Mexico, pamwe chete nedzimwe nyika dzinoumba nzvimbo yeMesoamerican, ine miti yakasiyana-siyana yakasiyana-siyana. Izvo zvimwe zvinomera zvinozivikanwa nekushandiswa kwavo kwemishonga, sechishongo uye mukicheni. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, dzinorimwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika, dzakadai semhando dzeDalhia genera nedzimwe mhuka dzakayambuka uye dzakaita kuti pave nekugadzirwa kwemarudzi akawanda kana marudzi. Ndinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze zvishoma nezve Flora yeMexico.
Iyo Great Flora yeMexico
Mexico pamwe nenyika dzakaita seGuatemala, Belize, El Salvador nematunhu ekumadokero kweCosta Rica, Nicaragua neHonduras chikamu chedunhu reMesoamerica. Dunhu iri rine twunhu twakada kufanana, kunyanya chikafu chinobva pachibage chechibage uye chetatu chinoumba milpa (chibage, squash nebhinzi). Musiyano mukuru wezvirimwa wedunhu rino wakagadziridzwa nemamiriro ekunze ayo uye nekusiyana-siyana kwenharaunda dzezvipenyu, pamwe chete nehurongwa hwayo, zvichifarirawo kuti vanhu vazive nekuchengeta marudzi mashoma, kuti vashandise nenzira dzakasiyana.
Izvi zvinomera zvakabatsira vanhu nekuda kwekubatsira kwavo sekudya, zvekushongedza, uye miti yemishonga, uye vazhinji vakayambuka miganhu yeMexico neMesoamerican dunhu. Zvimwe zvinomera hazvizivikanwi zvakanyanya pane zvimwe uye zvakadaro ndidzo hwaro hwemaindasitiri akakosha pasi rese uye mamwe acho ndiwo marudzi anovimbisa.
Anomiririra chirimwa marudzi
Nekuda kweiyo geography, Mexico inoumbwa nemapani, mipata, makomo emakomo, umo akasiyana ecosystem akaumbwa, senge yakaderera masango ane deciduous, mangrove, magwenga, anodziya uye anopisa masango. Coastal marine ecosystems inoumbwa nenzvimbo dzehuswa, mafuro ari pasi pemvura. Ecosystems uko kunotangira maruva akasiyana siyana emunyika yeMexico. Pakati peanomiririra marudzi eMexico anonzi uye anotsanangurwa pazasi.
the avocado
Avocado (American persea) Muti wemichero ungangodaro wakaberekerwa munharaunda yeMesoamerica, iyo vanhu vesango vanogona kuwanikwa nhasi. Parizvino, kurimwa kwayo kwakapararira kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinopisa dzepasi. VaAztec vakaritumidza kuti "ahuacatl" iro zita rekuti avocado ringangodaro rakatorwa. MaIndia eChibcha akaudaidza kuti “mushonga”, zita ravari kushandisa parizvino kumadokero kweColombia. Zvakare, maIncas akaridaidza kuti "avocado", zita ravanoshandisa muPopayán, Ecuador nePeru.
ahuehuete
Iyi conifer iyo Ahuehuete (Taxodium huekelii) Ndiwo muti wenyika weRepublic of Mexico unogona kurarama makore anopfuura mazana mashanu, ndeyemhuri yeCupresaceae. Iconiferi inoyera kupfuura mamita makumi mana pakureba, hunde yaro ine pakati pe500 kusvika 40 metres muhupamhi, ine yakatsetseka mashizha ane mitsetse, ine makoni kana zvishoma spherical cones. Zviito zveAhuehuete zvinogona kuonekwa pamahombekombe enzizi uye midzi yaro inokura yakanyura mumvura.
Iyo yebhuruu agave
Ichi Blue Agave chirimwa chinonaka (Agave tequilana), Iyo ndeyemhuri yeAgavaceae, chirimwa chinokura munzvimbo dzemugwenga, chinoshandiswa muindasitiri yedhishi kugadzira tequila, chinwiwa chedoro kubva kuMexico. Mashizha ayo ane lanceolate uye akarongwa mu rosettes, maruva ayo anokura mune yakareba inflorescence, inogona kukura kusvika mamita matatu, umo mazana emaruva anokura, kana maruva achipfuura muti unofa.
