Glaciers: Chii?, Hunhu uye nezvimwe

ari Mazaya echando izvo zvinotora zviuru zvemakore kuti zvibatane, uye nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, parizvino vari kuita shanduko huru. Pano iwe unowana ruzivo rwese rwaunoda kuziva nezve glaciers, chii? nezvimwe zvakawanda

Chii chinonzi glaciers?

Mazaya echando mazaya echando akasimba pasi pevhu uye ndiwo chibereko chekugara kuungana, kuungana uye kupenya kwechando, zvichisiya mucherechedzo wekufamba kwadzo munzvimbo yenzvimbo yadziri.

Iwo aripo nekuda kwekukurumidza mwero wekudonha kwechando pagore, iyo inodarika mwero wekunyunguduka mumwaka wezhizha. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei mazaya echando ari pamatanda epasi. Zvisinei, dzinogona kuitika mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzine makomo.

Mwero wekukura uye iwo chaiwo magadzirirwo avakaitwa mumakore, anozivikanwa seGlaciation. Haasi ese mazaya echando akafanana, dzimwe nguva anotora hunhu hwenzvimbo yaanomisikidzwa.

MuPasi rose, kune nzvimbo dzakakodzera dzekuumbwa kwavo uye kurongedza. Maererano nechimiro chavo, pachava neminda yechando, mipata, niches, pakati pevamwe. Ivo zvakare vanotevedzera, zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze aripo munzvimbo iyi. Nekudaro, ivo vanozove polar, tropical, temperate, hot-based, poly-thermal kana kutonhora-kwakavakirwa.

Mamirioni amakore apfuura chikamu chimwe muzvina chepasi chakafukidzwa nemazaya echando. Parizvino, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvemamiriro ekunze, nhamba iyoyo yakaderera ne20%. Kunyangwe zvidzidzo zvesainzi zvichiratidza kuti kudzikira uku kuri pamusoro payo kunokonzerwa nemaitiro echisikigo cheaizi block.

Nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mvura yakachena pasi rose dziri kuunganidzwa mumazaya echando. Iyo yakanyanya kuwanda kweiyo glacier surface inogoverwa munzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba hemisphere uye Island of Greenland mu America kondinendi, ine nzvimbo inopfuura nyore nyore mamirioni gumi masikweya kiromita.

Zviratidzo

• Vanoumba chegumi chevhu.
• Dzinogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dziri pedyo nemakomo.
• Iwo chikamu chezvasara zveIce Age.
• Kwakabva chando chayo kunobva kumaodzanyemba hemisphere uye chitsuwa cheGreenland.
• Iwo akakosha zvikuru, pakurarama kwerudzi rwevanhu, maruva nemhuka.
• Ndivo vanoumba mugove mukuru wemvura yakachena paNyika.
• Kubatana kwechikamu chehuremu hwayo, kunopa makomo echando.
• Iwo akaiswa mumapoka maererano nenzvimbo yaanogara uye anogona kunge ane mwero, polar uye subpolar.

Ndezvipi zvikamu zve glacier?

Zvinonyanya kukosha kuziva kuti ndezvipi zvikamu zviri chikamu chechimiro chechando chechando. Pamberi peimwe yeaya maumbirwo akanaka echisikigo, zvakanaka kuti vave nemidziyo inodiwa yekuzivikanwa kwavo.

Pazasi pane zvikamu zvakasiyana zvemazaya echando.

Glacier circus

Iyo inozivikanwa se glacial cirque, nzvimbo ine matombo iri muchimiro chebheseni uye ine semicircle chimiro. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuondomoka kwevhu zvachose munzvimbo dzakaunganidzwa uye dzeabrasion yechando chechando.

Mazoni aya anoenderana nenzvimbo dzinoungana chando muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwainonyungudika, kana iri kuunganidza. Kusiyana neizvi, nzvimbo yeabrasion ndiyo inokurumidza kunyungudika chando ichipfuura kumhanya kwainounganidza.

Rurimi rwekujeka

Iwo maaizi makuru echando anoburuka kubva mumakomo nekuda kwekuita kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi. Uku kudzika kwakadzika kunoita kuti matombo makuru adhonzwe kubva mujinga memakomo munzira yawo.

Kufamba kwedombo uku kunotsanangura zvimiro zviri mujinga memateru, anonzi moraines. Kuti havasi chimwe chinhu, kuti maketani echando zvinhu pasina compacting.

Nharaunda yekubvisa

Iyo ablation zone ndiyo nzvimbo inopfekwa chando nechando. Uku kurasikirwa kwakakosha kwehuwandu kunokonzerwa nekunyunguduka kweaizi kana shanduko kubva pakasimba kuenda kune gasi, ndiko kuti, nekuda kwekunyungudika kwechando.

Maitiro ese aya anounza mupiro wehuwandu hwemvura kunzizi dziripo, madziva nemakungwa.

moraine

Sezvo mazaya echando anofamba, mazaya echando anokonzera kukukurwa munzira yawo. Zvisaririra zvezvinhu zvakabviswa zvinosangana nechando uye zvinotakurwa nechando.

Kune marudzi mana emoraines uye imwe neimwe yadzo inotaurwa pazasi.

• Ramangwana: vanogona kuwanikwa pamagumo endimi dzeglacial, dzinokonzerwa nekusangana kwechando nemicheto yemadziro mukutama kwayo.
• Central: Icho chibereko chekubatanidzwa kweaviri lateral moraines, iyo inoputika kubva kune dzakasiyana ndimi dzechando.
• Background: mabviro ayo imhaka yekuvharirwa kwesediments kubva pasi pe glacier.
• Terminal: Ndivo tsvina inogadzirwa nekufambira mberi kwechando chechando. Inowanikwa muchikamu chekupedzisira chechando, panguva iyo tambo inotanga kunyunguduka uye kurasikirwa kunoitika nekuda kweiyo evaporation process.

Kuumbwa kwemazaya echando

Mazaya echando anoumbwa munzvimbo idzodzo dzePasi, dzine kuunganidzwa kwechando pakati pemwaka wechando uye imwe, iri pamusoro pemaitiro ekubatanidza, evaporation uye sublimation, izvo zvakafanana nekutaura shanduko kubva kune yakasimba kuenda kune gaseous state.

