogona kuve yakapusa kana pinnate, kunyangwe ivo kazhinji kanoverengeka yakakamurwa nepinnate division scheme.
Iyo sorus inharaunda ye sporangia, ivo vanogadzirwa mukuwanda kwesporophytes; haploid spores inogadzirwa mukati me sporangia. Iyo sporangia ine hunyanzvi hwekuve nepeduncle inobata capsule iyo inowanzo unistratified, umo mutsetse wemasero akaumbwa nemadziro akakora anogona kuonekwa, anonzi ring, iyo yakakosha pakupararira kwespores.
Iyo sporangia zvimiro zvemahara zvakasungirirwa kune sori. Kana akawanda sporangia akabatana, anoumba sori, iyo yekupedzisira iri pamicheto kana pasi pemashizha efern paanenge akaorera, ari nyore kuona neziso rakashama. Chimiro, kuronga uye nzvimbo yesori mavara anofarira kune tsananguro yemitero yeFerns. Maumbirwo esori akasiyana-siyana: denderedzwa, akarebesa, ane mutsara, akarongwa mumitsara inofambirana kana oblique yakarongwa kumucheto kana zvisina tsarukano.
Ferns inogoverwa munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa dzepasi, dzinokura uye dzinokura muchikamu chakaderera chesango, dzichigamuchira mimvuri yemiti yakareba kwazvo uye shrub, dzinofarira hunyoro hwepamusoro. Kune mhando dzema ferns dzinokwanisa kumira kutonhora kwe -4 ° C, semhando balantium antarcticum, izvi zviitiko zvakasarudzika sezvo mazhinji anonzwira zvakanyanya kuchiedza chechando uye tembiricha yakaderera.
Morphology
Herbaceous ferns ane rhizome-like madzinde anokura pasi pevhu uye mamwe, zvisinei, ane arboreal senge genus. blechnum, dzinde rayo riri mudenga uye rinokura rakati twasa. Mashizha ayo anonzi mashizha, frond imwe neimwe ine peduncles uye blade ine mapepa akawanda uye pinnae, mune mamwe marudzi eFern frond yakazara, zvichienderana nemhando iyo frond inogona kuyera masendimita mashoma kana kuyera kudarika mita.
Kurima nekutarisira
Kana tikacherekedza maFern mudzimba, mumagadheni uye mukufamba mumakomo, hatingambofungidzire kuti zvisaririra zvakasimukira uye zvakachinjika kune akasiyana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza ayo pasirese yave kuburikidza nawo kwemakore anopfuura 500 miriyoni. Miti yakanaka kwazvo uye inopfava mukuchengetedza nekurima.Pazasi pane mamwe mazano ekuzvichengeta.
Munyika dzine mamiriro ekunze anodziya uye mwaka wakajeka, zvinokurudzirwa kurima maFern mumwaka wechirimo kana matsutso. Munyika dzine mwaka wakaoma nekunaya kwemvura, zvinokurudzirwa kurima kutanga mwaka wekunaya kwemvura. Iyo substrate yekudyara inofanirwa kunge ine porous uye yakanyatso mhepo ine loamy kana yepakati magadzirirwo. Acid medium ine yakanaka mashizha mulch kana organic zvinhu zvakapfuma mumapazi akatsemurwa nemashizha. Ndiko kuti, substrate inopindika, ine porous uye yakabhadharwa. Mycorrhizal fungi inogonawo kuwedzerwa kuti ipe mamiriro akafanana nemasikirwo.
mwando nenzvimbo
Nekuti ivo zvirimwa zvinokura muuswa muzvisikwa, zvinogadziriswa kuti zvigamuchire chiedza chidiki, kugara munzvimbo dzinodziya, dzine hunyoro hwepamusoro. Nechikonzero ichi, kana dzakura, dzinofanirwa kuiswa munzvimbo dzine mimvuri apo chiedza chezuva chinosvika padziri zvisina kunanga. Nokuda kweizvi, zvinokurudzirwa kuiisa kure nemahwindo uye kuiisa yakatarisa kuchamhembe, sezvo nenzira iyi inogamuchira zvishoma zuva.