handyman tree
Muti wemhuri yeMalvaceae, une mashizha akasvibira uye wakareba mamita makumi matatu. The Handyman Muti (Chiranthodendron pentadactylon), Inonyanya kuzivikanwa nezita iri nokuti maruva ayo akafanana nemaoko maduku, ruvara rwemaruva ayo rwakanyanya kutsvuka uye michero yaro ndeyehuni capsules. Mashizha ayo nembeu zvinoshandiswa kugadzirira febrifuge, analgesic uye anti-inflammatory. Pamwe chete nekugadzira chikafu, sekushandisa mashizha ayo kuputira tamales.
mahogany tree
muti wemahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), Imhando yemhando inokura mumasango eMexico ane hunyoro. Muti wemapuranga, unofarirwa zvikuru pasi rose nekuda kwehuni dzawo dzisingachinji uye dzakanaka. Iine kureba kweavhareji ingangoita mamita makumi matanhatu uye dzinde rayo 60 metres muhupamhi, huni dzayo dzakatsvuka, mashizha ayo akasvibira murima uye maruva ayo akasvibira yero.
La Ceiba
Uyu muti muhombe Ceiba kana ceibo (Ceiba pentandra), inowanikwa kunharaunda yeMesoamerica, ikozvino inotsanangurwa mukati memhuri yeMalvaceae, kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura yaiva yemhuri yeBombacaceae. Muti une mashizha anodonha uye hunde inoputika neminzwa, inokura kusvika kumamita makumi manomwe pakureba uye 70 metres muhupamhi, ine mashizha emusanganiswa ane 3 kusvika 5 madiki lobes. Maruva ayo machena, michero yawo macapsules uye mhodzi dzakafukidzwa nekapok fibers.
ruva rakafa
Icho chirimwa chine herbaceous chinochidaidza nemazita akajairika eCempasúchil, Cempaxóchitl kana ruva revakafa (tagetes erecta), mashizha ayo akabatanidzwa uye chitsauko chemaruva e-orange-yellow kusvika kune zvidhinha-tsvuku. Kubva kare, vanhu vekare vekare veColumbian vaishandisa chirimwa ichi cheCempasúchil, Cempaxóchitl kana ruva revakafa, mumitambo yekunamata vamwari kana vakafa. Inoshandiswa semuti wemishonga, dhayi uye zvipembenene.
Chile
the chili (Capsicum gore), Icho chirimwa chemhuri yeSolanaceae chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya sechikafu. Chile muchero une spicy flavour inoshandiswa netsika muMexican culinary recipes, igwenzi rine mashizha akasvibira, akapusa, ari ega kana ari maviri maviri, chirimwa chine hurefu huri pakati pe80 kusvika 100 masendimita kukwira. Zvibereko zvawo zvakarebesa uyewo mabheri akatenderedzwa, akatsvuka kusvika kusviba muruvara, ane mhodzi dzakawanda. NeChile unogona kugadzira sosi kana maMexican moles, uye inoonekwa senhaka yetsika yeOaxaca.
sapodilla
Chicozapote kana chewing gum (Manilkara zapota), Muti wakaberekerwa kuMexico, Central America neSouth America. Uyu muti unogara wakasvibira, une kureba kwemamita makumi matatu, hunde yawo ine dhayamita yemamita 30. Mashizha ayo ari agglomerated uye ari nyore, ane ega axillary maruva, ane kunhuhwirira kwakanaka, chibereko chayo iberry, nyama uye ine hupfumi hunotapira, michero yayo inodyiwa. Vanoridaidzawo kuti gum tree, nekuda kwelatex yainobuda, kubva mumuti uyu ndipo panobva huturu.
Copal
copal (Bursera copallifera) muti unosvika 8 metres kureba, une dzinde regrey resinous bark, une mashizha akasanganiswa, maruva machena uye michero mitsvuku. Inoparadzirwa muAmerica neEurope. Resin inopiswa kuti icheneswe pamweya, kubvira kare kare nevanhu vekuMexico.
epazote
Epazote chirimwa (Dysphania ambrosioides) muriwo une hunde yakapfava kana kuti ine davi, pubescent uye yakakotama, ine mashizha ari nyore, maruva akasvibira uye hukuru hudiki. Muriwo unonhuhwirira. Inoyera pakati pe40 centimeters kusvika 1 mita kureba. Inogona kuwanikwa mumasango anogara achinaya mvura, xerophytic scrub, masango emuouki, oak akasanganiswa uye masango emipaini. Inoparadzirwa munharaunda yese yeMexico sechirimwa chemusango uye chakarimwa, nekuda kwehukuru hwayo hwekupararira.