Izvi zvine nhevedzano yematanho anofanira kuzadzikiswa, mazaya echando asati abatanidzwa. Matanho aya ndeaya:

• Kuchengetera sinou.
• compaction
• kugadzirwa kwechando chechando

Glaciers igadziriro yakaoma yezviitiko uye seyese system, inoda chiyero. Iyo glacier balance ndiyo mutsauko unoitika pakati pekuwana uye kurasikirwa kweiyo glacier mass.

Iyo yese nzira yekubatanidzwa kweiyo glaciers inogona kufananidzwa nekuverenga kwezvirevo zveakaunti, yezviyero zvehupfumi hwemunhu. Ndiko kuti, kana chiyero chisina kunaka, nzvimbo yepamusoro inorasika mu glacier uye kana nzvimbo yacho inowedzera, zvino zvinonzi kune chiyero chakanaka.

Kune rumwe rutivi, mazaya echando anofanira kuwana nzvimbo yekuenzanisa kuti adzikamise huremu hwavo. Apo, nekuda kwekuunganidza kwechando, glacier inowedzera kuwanda, inozivikanwa sekuunganidza, pane zvinopesana, kana ikarasikirwa nayo, inonzi ablation.

Kune nzira dzakasiyana idzo glacier inosvika pakuunganidzwa kwezvimwe, pakati padzo tinogona kutaura:

• Kutonhora kwemvura.
• Chiito chemhepo, pakutakura chando.
• Snowfall, zvakananga pamusoro glacier.
• Chando.
• Mafungu anotakura sinou nechando.

kugadzirwa kwechando chechando

Mazaya echando anoitika munzvimbo dzine mwero wekuunganidzwa kwechando unopfuura kunyorova kwechando. Kugadzira kuti zvidimbu zvezasi zvakabatanidzwa nemigumisiro yehuremu hunoitwa nepamusoro pezvikamu.

Kuti kuungana kwechando munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzechando kunogona kuburitsa aizi kunonyanya kukonzerwa nemaitiro ekugadzirisa uye shanduko. Aya maitiro anokanganisa nehuwandu hwekupisa uye hunyoro hunyoro hwenzvimbo yekugadzira.

Munharaunda dzekumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, uko nekuda kwezvikonzero zvemamiriro ekunze nzira yekubatanidza inononoka, danho reagglutination rinoitika zvishoma nezvishoma. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kuumbwa kwechando chechando kunogona kutora mazana emakore.

Makristasi echando ari pasi pekumanikidzwa kukuru, masimba aya anoburitsa shanduko huru zvekuti anokonzera shanduko mukufamba kweaza akakura.

Zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze enzvimbo, uko kune glaciers, zvinokanganisa kuwedzera kweimwe neimwe yadzo. Uye zvese, nekuda kwechiyero chinoitika pakati pezvinhu zvakaunganidzwa pamusoro pemazaya echando uye huwandu hunonyungudika.

Glacial ice kuumbwa munzvimbo dzeterra firma, kuwedzera kwezvinhu kunoitika pamusoro peiyo glacial mass. Zvisinei, hupfumi hwakadaro huri kuvonga pakusikwa kwechando.

Mazaya echando ndiwo chibereko chekushandurwa kwemhute yemvura, kusvikira ivo varipo munzvimbo yakasimba. Uye chiitiko ichi ndechekuti ndiani anoita mupiro wezvinhu kune glaciers uye kwete kunaya kwechando.

Glacier classification

Maglaciers anogona kuiswa nenzira dzakati wandei, asi akajairika ndeaya: zvinoenderana nekupisa kwavo uye chitarisiko chavo kana chimiro chekunze. Zvadaro, imwe neimwe yadzo inotaurwa.

maererano netembiricha

Pakati pemhando dzechando dziripo mune glacier, iyo yakatsamwa inosiyaniswa, inosiyaniswa kubva kune mamwe marudzi echando, sezvo iri pakupisa kwemazinga, umo mamwe anganyungudika. Kune zvakare chikamu cheaizi, iyo tembiricha iri pazasi pedhigirii rekusanganiswa.

Iwo ma subcategories e glaciers, zvinoenderana nekupisa, anotsanangurwa pazasi:

temperate glacier

Mazaya echando anodzikama anosiyaniswa kubva kune mamwe, sezvo ari munzvimbo dzepakati uye dzakaderera. Mukuwedzera, kutonhora kwehuwandu hwayo hwose huri pedyo zvikuru nekunyunguduka kwekushisa.

subpolar glacier

Ndiwo iwo mazaya echando, ayo ari mukati mehuremu hwawo anochengetedza tembiricha ari pedyo nekunyunguduka, asi munzvimbo dzekunze anoramba aine tembiricha yakaderera.

polar glacier

Ivo vari mukati mechikamu ichi, iwo mazaya echando, ane tembiricha iri pasi penzvimbo yekunyungudika. Kudzvinyirirwa kwepamusoro kwavanoiswa, kubva pasi uye pamusoro. Inokurudzira kuti mvura igare yakaomeswa nechando.

Ita chinotevera chekufungidzira chiitiko: vhara maziso ako uye fungidzira kuti uri pagomo refu kwazvo uye kutonhora hakutsungiririki. Vanokupa kapu yekapu ine chokoreti iri kufashaira, usatya kutora sips yakakura, sezvo pakakwirira zvinwiwa zvinosvika painofashaira isingasviki 100 ° C.

Iyi kupatsanurwa kwakambotsanangurwa ndeyekureva. Sezvo aya maumbirwo echisikigo achiumba masisitimu akaomarara uye anogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe. Izvo zvakare zvinokonzerwa nekushisa uye urefu.

Maererano nechimiro chekunze

Chimwe nechimwe chezvivakwa zveaizi chine zvacho. Hapana akafanana nemumwe, kana muhukuru, ruvara uye chimiro. Inonyanya kushandiswa classification ndeiyi inotevera:

alpine glacier

Muchikamu ichi pane madiki echando, ari mumipata ye Moutains. Nechikonzero ichi, ivo vanozivikanwawo semipata kana alpine glaciers.

Vane avhareji yekuunganidza sinou, yakakwira zvakanyanya uye kufamba kwayo kusingasviki 70 metres pamwedzi.

ice cap

Ivo vanoratidzwa nekuvapo kwehombe stratifications echando, iyo inogona kuvhara makomo. Huremu hweaizi hofori dzakaderera pane dzinowanikwa mumakomo echando ekondinendi.

mafashama echando

Rudzi urwu rwemazaya echando runodyiswa nechando nendimi dzechando. Vanogona kunge vari muchikamu chezasi chemipata, kure nehombe huru dzechando.