Nokuti inokura muzvisikwa munzvimbo dzine hunyoro hwepamusoro, hunyoro hwakanaka hunofanira kupiwa mukurimwa kwayo.Nekuda kweizvi, ndiro ine matombo nemvura inogona kuiswa pasi pehari inodyarwa Fern, uye mvura inotorwa. chirimwa. Iwe unogona zvakare kuisa mapoto maviri kana kana uine mukana wekuisa humidifier.
Kana ukaisa mapoto maviri, poto yechipiri yakakura kudarika poto inodyarwa Fern. Iyi poto yechipiri inozadzwa nemoss nemvura, mukati mayo inoiswa poto iyo Fern iri. Chikamu chepamusoro chepoto hombe chakafukidzwa nevhu uye moss uye mushure memazuva mashoma chinotariswa kuti chinodiridza kana chaoma, kuvimbisa hunyoro.
Temperatura
Zvinokurudzirwa kurima maFern patembiricha inenge 20°C, kusvika pakudzika kusvika 15°C, zvichinyanya kunzwisiswa nekudzikira tembiricha. Tembiricha idzi dzinokurudzirwa kuve zvirimwa zvinobva kunzvimbo dzinopisa. Pamba zvinokurudzirwa kutsvaga nzvimbo ine hunyoro yakadai seyekugezera, nekuda kwehunyoro hunopiwa nemabhavhu uye mvura. Nzvimbo yakanaka zvakare mabharukoni nemateru ane denga mudzimba dziri padyo nemakomo munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze anopisa.
Kudiridza uye manyowa
Kuti uchengetedze uye upe mvura yekudiridza, zvinokurudzirwa kudiridza Ferns zvakananga kumunda wekudyara, zvishoma zuva rega rega uchichengeta ivhu rakanyorova, asi uchidzivirira kuizadza nemvura. Anokurudzira kudiridza chasara chirimwa kushandisa bhodhoro rekupfapfaidza uye kuparadzira mvura. Zviri nani chengetedza mvura inonaya uye shandisa zvakare semvura yekudiridza.
Saizvozvo, iwe unogona kushandisa denatured doro mhinduro kumvura, izvi zvakare kudzora kurwiswa kwechero chipembenene. Panyaya yekushandiswa kwefetereza kana kuti mafetireza, zvinonzi zvinge zvakanangana neFern, kupihwa kwayo kunogona kuitwa mushure memwedzi mitanhatu uye kamwe chete pamwedzi kana sekuratidzwa nemugadziri.
Fern zvirimwa zvinoshingirira kuzvirwere, zvisineyi hazvitizike kubatwa nezvimwe zvirwere, saka kana waenda kunochekerera, zvinokurudzirwa kuti uuraye masheya ekuchekeresa utachiona uye uchengetedze wakapinza kana uchibvisa zvikamu zvakakanganisika kana zvirwere zveFern. Kana chero chikamu cheFern chasvava, chinokurudzirwa kuti chibvise nekuchekerera chikamu chakaoma chechirimwa. Kuchekerera uku kunogona kuitwa chero nguva yegore.
Zvinokurudzirwa kudzorera miti yako yeFern apo midzi inotanga kubuda kubva muhari. Nguva yekudyara inoenderana nemhando uye kukura kwekukura. Nokuda kweizvi, kana iri muhutano hwakanaka uye yakakura yakawanda uye hari idiki, unogona kuiisa, kuitira kuti ive nevhu rakanaka uye mvura.
Fern Species
Muzvisikwa kune marudzi akasiyana eFerns, akaiswa mukati mePteridophyita Division, kunyange zvazvo iyi taxonomic classification iri kuvandudzwa. Izvi zvinomera zvevascular zvinobereka nenzira ye spores (cryptogams). Inenge 150 genera yemaferns uye inosvika zviuru makumi maviri nezvishanu zvemarudzi akatsanangurwa akatsanangurwa. Zvimwe zvacho ndezvinotevera.
swamp fern
The Swamp Fern (Acrostichum aureum), yakagoverwa munzvimbo dzine machakwi dzemahombekombe uye nelacustrine nzvimbo dzinopisa dzinopisa dzeAmerica. MuVenezuela yakaonekwa mumachakwi emahombekombe eGungwa reCaribbean. Pakati pehuwandu hukuru hweFerns inokura muzvisikwa, iyi ndeimwe yevashoma yakagadziridzwa kukura mumunyu substrate (halophyte), kunyange zvazvo inokura zvakanaka mumvura yakachena.
