Fullerene iboka rekabhoni mamorekuru anowanzo kuumba rudzi rwekabhoni chubhu, aya anoshandiswa kunyanya kune nanotechnology. Munyaya inotevera tichaziva zvose pamusoro peizvi nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Chii chinonzi Fullerene uye chii chinoshandiswa?
Iyo inodaidzwa kuti Fullerene, inozivikanwawo se "Buckminsterfullerene", ine nhevedzano isina chinhu kabhoni mamorekuru anoumba rudzi rwekeji yakavharwa inonzi "buckyballs" kana rudzi rwehumburumbira iri kabhoni nanotubes.
Fullerenes inowanzova kirasi yekabhoni molecule ine imwe mhando yekuvaka iyo inoshandisa nzira dzemuviri semhando yebhora kana chubhu. Akanzi mamorekuru nenzira imwechete anogona kuve nechimiro senge hexagonal uye zvakare pentagonal. Zvisinei, chii chinonzi fullerene uye ndechei? Fullerenes ikirasi yezvinhu zvinobatsira mune mamwe marudzi emakomputa maapplication, kunyanya musainzi yekuvaka inonzi nanotechnologies.
Fullerene History
Fullerene yakawanikwa muna 1985 neboka revanhu rainzi Richard Smalley, James Heath, Robert Curl, Sean O'Brien uye pakupedzisira Harold Kroto ari kuRice University. Yakati yekutanga fullerene yakakwanisa kuwanikwa muzita rebuckminsterfullerene nesainzi inonzi "C60", uye zita rayo rakapa rukudzo kuna Buckminster Fuller. Robert Curl ndiye munhu akahwina Mubairo weNobel wekuwanikwa kwe fullerenes muna 1996.
Zvisinei, kuwanikwa kweinonzi "Bucky-bhora" kwakatungamirirwa nekutsvakurudza pamusoro pemhando yemhando itsva yezvigadzirwa zvakarongwa se fullerenes, kana se "buckminsterfullerene" inova iyo inoreva kune diki fullerene. . Sezvatinotoziva kubva kune mamwe allotropes ekabhoni, ayo anogumira kune zvicherwa zvinhu zvakaita se:
- Diamonds
- Graphite
- Nanotubes
- Mazimbe
- Amorphous Carbon
Kuwanikwa kweanodaidzwa kuti "bucky-balls" ndiko kwakanyanya kurebesa kabhoni allotropes uye yave nyaya yerudzi rwekutsvaga mukati memunda we microelectromechanical system inozivikanwa neacronym yayo "MEMS", inosanganisira:
- Zvishandiso Sayenzi
- Iyo yemagetsi
- nanotechnology
Zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana ndezviya zvakaratidza kuti rudzi rwebasa re fullerene ndiro rinonyanya kuenderana nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzedzidziso uye dzekuedza.
Fullerene Structure
Fullerenes yakafanana muchimiro chavo kune graphite, iyo inoumbwa nemhando yepepa rehexagonally yakabatanidzwa zvindori, zvisinei, ine pentagonal zvindori kana kakawanda seheptagonal inodzivirira masheets kuti asaite.
Fullerenes vane sp2 uye sp3 hybrid carbon maatomu. Mamorekuru aya ane akanyanya kuwirirana kirasi maerekitironi uye ndiwo anogona kudzoreredzwa kuderedzwa kuti atore maerekitironi.
Pasinei nokuti iyo molecule inogadzirwa nekabhoni zvindori zvakabatanidzwa, maerekitironi pachiitiko ichi haana delocalized, ayo mamorekuru aya ndiwo anoshaya pfuma ye superomaticity. Iwo mamorekuru mamwechete ane kirasi yesimba rakanyanya kusimba uye ndiwo anodzoreredza chimiro chawo chepakutanga mushure mekuwirwa nezvinodarika zviuru zvitatu zvemhepo.
Izvi nekuda kweiyo yakasarudzika zvimiro zveyakanzi allotrope yekabhoni, saka ivo vane kirasi yemashandisirwo. Nekuda kwehukama nekureruka kwesynthesis, iyo inonzi Fullerene C60 Inoramba ichizivikanwa zvikuru uye tsvakurudzo huru yakaitwa nokuda kwekushandiswa kwayo padanho repamusoro.
Iyo fullerene C60 inoumbwa nemakabhoni anosvika makumi matanhatu mune angangoita 60 vertices ndiwo anoumba rudzi rwe spherical structure. Izvi zvinoumbwa nemhete gumi nembiri dzine hexagonal dzinowanzo dhumirana. Mhete dzakati dziri kubatanidzwa nema bond maviri.
Iyo CC junction kureba kwemhete dzine hexagonal inowanzoita 1,40 A° uye ingangoita 1,46 A° yemhete dzepentagonal, ine kirasi yepakati yepakati yakareba yakaenzana ne1,44 A°.
Mhando dzeFulerene
Fullerenes vane marudzi mazhinji emisiano yezvimiro, uye vakaita fambiro mberi yakaisvonaka muna 1985. Idzi dzaticharondedzera mimwe mienzaniso yemhando dzeFullerene dzinoshanda zvakanaka:
Nanotubes kana Cylindrical Fullerenes
Aya ane mhango chimiro, chezviyero zvakadzikiswa zvakanyanya. Nanotubes anowanikwa akagadzirwa nekabhoni anowanzo fararira uye anogona kusiyaniswa kubva kune mashoma mananomita kusvika akawanda mm (mamirimita) pakureba. Vane magumo akavharwa uye imwe yakashama.
Indasitiri yezvemagetsi ndiyo inonyanya kushandisa kabhoni nanotubes, imwe nzvimbo inyanzvi yemuchadenga kuitira kuti ikwanise kuburitsa tambo dzekabhoni dzakakura dzinodiwa pazvikwiriso zvemuchadenga uye nekesi dzezvitundumuseremusere. mabhatiri emapepa.
Mapoka eBuckyballs
Iyi ndiyo shoma yakazara yakazara inowanikwa muzvisikwa. Nhengo diki pane iyi ndiyo dodecahedron uye iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa ine C60 iyo icosahedron iyo yakafanana nebhora rebhora, rinoumbwa nezve 20 hexagons uye 12 pentagoni. Iyo diki fullerene yakakosha zvikuru maererano nekuitika kwechisikigo, uye inogona kuwanikwa mune soot kana kunyange marasha.
Iwo Megatubes
Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, iyi ndiyo Mega, zvinoreva kuti Yakakura, ine machubhu akakura muhupamhi kupfuura mune nanotubes. Madziro e megatubes ari kugadzirirwa nehupamhi hwakasiyana. Akanzi marudzi emachubhu anonyanya kushandiswa mukutakura akasiyana mamorekuru ezviyero zvakasiyana.
polymers
Aya anonzi macromolecules akabatanidzwa necovalent chemical bonds. Iwo anonzi ma polymers anonyanya kugadzirwa nekabhoni cheni. Pasi pekumanikidzwa kwepamusoro uye pakupisa kwakanyanya vanowanzogadzira maviri-dimensional polymers uye zvakare matatu-dimensional iwo.
The Nano - Onion
Izvi zvine chimiro chakasimba cheBuckyball, iine spherical shaped particles ayo akavakirwa pamatanho akawanda ekabhoni.
Iyo "Bhora uye Chain" Dimers United
Aya mabhora maviri emabhakibhora ari kubatwa pamwechete neketani imwe kabhoni.
The Fullerene Rings
Rudzi rwekupedzisira rweFullerene runoramba ruchitsanangurwa ndeye Fullerene Rings, zvisinei, hapana ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro peizvi, chete kuti inoumbwa nemhete kana mhete ye fullerenes buckyballs.
Kushandisa Fullerene - Zvishandiso
Nekutanga kweinonzi "Nanotechnology" zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaratidzwa pasirese. Vanodaidzwa kuti Fullerenes ndivo vakawana chinangwa chikuru mumunda we nanotechnology. Sangano guru remuchadenga rinodaidzwa kuti NASA, pamwe chete neane mukurumbira geochemist Lynn Becker, vakakwanisa kuwana ma fullerenes anosikwa zvoga.
Nekuda kwekemikari yakasarudzika mune zvesainzi, vaongorori vakuru vakakwanisa kuwana akasiyana mashandisirwo e fullerenes, ayo anosanganisira kurapwa, optical fibers, uye. superconductors.
Antioxidants
Fullerenes vakanaka vanogadzira maoxidants, rudzi urwu rwezvivakwa ndizvo zvinogona kuverengerwa kune akati wandei akasanganiswa maviri mabhondi avainawo uye zvakare kune imwe mhando yemhando yepamusoro yemagetsi kuwirirana kweakataurwa mamorekuru, izvi nekuda kwesimba reiyo molecular orbit iyo. yakaderera uye haina basa. Fullerenes inogona kuita nemaketani radicals nguva refu isati yapedzwa.
Antiviral Agents
Fullerenes yagara ichikwezva kutarisa nekuda kwesimba ravo seyakanakisa antiviral agents. Zvichida kutaridzika kwayo kunonyanya kufadza, mune izvi, izvo zvingave zvichikonzerwa nekukwanisa kwayo kubvisa kudzokororwa kweHuman Immunodeficiency Virus, inozivikanwa se "HIV", uye nokuda kweizvi, inobatsira kunonoka kuvapo Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome inozivikanwa. nechidimbu chayo che "AIDS".
Zvave zvichionekwa kuti dendrofellerene 1 uye yakabva kune 2, iyo inonzi trans isomer, ndiyo inodzivisa boka reprotease rehutachiwana hweHIV uye, naizvozvo, kudzivirira kudzokorora kweHIV 1 pachayo.
Kuendeswa Kwezvinodhaka uye Gene Kuendeswa
Kutungamirirwa kwemishonga kunova kutakurwa kwerudzi rwemushonga wemushonga kunzvimbo yezviito, ukuwo kutonga kwemajini kunosanganisira kuiswa kweDNA yekunze mukati memasero kuitira kuti ikwanise kugadzira mushonga.
Naizvozvo, zvakakosha zvikuru kuendesa mamorekuru aya nekuchengetedzeka kwakanyanya uye kushanda nesimba. Fullerenes ikirasi yevatakuri veinorganic, aya makirasi emamorekuru anowanzo kufarirwa nekuti anoratidza kugarisana kwakanaka, kusanganisira kusarudzwa kwepamusoro, anochengeta chii chiri chiitiko chebhayoloji, uye madiki sezvinobvira kuti awedzere.
Photosensitizers mu Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy inozivikanwa neacronym yayo "PDT" ine chimiro chekurapa chinoshandisa rudzi rwekomboni inonzwa kuchiedza uye isina chepfu, iyi kana ichiiswa muchiedza, kana ikava chepfu. Inoshandiswa kurapa masero akashata kana akachinjwa. Fullerenes anowanzo shandiswa kune aya makirasi emakomponi.
MuMagirazi Ekuchengetedza
Fullerenes vane mashoma optical zvivakwa. Izvi zvinoreva kugona kwavo kuderedza kufambiswa kwechiedza chinowira pairi. Zvinonzi mamorekuru anogona, saka, kushandiswa senge mhando yeanopima chinomisikidza chinoshandiswa mumagirazi kana ekudzivirira uye masensa lenzi.
Fullerene Properties
Isu tichazoratidza izvo zvakakosha zveFulenero padanho remuviri.
Physical Properties ye Fullerene C60
- Density: Iyo 1,65 g cm-3
- The Standard Heat of Formation: Iyo ine 9,08 kcal mol-1
- Refractive index: Zviri 2,2 (600nm)
- Boiling point: Iyo yakanyanya kunaka pa800 K
- Resistivity: Inenge 1014 ohms m-1
- Vapor Density: N / A
- Chimiro cheCrystal: N / A
- Hexagonal Cubic Vapor Pressure: 5 x 10-6 torr pamhepo tembiricha: 8 x 10-4 torrential pa800 K
- Organoleptic Properties: Iine chitarisiko chechibharumu soot: yakanyatsopatsanurwa nhema poda
- The Fullerites: Hupfu hwebrown/black
- C60: dema rakasimba
- Hwema: Chimbudzi
Fullerenes mu Space
Sezvatakambotaura, fullerenes inowanzoumbwa "Yakasungwa" mupepa re graphite uye kuwedzera mamwe zvidimbu zvepentagons kuti iwane curvature yayo. Kana bepa racho richingopetwa semhando yehumburumbira, saka dzinofanira kuvhara makona neakakombama hemispheres ane pentagoni. Chii chichawanikwa kabhoni nanotube.
Chimwe chinyorwa chinokurudzirwa kudzidza ndeche Mipiro naBlaise Pascal izvo zvinowanzobatsira kune maitiro echinhu ichi. Aya marudzi ezvigadzirwa zvinowanzosiyana zvakasiyana kubva kune zvigadzirwa zvekirasi yakazara - mhando, muchidimbu, kuRound Cages uye naizvozvo ine zvinhu zvakasiyana zvakasiyana.