Vane chikwereti chechimiro chavo kune mafambiro anogadzirwa mumakepisi, kubva kumakomo marefu akananga kugungwa.

Continental cap

Pamazaya echando ose, aya ndiwo makurusa. Vanogona kuzviziva zviri nyore, nekuti inzvimbo dzakakura dzeaizi, iyo inoshandurwa nenharaunda yakapoteredza.

Dzimwe nzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere uye chitsuwa cheGreenland ndidzo chete nzvimbo dzine mazaya echando ekondinendi. Kuva madziva makuru emvura yakachena.

Plateau

The Placier glacier, ine nzvimbo diki, yakafanana necap. Vanogona kuwanikwa mune mamwe makomo makuru uye mumapani. Iwo hunhu hwenzvimbo dzeIceland uye muArctic Ocean.

piedmont

Piedemonte glaciers inoratidzirwa nokuti inogara panzvimbo yakaderera pasi. Hwaro hwadzo hwakapamhama, uye ivo chibereko chekusangana kweairi glaciers maviri.

Iyo hombe yepiedmont glacier iri muAlaska uye inenge 5.000 km².

outlet glacier  

Irwo rudzi rwemazaya echando ane basa rekuenzanisa hwaro hwematombo, pamubhedha wechando. Kuyerera kwemhomho idzi kwakada kufanana nemafungu enzizi, dzinofamba nzendo refu dzichimhanya zvakanyanya. Kugadzira shanduko huru munzvimbo dzavanofamba nadzo.

hydrological resources

Nekuti mazaya echando anoumbwa nehombe dzemvura yakaomeswa nechando, anosanganisirwa sechikamu che hydrological cycle kana kutenderera kwemvura. Ndiko kusaka zvichinzi madhamu emvura, anobva kunaya.

Mune aya mazaya echando, anopfuura makumi manomwe kubva muzana emvura inochengeterwa mvura yepasi inowanikwa. Mabviro emvura kubva mumakomo echando anobva kune maviri, anoti:

• Chigadzirwa chekunyungudusa chando nechando.
• Kutenda nekunaya kwemvura.

Chimiro chemukati chemvura yakaoma yekukurukurirana system yechando chakaoma. Iine filtration kana percolation midziyo, mapako, fissures uye corridors iyo mvura inotenderera.

Chitubu chemvura chine deposits mukati me glacial mass. Kuve nezvimiro izvi kunoita kuti zvikwanise kuti iwe ugare uine yako yekuchengetera uye kwete kutsamira pakuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuti uzvipe iwe pachako.

Zvigadzirwa zve glacier zvinobva:

• Snow.
• Firn, inova chinhu chepakati pakati pechando nechando, chakasara kubva kune dzimwe mwaka.
• Fissures kana crevasse.
• Lagoons.

Iyo yemukati hydrological kutenderera kwemaglaciers inowanzoitwa mumwaka wechirimo, kana chiitiko chezuva chakanyanya uye kurasikirwa kukuru kwemvura kunoitika.

Kana iri mazaya echando ari pakati nepakati, kurasikirwa kwemvura kunobva pakunyunguduka uye izvo zvinozosefa kusvika yasvika pafirn. Kutsinhana kwemvura uku pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvechando hachienderere mberi nerwendo rwayo nokuti zvikamu zvekupedzisira hazvipindiri.

glacial erosion

Rudzi urwu rwemaumbirwo echisikigo runogonawo kukonzera kukukurwa munzvimbo yavanenge vari. Matombo uye marara zvinosanganiswa mumakomo echando, zvichibva mukukweshana uye kutsvedza kwematombo ane matombo uye zvimwe zvakanyungudutswa.

Boot

Sezvo glacier inobuda, kuburikidza nedombo rakatsemuka, chikamu chemidziyo inowanikwa munzira yayo inobatanidzwa muvharo yechando.

Kukukurwa kwenyika, kunoitika kana chigadzirwa chemvura chekunyunguduka, chinotsvedza pakati pemapazi ematombo uye kudzoreredzwa kwemvura kunoitika.

Sezvo mvura inotonhora, matombo ari pedyo nechando anowedzera uye anotsemuka. Kuumba chikamu chehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemazaya echando.

Abrasion

Kukukurwa neabrasion kunoitika nekuda kwekutsvedza kwematombo ane matombo, ayo paanopfuura anoumba mativi uye anoungana pazasi pe glacier.

Mhedzisiro paruyamuro mushure mekutambura nekukukurwa kwevhu, mamwe mavanga ari pamatombo, anonzi glacial striae. Mitsetse iyi inokonzerwa nekupinza kwematombo asina kusimba panguva yekukukurwa kwevhu.

kukukurwa kwevhu

Iko kumhanya kunoitika kuenzanisira kweiyo glacier, nekuda kwekukukurwa, zvinoenderana nezvimwe zvinhu zvakataurwa pazasi:

• Glacier displacement speed.
• Ice density.
• Dhigirii yekuoma kwedombo, iro rinobviswa nechando chechando.
• Erosivity yevanoshanda vamiririri vechando chechando.

Kugadziridzwa kwekuyamura

Pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokanganisa shanduko yekuyamura uye nzvimbo. Aya ekugadzirisa maajenti anobva kumvura, mhepo uye mune mamwe mamiriro echando chechando chinogona kuita.

glacial valleys

Mipata ye glacial isina maitiro ekuenzanisira kwema glaciation, angave ane inverted triangle shape, saka hunhu hunobva mukukukurwa kwemvura.

Asi nekuda kwekuti panguva yechando mipata ine makomo yakawedzera kukura uye chikamu chewakatwasuka chakave nekurasikirwa kukuru kwezvinhu zvine matombo, vakatora chimiro chebhiza, iro rava kuzivikanwa naro nhasi.

Kubva pane iyi nzira yese yekushandura inomuka iyo mipata yakaturikwa, zvinova zvimiro zvinobuda, kana mazaya echando atanga kubuda kana kudzoreredza protocol.

Kutsemuka kwakagadzirwa nemhedzisiro yedetachment uye abrasion inotsiviwa nezvinhu kubva kumadziva ePaternoster, anozvarwa kubva kune terminal moraines.