Iine hurefu hunosiyana pakati pe1 kusvika ku3 mamita, yakawanda kana shoma arborescent, rhizome yayo (stem) ipfupi. Hunde iyi yakafukidzwa nemidzi midiki uye yakakora, inosvika 1 mita kureba. Matanda ayo anoyera pakati pe1 kusvika ku3 kureba ne20 kusvika 40 masendimita yakafara, yakasvibira yakajeka pinnate. Iine alternate, elliptic, sessile coraceous pinnae. Kana yakaorera, sporangia inovhara zvachose pasi, haisanganisi mu sori. Inobereka nekupatsanurwa kwe rhizome yayo uye ne spores.
Maidenhair
the fern Adiantum radidianum Inonyanya kunzi Maidenhair, inobva munzvimbo dzine mumvuri kana mimvuri, kubva kumasango ane hunyoro kuchamhembe kweSouth America, inokura munzvimbo dzine tembiricha dzinopfuura 18°C. Parizvino mbesa dzakati wandei kubva kumarudzi ekutanga, anoshamisira uye anoshingirira se Adiantum radidianum "Decorum", iyo inokura muhari uye marudzi e "Goldelse" uye "Brillantelse".
Dzinde rayo irhizome inokambaira, ine mazero ebrown lanceolate. Chirimwa chine hurefu hunosvika masendimita makumi matatu kusvika makumi mana. Matanda ayo ane mativi matatu uye matatu pazasi, obva aita bipinnate uye akapinira akananga kumusoro. Kupararira kwaro kunoitwa nekupatsanurwa kwe rhizome uye ne spores.
Dendere reshiri
dendere reshiri (Asplenium nidis-avis), ine kugoverwa kwakakura kwazvo kubva kuAsia kuburikidza neOceania neAustralia, ndiyo imwe yemaFerns anorimwa zvakanyanya uye inoyemurwa nekunaka kwemashizha ayo uye kuronga kwayo pachirimwa. Matanda ayo anoyera pedyo nemita imwe yakapinzwa mugomba repakati, rinoita sedendere.
davallia
Iri genus reFern mapoka angangoita 65 marudzi anobva kunzvimbo dzinopisa dzeEurope, Africa. Iwo ma terrestrial uye epiphytic ferns ehurefu hwakaderera, mashizha awo akapatsanurwa zvakanyanya uye anoyera pakati pegumi masendimita kusvika 10 masendimita kukwira. Rhizome yaro inokambaira uye yakareba, ine dense, ciliated zviyero.
yagle fern
Eagle fern, common fern ndiwo mamwe emazita akapihwa Fern anozivikanwa neve botanist se Pteridium aquilinum, Matanda ayo anogona kuyera anenge 2 metres kureba, girini, tripinnate kana mana-pinnate. Vanokura muhari uye munzvimbo dzine mumvuri wakawanda.
Java fern
Iyo Java Fern inodaidzwa nesainzi se Microsorum pteropus. Inosvika pahupamhi hwemasendimita makumi matatu, inokura munzvimbo dzegungwa, mashizha ayo akazara, lanceolate muchimiro uye chiedza chegirini muruvara. Inotsigira tembiricha iri pakati pe35 kusvika 18°C uye pH pakati peasidhi nealkaline.
Uyu mucherechedzo mudiki weFerns, zvimwe zvezvisaririra zvatichiri kunakidzwa nazvo uye zvinorimwa zvakanyanya semiti yekushongedza zvese zvehari mukati medzimba nemagadheni emukati, pasi pemumvuri nehunyoro hwepamusoro. Munyika dzine mamiriro okunze anodziya, dzinorimwawo mumapindu epasi uye emvura edzimba nemapaki.
Kukosha kweFerns
Mubazi rehupfumi botany havaoni sechirimwa chakakosha, sezvo chisina mishonga, maindasitiri kana kushandiswa kwekudya. Zvisinei, zvinozivikanwa kuti kubvira kare yave ichishandiswa mukurapa, kunyanya kubvisa utachiona. Kunyangwe iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa kushandiswa kwayo sechirimwa chekushongedza. Ivo vanowanzoshandiswa semubatsiri kune maruva bouquets, kupa mashizha kuitira kuti maruva emusumbu aonekwe.
Ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi nekuverenga uye kudzidza nezve hunhu hunoshamisa, mune zvinotevera zvinyorwa: