La Simba renyukireya Risina Simba ndicho chimwe chemasimba mana anokosha efizikisi kuburikidza nekuita zvidimbu zvidimbu, pamwe chete nesimba rakasimba, giravhiti uye electromagnetism, iyi Weak Nuclear Force ine simba risina simba. Dzidza zvakawanda nezvenyaya iyi inonakidza pano!
The Weak Nuclear Force
Simba risina simba ndechimwe chezvina Masimba Anokosha Ezvakasikwa iyo inodzora zvinhu zvose zviri muchadenga, mamwe matatu igiravhiti, magineti emagetsi, uye simba rakasimba, nepo mamwe masimba anobata zvinhu pamwe chete, simba risina simba rinoita basa guru mukuputsika kana kuti kuparara .
Simba risina simba, kana kupindirana kusina simba, rakasimba kudarika simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, asi rakachengeteka kune madaro mapfupi, rinoita padanho re subatomic, uye rinoita basa rakakosha mukurera nyeredzi nekugadzira zvinhu, pamwe nekuva nehanya nezvakawanda zve mwaranzi yemusikirwo iripo muchadenga.
Nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuItaly Enrico Fermi akafunga nezvefungidziro muna 1933 kuratidza kuora kwebeta, inova nzira iyo neutron iri munucleus inoshanduka kuita proton uye inoburitsa erekitironi, inowanzonzi beta particle mumamiriro ezvinhu aya.
Akatsanangura rudzi rutsva rwesimba, iro rainzi kupindirana kusina simba, iro rakakonzera kuora uye iro rakakosha nzira yaive yekushandura neutron kuita proton, electron uye neutrino, iyo yakazotemwa kuva anti-neutrino. , Giulio Maltese akanyora. , munyori wezvakaitika kare wokuItaly wefizikisi, pamusoro pezvikamu zvomunhu.
Sekureva kweMalta, Fermi pakutanga akataura kuti izvi zvaireva izvo zvakafanana ne zero chinhambwe kana simba iro zvidimbu zviviri zvaizofanira kusangana kuti simba rienderere mberi, kubvira ipapo zvakasimbiswa kuti simba risina simba isimba rinokwezva rinomhanya. muchidimbu chipfupi chinokwana 0.1 muzana yedhayamita yeproton.
Propiedades
La Simba renyukireya Risina Simba Iyo ine nhevedzano yezvivakwa zvatinotaura pazasi, iyo isina simba simba rakasiyana nemamwe masimba:
- Ndiro chete simba rinotyora parity symmetry (P).
- Ndiro chete simba rinotyora charge parity (CP) symmetry.
- Ndiko chete kusangana kunogona kushandura imwe mhando yequark kune imwe kana kunaka kwayo.
- Simba risina simba rinoparidzirwa nezvikamu zvekutakura zvine hukuru hunokosha (inenge 90 GeV / c).
Iyo yakakosha quantum nhamba ye brittle interacting particles inzvimbo yepanyama inozivikanwa se isina simba isospin, inofanana nebasa rinoitwa nemagetsi centrifuge mumagetsi emagetsi uye kubhadharisa ruvara musimba rakasimba.
Ichi ndicho chiyero chakachengetwa, ndicho chikonzero chekuti chero kushamwaridzana kusina simba kuchava nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwe isospin pamagumo ekubatana pamwe chete nekutanga kwekubatana.
Zvimedu zvinotevera zvine isospin isina simba ye + 1 / 2:
- electronic neutrino
- muon neutrino
- tau neutrino
- Simuka
- quark charm
- top quark
Izvi zvinotevera zvimedu zvine isospin isina simba ye- 1 / 2:
- Erekitironi
- muon
- Tau
- quark down
- zvinoshamisa quark
- quark background
Iwo maZ neW mabhosoni akakura zvakanyanya kupfuura mamwe mamita boson anoyananisa mamwe masimba, zvimedu zvakakura zvekuti zvinoora nekukurumidza muzviitiko zvakawanda.
Simba risina simba rakave nehukama pamwe chete nemagetsi emagetsi sesimba rimwechete rinokosha re electrodepression, iyo inoziviswa pamasimba makuru, semuenzaniso, ayo anowanikwa mukati mezvimedu zvinokwidza.
Iri basa rekubatanidza rakapihwa mubairo weNobel muFizikisi muna 1979, uye basa rakatevera rekuratidza kuti nheyo dzemasvomhu dzesimba re electroweak dzakagadziriswazve rakapihwa mubairo weNobel we1999 muFizikisi.
Mhando dzeKudyidzana
Kune marudzi maviri ekubatana kusina simba anonzi vertices, yekutanga mhando inonzi "charged current interaction" nokuti inopindirana nezvikamu zvinotakura magetsi emagetsi, inokonzera chiitiko chekuora kwebeta.
Rudzi rwechipiri rwunodaidzwa kuti "neutral current interaction" nekuti inopindirana neine neutral particle, inokonzera kutsauswa kweneutrinos, marudzi maviri ekudyidzana anotevera mitemo yekusarudza yakasiyana.
Charge Current Interaction
Mumhando yekudyidzana yakachajiswa, lepton inochaji (yakadai seelectron kana muon, ine charge ye -1) inokwanisa kubata W+ boson, zvichireva kuti chidimbu chine charge ye +1 uye kubva mumodhi iyoyo ive inowirirana. neutrino ine chaji ye0 apo mhando yeneutrino, kureva electron, muon kana tau inofanana nemhando yelepton pakusangana.
Saizvozvo, mhando yepasi quark ine charge ye- 1 / 3 inogona kushandurwa kuita up-type quark, ine mubhadharo we + 2 / 3 ), nekupa W- boson kana kutora W+ Boson Zvakanyanya, iyo yepasi-mhando quark inova quantum superposition ye-up-type quarks: ndiko kuti, ine mukana wekuve mumwe weatatu-up-type quarks, ine mikana yakapihwa mumatafura matrix.
Kusiyana neizvi, quark yekumusoro inogona kuburitsa W+
boson, kana kutora W- boson, uye nokudaro inova yepasi-mhando quark.
Iyo W boson haina kugadzikana, saka ichaora nekukurumidza, nehupenyu hupfupi kwazvo, kuora kweW boson kune zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinogona kuitika, zvine mikana yakasiyana.
Mune iyo inonzi beta kuora kweneutron, pasi quark mukati meneutron inoratidza W.- boson uye nekudaro inoshanduka kuita up quark, ichishandura neutron kuita proton.
Nekuda kwesimba rinobatanidzwa mukuita, ndiko kuti, mutsauko wehuwandu pakati peiyo pasi quark uye kumusoro quark, iyo W.- iyo boson inogona kungova erekitironi uye electron antineutrino.
Neutral Current Interaction
Mukudyidzana kwazvino, quark kana lepton (semuenzaniso, erekitironi kana muon) inoburitsa kana kutora isina kwayakarerekera Z boson, senge W.± bosons, boson zvakare inoora nekukurumidza.
Kusiyana nekuchajirwa kupindirana kwazvino, iyo mitemo yekusarudza yakaganhurirwa nehutsinye, kubhadharisa magetsi, kana kushaya simba isospin, iyo isina kwayakarerekera ikozvino Z.0 kupindirana kunogona kukonzera fermions mumuenzaniso wakaenzana kuti iparadze: zvimedu uye antiparticles chero ipi zvayo yemagetsi, uye kuruboshwe uye kurudyi chirality, kunyange zvazvo simba rekubatana kunosiyana.
symmetry kutyorwa
Symmetry breaking chiitiko umo nyonganiso diki dzirikuenderera mberi pahurongwa hunopfuura nepakati penzvimbo yakaoma inopedzisa mafambiro ehurongwa kuburikidza nekuisa matavi anotorwa, kune mubatsiri wekunze, asingazivi mhirizhonga, sarudzo ichamuka zvisina kunaka.
Iyi nzira inodaidzwa kunzi symmetry kutyorwa, nekuti shanduko dzakadaro dzinowanzotamisa sisitimu kubva kune inofananidzwa asi isina kurongeka mamiriro pasi peimwe kana mamwe mamiriro chaiwo, kukanganisa mukuenzanisa kunofungidzirwa kuita basa rakakosha mumatanho.
Nekutyora kwakananga symmetry, iwo equation azvino ehurongwa akamira, asi sisitimu haina kukonzerwa nehwaro hwehurongwa husina kusarudzika, symmetry breaking yakadaro inoiswa parameter uchishandisa iyo order parameter, yakakosha kesi yerudzi urwu rwekuparara kwesymmetry. dynamic symmetry kutyora.
Kukundikana kweSymmetry kunogona kuvhara chero yeanotevera mamiriro:
- Kutyorwa kweiyo symmetry chaiyo iri pasi pemitemo yefizikisi kuburikidza nekusarudzika kuumbwa kwechimwe chimiro.
- Mamiriro ezvinhu mufizikisi apo iyo shoma simba mamiriro ane symmetry shoma pane iyo system pachayo.
- Mamiriro ezvinhu ayo mamiriro chaiwo ehurongwa haaratidzi zvakarongeka zvemweya wemasimba, sezvo iyo yakajeka system haina kugadzikana uye kugadzikana kunowanikwa nekuda kwemunharaunda asymmetry.
- Mamiriro ezvinhu umo equation yedzidziso inogona kuva nehumwe symmetries, asi mhinduro dzayo hadzina, nokuti symmetries "yakavanzwa".
Imwe yemakesi ekutanga ekutyoka symmetry inokurukurwa muzvinyorwa zvenyama ine chekuita nechimiro chakatorwa neyunifomu inotenderera muviri weincompressible fluid in gravitational and hydrostatic equilibrium.
Vose Jacobi naLiouville vakabvumirana muna 1834 kuti matatu-axis ellipsoid yaiva mhinduro yekuenzanisa kune dambudziko iri, apo simba rekinetic rinofananidzwa nesimba rinokwevera remuviri unotenderera rakapfuura imwe inokosha inokosha.
Iyo axial symmetry inomiririrwa nema spheroids yakatyoka panzvimbo iyi yebazi, uyezve, pamusoro peiyi poindi yebazi uye yenguva dzose angular kukurumidza, mhinduro dzinoderedza kinetic simba ndeye axially isiri-symmetric Jacobi ellipsoids pane spheroids yeMaclaurin.
Atomic nuclei, semuenzaniso, inoumbwa nemaproton nemanyutroni, uye isu tinoziva zvakare kuti ese subatomic particles hazvisi zvinhu zvisingachinjiki, asi zvinokwanisa kushandurana, zvakanyanya semugumisiro wekusasimba kwenyukireya.
Semuenzaniso, neutron, ine zero electric charge, inogona kuora kuita proton uye elekitironi rechaji yakaenzana neyakapesana, pamwe nechikamu chitsva che zero charge, an antineutrino, uye zvakafanana, antineutron inogona kuora kuita antiproton, positron. uye neutrino.
Electroweak Theory kana Model
Simba risina simba rinoshanda chete kumativi madiki pane nucleus yeatomu, ukuwo simba remagetsi rinogona kuenderera mberi nemakiromita makuru, sezvinoonekwa muchiedza che. Nyeredzi ayo anosvika kumapoka enyeredzi ose, achipera chete neskweya yedaro.
Uyezve, kuenzaniswa kwesimba rekubatana kunokosha pakati pemapurotoni maviri, somuenzaniso, kunoratidza kuti simba risina simba rine simba rakapetwa kanokwana mamiriyoni gumi pane simba remagetsi, asi chimwe chezvikuru zvakawanwa muzana ramakore rechi 10 chave chiri chokuti masimba maviri aya ane simba. mativi akasiyana echimwe chete, chakanyanya kukosha chekudonha kwemagetsi.
Dzidziso ye electroweak yakatanga kubva mukuedza kugadzira dzidziso yegeji inozvimiririra yesimba risina simba, mukuenzanisa nequantum electrodynamics, dzidziso yakabudirira yemazuva ano yesimba remagetsi rakagadzirwa mukati ma1940s.
Pane zvinhu zviviri zvinodikanwa zvegeji dzidziso yesimba risina simba, kutanga, inofanira kuratidza symmetry yepasi pemasvomhu, inonzi gauge invariance, zvekuti mhedzisiro yesimba yakafanana pane dzakasiyana nzvimbo uye nenguva. Chechipiri, dzidziso yacho inofanira kudzokororwa, kureva kuti, haifanire kunge iine husingaverengeki husingaverengeki huwandu.
Mienzaniso Yemazuva ese Yekuchinja kweNyukireya
Muenzaniso uri pachena weWeak Nuclear Force ndeyekusungwa kwemaproton, ayo anosemesa muzvarirwo nekuda kwekurova kwawo kwakanaka.Pamwero mukuru, uto iri ndiro rinokonzeresa simba guru rekuparadza rezvombo zvenyukireya, kuburitswa kwesimba kana kuputika. .chombo chenyukireya chinokonzerwa nesimba renyukireya.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti nenzira imwechete iyo inoshandiswa mumagetsi emagetsi enyukireya kugadzira kupisa, izvi kuitira kuumba simba, semagetsi, a Simba renyukireya Risina Simba Iyo inokwanisa kushandura neutron kuita proton uye proton kuita neutron, masimba aya anobva kune akawanda anopikisa, sekuora kweradioactive, kupisa kwezuva, radiocarbon dating, nezvimwe.
- Kuparara kwemagetsi mugwenya remagetsi enyukireya kunopa simba rakakwana kuti ripe simba maguta makuru.
- Kuita kwekubatana muzuva kunopa pasi redu simba rose rainoda kuti zvipenyu zvirarame.
- Runaway fission reaction inopa simba rinoparadza rebhomba renyukireya.