Muchikamu chepamusoro chemazaya echando, pane zvimiro zvinonzi glacial cirques. Masekisi acho akaita segaba rine cylindrical, rine madziro akati tarisei.

Iyo glacial cirques inzvimbo yakanaka kune yese ice inogadzirwa kuti ipedze kuungana. Pakutanga vanogona kuonekwa sevasina kurongeka pamativi egomo. Asi gare gare, kuwanda kwayo kunowedzera nekugadziriswa kwechando.

Kana iyo glacier yatanga kunyunguduka kwayo, iyo cirques inogarwa nemadziva anonzi Tarn. Madziva aya anogona kunge ari nekuda kwemadziro anoumba moraines, ese ari maviri ekupedzisira uye ekumusoro.

 zvikomo

Zvikomo ndezvimwe zvinogadziridzwa zvekuyamura, chigadzirwa chechiito chechando chechando. Kupfuura kunozvarwa kubva mukuparadzana pakati pemazaya echando maviri, ari pakati pemadenderedzwa awo uye akakukurwa kuti agadzire chinopfuura kana gorge.

fjords

Aya maumbirwo akaumbwa semavhavha akadzika kwazvo uye anoumbwa nemigumisiro yemafashamo emipata yakave yakafananidzirwa nekuita kwechando chechando. Dzakaumbwa seshangu yebhiza uye chikamu chezasi chayo hachioneki, sezvo chiri pasi pemvura.

Pamusoro peshanduko dzinokonzeresa mazaya echando muhurongwa hwemakomo, idzi shanduko dzinoitikawo mugomo rimwe chete. Kuchinja kwakadaro mumhando idzi dzemamiriro ezvinhu kunonzi mipendero nenyanga uye zvakataurwa pasi apa.

kumativi

Mucheto ndiwo chibereko chekuwedzera kwema cirques, semugumisiro wekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvine matombo uye maitiro echando. Sekisi mumhando iyi yekuumbwa haisi mukati medenderedzwa. Inowanikwa kune imwe mugumo wemutsara unovaparadzanisa.

glacier horn

Idzi dzakaita senyanga, semicheto, zvakare mugumisiro wekukweva kwematombo nezvimwe zvimedu pakupfuura aizi nechando.

Matenderedzwa anoumba mujinga megomo, ndiwo anokonzeresa shanduko idzi mukuyamura, nekuda kwekufamba kwemazaya echando.

mackerel matombo

Rudzi urwu rwekugadziridzwa mukuyamura kunokonzerwa nekufamba kwechando, kuburikidza nematombo. Kuita kuti vatore zvimiro zvine mapundu akatsetseka.

Iro ndiro simba rekunyunguduka kwemazaya echando paanopfuura nemuzvikomo, zvekuti pakumuka kwawo anosiya materu ane mipendero yakapfava, ayo anoramba ari pamusoro pawo nzira iyo ikozvino yechando yakatora.

drumlins

Madhiramu zvikomo zvidiki, zvine materu akatsetseka uye chimiro chawo chakada kufanana neakarara cetacean. Dzakabva panguva dzechando.

Pamwe chete nezvimiro izvi, zvakasara zvemoraines zvinogonawo kuonekwa. Nechikonzero ichi, ivo vanoonekwawo sekuwedzera kweizvi, pazasi pe glacier.

glacial stone deposits

Munzvimbo yekubvisa kana nzvimbo yechando uye kurasikirwa kwechando, mvura yakawanda inogadzirwa. Mvura iyi, sezvainoenda kure nechando, inokweva madhamu akawanda munzira yayo.

Chero bedzi kumhanya kwemvura ikozvino kwakakwirira, zvidimbu zvakatsetseka zvinosara shure. Asi sezvo kumhanya kweiyo ikozvino kunotanga kuderera, marara akakomba anotanga kudzika kusvika pasi uye matavi eiyo fomu yemvura ikozvino.

Uku kunyungudika kwemaitiro ekuyamura, kunotanga zvimiro zviviri zvitsva, zvichienderana nenzvimbo kwazvakabva. Kana ikaitika pachando che cap, inodaidzwa kuti alluvial plain. Nepo, kana ikakura mumupata wegomo, inonzi chitima chemupata.

Deposits inosangana nechando

Sezvo glacier inorasikirwa nehuremu nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana, kuyerera kweaizi kunomira. Mvura yemvura inogadzirwa nekunyunguduka, inopfuura nemumigero yakasiyana-siyana yakaumbwa mumakore, ichisiya zviratidzo zvemarara.

Iyi nzira yekunyungudutsa inoratidza yakakura stratified deposits, iyo inotora akasiyana siyana mafomu, anosanganisira:

• zvikomo.
• cumulus makore
• Terraces.

Ndiwo maumbirwo aya, ayo anopiwa zita remadhipoziti achisangana nechando.

Zvikomo zvinotora chimiro chezvikomo zvakakurumbira, zvinonziwo kames uye hazvisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwezvivakwa zvinotanga nekunyunguduka kwechando, kuisa sediment kunoramba kuri mukati mechikamu chemukati che glacial block.

Izvo zvakajairikawo kuwana maturu e kame kumagumo emupata, chero bedzi chando chechando chatora mupata iwoyo.

Imwe kuumbwa nemadhipoziti inosangana nechando, ndiyo eskers. Aya madhipoziti ari muchimiro chemawere asina kujairika, ayo kuenderana kwawo kunobva pamatombo, jecha uye zvimwe zvinhu.

Mazaya echando uye zviwanikwa

Kunyange zvazvo zvichiita sezvisingabviri, munzvimbo idzi dzisina vaenzi munewo upenyu. Chimwe nechimwe chezvipenyu uye tupukanana twakafanirwa kuchinjika kuti chirarame nekuwanda.

Flora

Mhando dzemiti dzinogara munzvimbo idzi dzakagadzira zvigadziriso zvisingaperi, zvakawanda zvacho zvakatora zviuru zvemakore. Aya ma genetic rearrangements ndiwo anotitendera kuti tirarame munzvimbo dzakanyanya kuoma.

Ecologically, maruva enzvimbo dziri kure idzi akaiswa mumapoka makuru maviri: ayo anogona kuenderana nehupenyu hwepanyika uye ayo akashanduka kuti agare mumvura.

 nyika miti

Izvo ndezvetsika dzepasi, dzinokura pamatombo, ivhu nematombo, izvo nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, hazvina kuvharwa nechando nechando.

marudzi emaruva

Munzvimbo idzi dzechando, marudzi maviri chete emiti inotumbuka anogona kurarama. Ndiko kuti, vane midzi yakanyatsotsanangurwa, madzinde uye mashizha. Iyi ndiyo Antarctic carnation uye Antarctic uswa.

Iyo Antarctic carnation, kana mamiriro ekunze ari akanaka, anokura maruva machena madiki.

Kuti vawedzere kugona kwavo kurarama, vakabatanidzwa nenzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa nenharaunda dzemoss.

lichens

Pakati pemarudzi ose emiti anogara munzvimbo dzine glacial, lichens ndiyo inonyanya kugadziriswa kune mamiriro okunze asina kunaka.

Kugona kwayo kugadzirisa uye kuramba kunokonzerwawo nekuti icho chigadzirwa chehukama hwesymbiotic pakati pealgae nefungus.

Vanogara munzvimbo dzine matombo kana matombo asina kuvharwa nechando kana sinou.

Mahowa

Iwo madiki madiki uye macroscopic marudzi, pakati pawo pane anopfuura makumi matanhatu marudzi. Mhando huru inokura pakati pemamosi, nepo rimwe boka rinogara pasi pevhu.

Mosses

Zvizhinji zvipenyu zvidiki, kureba kwavo hakupfuuri masendimita maviri uye vane tsika dzinokambaira. Izvo hazvina kufanana nezvimwe zvirimwa, sezvo vasina matishu akasarudzika ekutakura muto wese kuti vazvichengetedze kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe muchirimwa.

fauna of

Mhuka dzenzvimbo idzi dzinotonhora dzakamanikidzwa kugadzirisa madyiro adzo, mafuta emuviri uye mvere kuti dzigare munzvimbo idzi.

Mhuka yekunechando

Pamhando dzose dzebere dziri paNyika, ndiro chete rine mvere dzakachena senzvimbo yarinowanikwa. Kudya kwavo kunosanganisira kudyiwa kwenyama, kunyanya yezvisimbiso.

Akagadzira shanduko mumashure ake nemakumbo epamberi, kuti akwanise kufamba uye kushambira madaro marefu. Nzeve dzayo nemuswe hazvina kukura, izvo zvinofambisa kuchengetedzwa kwekupisa kwemuviri.

Kusiyana nemamwe marudzi ebheya, bere repolar harinyure. Zvisinei, kana vakadzi vacho vange vaberekeswa, vanowanzotsvaga pekugara mumwaka wechando.

arctic gava

Mhuka iyi inonziwo polar fox. Iine nzeve diki diki uye chivharo chebvudzi chayo chichena, kuti ikwanise kuzvivharira mukati menharaunda.

Kuti irambe ichishanda munguva yechando, inotamira kunzvimbo dzakasiyana kuti iwane mhuka yayo, iyo inosanganisira shiri diki nemhuka.

arctic hare

Tsuro yemapango, iri pakati pemhuka dzakakwanisa kuenderana nemamiriro akanyanya enzvimbo dzepolar. Hugaro hwayo hwepanyama huri munzvimbo dzinotonhora dzeGreenland.

Makushe emhuka idzi akachena munguva yechando, asi kana dzikatamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinodziya kana kuti pakusvika kwechirimo, vhudzi radzo rinoshanduka kuva bhuruu.

Kudya kwavo kunosanganisira kudyiwa kwemuriwo nhungirwa, mashizha manyoro uye mamwe mastrawberries.

Chisimbiso

Pamarudzi ose ezvisimbiso ari pasi pano, haasi ose anoshivirira kutonhora kwechando kunotyisa. Imwe yakakwanisa kushandura muviri wayo kuti uenderane nechisimbiso cheGreenland kana Harp seal.

Mienzaniso yevakuru ine ganda reruvara rwesirivha, chiso chine mimvuri mitema uye nzvimbo yakasviba pane dorsal chikamu. Pavana vadzo, makushe acho anoshanduka kuita yero jena.

Kazhinji, vanogona kuwanikwa vakaungana mumakoloni, kwavanogona kugarisana.

Whale

Kunyange zvazvo kune marudzi akawanda e<em>whale mumakungwa epasi, ma<em>whale anopedza nguva yakareba ari mumvura idzi dzinotonhora i<em>Greenland whale.

Muviri weiyi cetaceans yakakura, yavo dorsal fin ichienzaniswa nemamwe marudzi yakakura kwazvo. Vanogona kusvika kureba kubva kumusoro kusvika kumuswe anenge mamita makumi maviri uye kurema anenge 20 zviuru makirogiramu.

Kudya kwavo kunobva pakrill uye vanogona kudya huwandu hukuru hwemhuka diki idzi, nekungovhura miromo yavo vachituhwina. Maitiro avo ekutama ipfupi.

Penguins

Ishiri yegungwa, asi haina maitiro ekubhururuka. Imhuka dzakajairana chaizvo kuti dzikwanise kushingirira kutonhora kwakaderera. Kusakwanisa kubhururuka kunobhadharwa nehunyanzvi hwekutuhwina.

Kutenda kune chokwadi chekuti vane mapapiro akapihwa mapfupa uye muviri wavo uri fusiform, vanogona kusvika nekumhanya kwakanyanya pasi pemvura uye kufamba madaro akakura zviri nyore.

Kugona kupikisa kutonhora kwakashata kunowanikwa, nekuda kwevakawanda vemapapiro avo uye mafuta avanochengeta mumuviri wavo.

Walrus

Imhuka yemugungwa inoyamwisa, inozvarwa kunzvimbo dzeArctic. Ukobvu hweganda ravo uye kuunganidzwa kwemafuta zvinovabvumira kutsungirira kutonhora kwemazaya echando. Kudya kwavo kunosanganisira kudya molluscs, hove nemhuka diki.

ingwe yegungwa

Iyi mhuka yemugungwa haiwanzo kuumba boka, inoramba iri yoga kwehupenyu hwayo hwose. Kunze kwemwaka wekubereka, iyo ine maitiro kune vakadzi.

Vanoyera avhareji yemamita matatu uye huremu hunodarika mazana matatu makirogiramu. Vanodya shiri, mamwe marudzi ezvisimbiso, krill uye kuvhima penguin. Imhuka dzine chisimba chaidzo.

Nzou chisimbiso

Idzo imhuka huru dzinoyamwisa, dzinogona kuyera kusvika mamita mashanu uye dzinorema matani mana. Ganda remhuka idzi rakakora uye kuunganidzwa kwemafuta muepidermis yavo kunoita kuti zvive nyore kwavari kukunda kutonhora kwakanyanya kwenzvimbo dzechando.

Zvinogona kuzivikanwa zviri nyore, nokuti vakuru vane, pamberi pemisoro yavo, rudzi rwehunde yakada kufanana neiyo yenzou. Kudya kwavo kunosanganisira kutapa shiri nezvimwe zvisimbiso.

Inoshamisa glaciers, curiosities uye nezvimwe

Kunyangwe shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ichirova idzi zvisikwa zvisina kusimba, vanogona kuramba vachinakidzwa nemamiriro avo akanaka uye zvipenyu zvese zvinogadzira hupenyu mazviri.

Perito Moreno Glacier

Iyi chando chakanakisa chiri pakati peArgentina neChile, muCordillera de los Andes ine mukurumbira zvakare. Mukati mechinhu chinonakidza chekugadzirwa kwechisikigo uku, kuenderera mberi kweaizi yayo kunomira pachena, izvo zvinokonzeresa kuunganidzwa, kuparuka uye kuvharika kwezvidhinha zvakakura zvechando, kubva pafaçade yayo ine hupamhi hunodarika 5000 metres.

Muna 1947, nekuda kwekuenderera mberi kwayo, yakayambuka Los Témpanos chiteshi uye yakakwanisa kubata chikamu cheMagallanes peninsula. Mushure mechiitiko ichi, kubuda kwemvura kubva kuLake Brazo Rico kwakamiswa.

Ichi chiitiko chinoitika nekuda kwekufambira mberi kwePerito Moreno, chinoita kuti nhanho yeLake Brazo Rico iwedzere kupfuura 20 metres. Izvi zvinokonzeresa kumanikidzwa kukuru mudhike iyo yainoumba, ichipa nzira mushure meimwe nguva uye ichikonzera kuungana kukuru kweaizi.

Ichi chinoshamisa uye chakasarudzika chiitiko papasi chinoitika makore mana ega ega. Zvinonakidza zvekuti zviuru nezviuru zvevashanyi zvinouya kunzvimbo iyi kuzoona shoo.

Asi unogona kunge uchinetseka kuti wosvika sei ikoko? PaPerito Moreno Glacier Park, unofanirwa kuhaya sevhisi yekutungamira vashanyi kuti unakirwe nechiitiko ichi chakanaka pasina zvipingaidzo.

Asi kana iwe uri mumwe weavo vanoda kuronga mafambiro ako, iwe unongofanirwa kutora nzira 11 kubva kuEl Calafate uye kufamba makiromita mashoma kuburikidza neMagallanes Peninsula.

Sezano rekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzakanaka idzi sedzisingagoneke, kuremekedza kurudziro yakapihwa nevaridzi vepaka.

Taku Glacier

Guta guru reAlaska ndiJuneau, iyo inogona kunzi chitsuwa, icho chakakomberedzwa nemakomo. Kuseri kwemakomo ose iwayo kune Juneau Ice Plains, uye zhinji yebani iri rakaoma nechando riri munharaunda yeCanada.

Chikamu cheiyi chando chinopa boka rakakosha remazaya echando, pakati peiyo Taku glacier inomira kunze, kumagumo ekumaodzanyemba kweguta. Inoonekwa senzvimbo huru pane yese yeAlaska. Uye kusvika munguva pfupi yapfuura, yaionekwa seyakanyanya kukwirisa glacier.

Taku Glacier ndiyo gobvu uye yakadzika pasi pemamwe mazaya echando ePasi. Inokwana makiromita 1,5 kukora uye 55 zviuru mamita kureba.

Ongororo dzenguva pfupi yapfuura dzesainzi dzinoratidza kuti chando ichi chakapinda muchikamu chekudzokera shure, sezvakamboitika kuAlaskan glaciers. Nekuda kwehunhu hunokosha hwekuwanda kwayo, yakanga yaramba kuparara kwemamiriro ekunze.

Munguva isiri kure zvakanyanya, hurongwa hwekuvharirwa kwezvidhinha zvakakura zvechando zvingangotanga. Kukonzera kudonha kwenzira dzekufambisa dzengarava dzevatengesi, ngarava dzekufamba uye mabhoti ekutakura vanhu.

Mer de Glace

Pamateru eMont Blanc massif pane dhorobha reFrance rinoyevedza rinonzi Chamonix. Iyo inzvimbo yakanaka yekunakidzwa nemitambo yechando, nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo ine hunyanzvi mukati ari Alps.

Asi zvakare ndiyo nzvimbo yekutanga kushanyira glacier ice sea kana Mer de Glace. Ndiyo yakareba glacier muFrance yese, ingangoita 7000 metres kureba uye anopfuura 0,4 makiromita mukobvu.

Kana iwe uchida kushanyira ichi chishamiso chechisikigo, unofanirwa kusvika kune diki diki chiteshi chechitima muguta reChamonix. Nzira iyi inovakwidza kiromita imwe kukwira, pakati peFrench Alps uye rwendo rwunotora anenge maminetsi makumi matatu.

Usati wasvika pachiteshi chinotevera uye nekufadzwa nemamiriro akanaka. Munguva yekukwira vane sarudzo yekukwanisa kunakidzwa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakanaka dzisina tsvina.

Pamusoro pekunakidzwa neMer de Glace glacier, unogona zvakare kushinga kushanyira bako rechando. Icho chimiro chakasikwa, asi izvo hazvikanganisi kunaka kwayo.

Nzira yekusvika sei kubako rechando?

Vanofanira kutora chitima pachiteshi cheMontenvers uye vanakidzwe nenzira uye nzvimbo dzinopa zvisikwa. Kana vasvika kumagumo enzira, vanofanira kukwira tambo yemotokari inovaendesa zvakananga kubako. Chichava chiitiko chisingakanganwiki!

Athabasca Glacier

Pamusoro peichi chidimbu chihombe chechando chinenge 12 km2. Iri pakati pemakomo makuru, pakati pegomo reAthabasca neSnow Dome. Iyo zvakare inoperekedzwa neGomo Andromeda uye Wilcox Summit.

Iyo Athabasca Glacier inotenderedza nzvimbo dzemipata, kusvika kuColumbia Icefield. Iyi nharaunda, masara emakore egoridhe eIce Age. Iyo glacier inogara ichifamba, inosvika masendimita maviri pazuva.

Kana iwe ukashanyira Athabasca Glacier, haugone kubatsira asi kuyemura kunaka kwenzvimbo yechando. Pamusoro pezvo, vazhinji vanoshanya vari pasaiti kuti vape mafambiro anotungamirwa munzvimbo yese yechando.

Uku kuumbwa kwechisikigo chikamu cheJasper National Park, iyo inovhura mikova yayo pakati paMay naGumiguru, kuti inakirwe nevashanyi vayo vese. Vashandi vanotungamira paki, vanopa ruzivo rwese rwunodiwa kuti unakirwe zviri nani neaza.

Vanogona kudzidzira kufamba mumakomo, sezvo mapaki emusoro akarongwa munzira yose kuti vanakidzwe uye ruzivo rwevafambi. Vanogonawo kunakidzwa nemamiriro akanaka egungwa nemapopoma emvura.

MuNorth America yese, iyo Athabasca ndiyo inogarogarwa nechando chechando, nekuda kwekuwana kwayo nyore. Iwe unogona kusvika ipapo kubva kuJasper uye zvakare kubva kuBanff uye kuburikidza neHighway 93, kubva kuminda yechando.

Zvakakosha kuchengeta mupfungwa kuti kushanya kupaki hakufaniri kuitwa pasina kuvapo kwemutungamiri anopupurirwa. Izvi kuchengetedza hupenyu hwavo, nekuda kwenjodzi yetsaona.

Jökulsárlón Glacier

Iri dziva rechando, zvisinei kuti maawa mangani anopfuura, harizoregi kukusiya waoma mitezo pamberi perunako rwakawanda, rwakaumbwa nematombo echando. Vachashamiswa nezvimwe zvisimbiso zvinotamba uye nekutamba kweIcebergs.

Iyo National Natural Park yakagadzirwa muna 2008, iine pfungwa yekusimudzirawo mazaya echando anobatana nemamwe mazaya echando: Vatnajökull, Skaftafell uye Jökulsárgljúfur.

Iyo inonyanya kukwezva paki ndiyo icebergs. Aya anobva pamatombo makuru, anogona kupedza achiyangarara mumvura, kusvika kumwedzi makumi matanhatu asati asvika rwizi rweJökulsá.

Iyo Jökulsárlón glacier ine nzvimbo inosvika zviuru makumi maviri neshanu m², kudzika kwemamita mazana matatu. Iye ijaya riri pakati pemazaya echando, sezvo iye asati ambosvitsa makore 25 okukura.

Munzvimbo idzi dzakanaka, nzvimbo dzakakurudzirwa kumafirimu:

• Tomb Raider, muna 2001.
• James Bond, muna 1985 uye 2002.
• Batman, kutanga.
• Frozen.
• The Game of Thrones series.

Kune akawanda kurudziro kuitira kuti iwe ugone kuita zvakanyanya kushanya kwako kunzvimbo ino yakanaka. Pakati peizvo zvinogona kutaurwa funga nezvenguva yegore yavachafamba, nguva yekugara, pakati pevamwe.

1. Kushanya kunofanirwa kurongerwa kamwe chete pazuva, kuitira kuti vanakidzwe nemamiriro ekunze, pasina kushushikana kwenguva.
2. Kana iwe ukaenda kuIceland mumwaka wezhizha, iwe unowana imwe bhonasi mumaawa ekupenya kwezuva. Sezvo iri nguva iyo zuva rinoramba richipenya maawa akawanda.
3. Pane kudaro, kana vakasarudza kufamba mumwaka wechando, havazokwanisi kunakidzwa nerunako rwegungwa. Panguva ino zvikepe hazvigoni kufamba.

grey glacier

Inowanikwa mukati meTorres del Paine National Park. Icho chiri nyore chekuti vanoshanyira Grey Lake chichava chishamiso. Inogara izere nemakomo echando anoyangarara kwese kwese.

Kana izvo zvauri kutsvaga ndezvekusimudzira adrenaline yako, unofanirwa kukwira chikepe uye uwane mufaro wekuve padhuze nepaunogona napo pamadziro eaya mabhuraki akanaka echando.

Hapana nzvimbo yawakamboshanyira inofananidzwa neicho maziso ako achakwanisa kuona kana wasvika pane ino yakanaka glacier. Mapazi anoumba mubhuroko anotsanangura mitsara yakakosha uye isingadzokoroke.

Vane ruvara rwebhuruu rwakanyanya runokwezva avo vanoriona. Iwo mashiripiti, anokuendesa kunzvimbo dziri kure, zvichiita kuti ukanganwe zvese zvakakupoteredza. Vanokuzadza uye vanokubatanidza, nesimba rinobva pakati peNyika.

Kuti vasvike kuGrey, vanofanirwa kufamba nechikepe kubva kuPuerto Natales pier. Vanogonawo kuwanikwa nenyika, asi hapana chinofananidzwa nekufamba nechikepe.

Pakangomira chikepe pachiteshi cheGrey Lake, vanofanirwa kuyambuka zambuko rakamiswa pamusoro pePingo River. Nekutenderera kunogadzirwa nemhepo, vazhinji vevashanyi vanoona vertigo inotyisa.

Kune rumwe rutivi rwebhiriji, vachawana nzvimbo ine miti yakaisvonaka nemhenderekedzo yegungwa inoshamisa. Maminitsi mashoma mukufamba iwe unogona kuona Grey Lake, nekutamba kwayo kwemabhuru madiki echando.

Jorge Montt Glacier

Iyi glacier inoshamisa ine nharaunda ye460 km2 uye iri muhurongwa hwekudzokera shure kwemamita anopfuura makumi maviri pazuva. Nemhaka yokuti inoyerera yakananga mugungwa, inonzi chando chegungwa.

Avo vanoshanyira iyi nyika inoshamisa vanogona kunakidzwa nezviitiko zvinofadza, vachisangana nezvisikwa. Kuti uwane iyo glacier, vashanyi vanofanira kayak, uye vozokwira zvikomo kune maonero.

Kuti usvike pairi, unofanirwa kutora mugwagwa unoenda kuTortel cove, uchipedzisa Carretera Austral, muChile. Rwendo nemugwagwa ungangoita makiromita zana. Asi zvakakodzera kuita rwendo urwu.

Uppsala Glacier

Iyi glacier inoverengerwa pakati pemazaya echando enharaunda yeArgentina. Nzvimbo yaro yakafukidza mupata, uyo unodyiswa neboka remazaya echando uye uri mukati meLos Glaciares National Park, muArgentina.

Ndiani anotarisira kuwanikwa kwayo, akanga ari geologist akaberekerwa muSweden Klaus August Jacobson, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Paakanga ari pamwe chete nenyanzvi yebiology yeArgentina Francisco Pascasio Moreno, uyo anozivikanwa zvikuru saPerito Moreno.

Iyo glacier yakareba makiromita makumi mashanu nemana, ichiiisa yechitatu pakati peakareba muSouth America.

Kuti vasvike kune glacier, vanofanira kuita rwendo rwechikepe kubva kuLake Argentino. Kubva kwaunogona kunakidzwa nenzvimbo dzakanaka dzakafukidzwa ne icebergs.

Kana iwe ukashanyira iyi nharaunda yeUpsala, usakanganwa kuunza pamwe nemakamera ako nemidziyo yemafirimu. Hats kana mavhisi, sunscreen, zvipfeko zvakakodzera maererano nemwaka wavanoshanyira.

The Crown Glacier

Glacial masisitimu chikamu cheiyo cryosphere uye Venezuela haina imwe yeaya akanaka nzvimbo. Iyo La Corona kana Humboldt Glacier iri muSierra Nevada mudunhu reMérida pakakwirira 4940 metres pamusoro pegungwa.

Iyi glacier inonyungudika nekukurumidza, kana maitiro aya akaenderera mberi kunaka kwechisikigo kunogona kukurumidza kupera. Kuita kuti nyika iyoyo ive yekutanga muSouth America kubuda muchando.

Iyo Humboldt peak inoverengerwa seyechipiri pakakwirira muVenezuela. Makomo ayo anomonereka anodzivirira boka revashanu vachiri vapenyu mumakomo. Aya ndiwo Corona uye Sievers glaciers.

Mamwe makomo echando madiki uye ari paPico Bolívar. Aya maumbirwo, nekuti ari munzvimbo dzinopisa dzemakomo, anowanzo kunyangarika, nekuda kweiyo greenhouse effect.

Kuenda kuCorona Glacier kuri nyore. Inogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza neMucumbary tambo yemota system, mudunhu reMérida, kana nenyika, kuyambuka Merida moor.

Kune avo vanoda zvakanyanya kushanya kwekushanya, vanogona kukwira pamusoro neboka revatungamiriri vevashanyi vanobva kuParque la Mucuy, mutaundi reTabay. Rwendo urwu runotora mazuva matatu.

Rwendo urwu rwuri nemusango wegore, uchipfuura nemuLaguna Coromoto, Laguna Verde, kusvika wasvika pamusoro penhongonya. Zvose izvi pasi pekutungamirirwa kwenyanzvi dzinoita kuti unakidzwe nerwendo urwu rwemashiripiti kusvika pakuzara.

Kukosha kwemazaya echando

Chando chinowanikwa pamusoro pemazaya echando chinoshanda sechidziviriro. Ndiro rine basa rekuchengetedza goko repasi, makungwa nemakungwa.

Aya mazaya echando ane basa rekuita sezviratidziri zvakakura, izvo zvinodzoreredza tembiricha yakakwira mu stratosphere, zvichichengeta pasi riri mumamiriro ekunze anofadza.

Kuumbwa kwemakomo echando mamiriyoni emakore. Chinyorwa chakaitwa nevesainzi, maererano nemafambiro nekudzokera shure kweaya mabhuru makuru echando. Vanobvumira kufungidzira kuti kuchinja kupi kwakaitika mumamiriro ekunze.

Ivo chikamu chenzvimbo huru yemvura yakachena, yepasi rose.Chikamu chegumi chepasi chakafukidzwa neaya makuru makuru echando uye mazhinji acho ari kuzasi kwehemisphere.

Kana mazaya echando achipinda munguva yekunyunguduka, anopa mvura yakawanda kumvura yemugungwa. Izvi zvinogadziridzwa mutembiricha, kumhanya kwemhepo dzayo uye mumatanho emvura yayo.

Kunyungudika kwechando kunokanganisa sei kukwira kwegungwa?

Kunyunguduka kwemazaya echando kunokanganisa zvakananga kukwirira kwemazinga e Gungwa reCaribbean nemamwe makungwa. Izvi zvinounzawo kukanganisa kukuru kumahombekombe, nekuda kwekukukurwa kwemvura.

Nzvimbo dzemazaya echando eAntarctica neGreenland ndidzo dzinopa mvura yakawanda kumakungwa nemakungwa, nekuda kwekunyorova kwawo. Parizvino kumhanya kwekunyunguduka kwakakwira kupfuura kumhanya kwekuchengetedza.

Kana maitiro aya akaenderera mberi mumakore mashoma, zvinotarisirwa kuti kuwedzera kwemazinga emvura kuchapfuura kugona kwekuchengetedza kwemamwe mahombekombe. Chii chichakonzera zvakanyanya kuparadza Njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, pasi rose.

Kunyunguduka kwemazaya echando kungakanganisa vanhu uye zvisikwa zvipenyu here?

Chinhu chose chine chikonzero nemhedzisiro. Kana chiyero chikarasika mune mumwe wevatambi vehurongwa, zvinokanganisa vamwe vese vanogarisana muhurongwa ihwohwo.

Kusvikira kutambanuko iyo aizi yegungwa nemazaya echando zvinonyunguduka, makungwa nemakungwa zvichatambura kukwira kwetembiricha yemvura yazvo. Nekuda kwekuita kwemafungu emugungwa, tembiricha dzepamusoro idzi dzinofamba dzichitenderedza mitumbi yese yemvura papasi.

Kana kusaenzana kukaitika mumamiriro ekunze emvura, zvipenyu zvese zvinokanganiswa, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwekupihwa kwezvigadzirwa zvehove.

Kuberekana kwemhuka dzemugungwa kuchakanganiswa uye, nekudaro, zvakare kutenderera kwehupenyu hwavo. Kukwanisa kutsakatika dzimwe mhuka munguva isiri refu.

Mazhinji biological niches angarasika, uye nekudaro cheni yechikafu yezvipenyu, pekugara uye pakupedzisira kukura kwehupenyu kwaizorasika.