Bhinzi kana caraota
Bhinzi kana caraota (Phaseolus vulgaris), chirimwa chine herbaceous chinowanikwa kuMexico kuti chishandiswe. Icho chikamu chekudya kwekutanga kwevaMexico, kune dzakasiyana siyana dzakarimwa dzinoburitsa tsanga dzemavara akasiyana, tsvuku, chena, nhema kana variegated kana ane mavara. Vanodyiwa zvakabikwa.
kukambaira
Iyo Gateado kana rum-rum muti (astronium graveolens), ine hunde ine makwapa yakaita seganda rengwe nekudaro zita rayo rinowanzozivikanwa rekuti "kambara", bako rekunze rehunde yaro rine grey rinobuda richisiya makwapa uye pakati pekuona mukati maro makwati ari yeyero. Muti unosvika 60 metres kureba uye unodonha.
huanacaxtle
Huanacaxtle muti (Enterolobium cyclocarpum) inosvika 45 metres kureba uye ine hunde dhayamita yemamita matatu, ine korona huru. Muti wekushandiswa kwekushongedza uye sematanda. Iine mashizha akasanganiswa uye maruva egirinhi.
jicama
Ichi chirimwa chine herbaceous chine tsika yekukwira inonzi Jícama kana Mexican turnip (Pachyrhizus erosus) inokura kusvika pamamita mashanu kureba, ine trifoliate mashizha, maruva ayo ari lilac kana violet, michero yawo ndiwo mapodhi akajairika emarimu. Iine midzi ine tuberous ine ukobvu hunosvika 5 centimita muhupamhi. Ruvara rwayo rwekunze rwakatsvukira uye mukati mayo machena, inodyiwa uye inonaka.
Chibage
Ichi chirimwa chine herbaceous chinonzi Chibage (Zea mays), chinobva kuMexico uye chakarimwa nevanhu vekare vasati vabva kuColumbian kwemakore zviuru gumi. Icho chikamu chekudya kwenyika zhinji dzeAmerica. Sezvo yakaunzwa kuEurope nevakakunda, inorimwa munyika dzine mamiriro ekunze anodziya munyika. Iyo ndeyemhuri yePoaceae, iri dioecious chirimwa, maruva ayo echikadzi anozvarwa papfupi lateral stems uye maruva echirume paapical parts. Kubva pamaruva echirume, hura dzechibage dzinokura.
Mesquite
the mesquite (Prosopis spp.), muti mudiki unogona kusvika kureba hunosvika 9 metres. Inogoverwa munzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzakaoma. Hunde yaro ine stingers, ine mashizha akabatanidzwa uye akapatsanurwa, maruva ayo ane yellow uye akarongwa mu spike-like inflorescence. Zvibereko zvayo zvinovaka muviri uye zvinodyiwa nemhuka uye vanhu, zvinopedzwa zvakananga kana muupfu hwakagadzirirwa zvinotapira.
The Nance
The Nance (Byrsonima crassifolia) muti mudiki une avhareji saizi pakati pe3 kusvika 15 metres, mashizha awo anodonha uye ari nyore. Inogoverwa munzvimbo dzese dzakaoma semi-aid. Ine maruva eyero uye tsvuku kana yaibva. Michero yawo ndeyeyero kusvika kuorenji muruvara uye muchero unodyiwa uri mutsva kana kugadzirirwa mundiro dzekubika.
Iyo Milpa uye yeMexico Flora
Zvimwe zvezvinomera zvekutanga zvakabva kuMexico zvakazozivikanwa pasi rose ndiwo marudzi emiti ari chikamu chemilpa. Chii chinonzi triad yezvirimwa zvekudyiwa, icho chiri chikamu chetsika yeMesoamerica yakabatanidzwa nechibage (Zea mays), chirimwa chakachengetwa nevekuMexico makore anopfuura 10.000 apfuura. Maererano nemishumo panguva ino muMexico chete nhangemutange makumi matanhatu yakaverengwa. Pamwe nebhinzi, idzo mhando shanu dzinodyiwa dzinonzi: Phaseolus vulgaris (nezvirimwa zvakawanda), P. coccineus, P. acutifolius, Phaseolus lunatus, uye P. Phaseolus polyanthus.
Uye mumwe muriwo uri chikamu chemilpa, ndiwo marudzi emanhanga avanotumidzwa zita, marudzi mana: Cucurbita pepo, C. ficifolia, C. argyrosperma y C. moschata. Mamwe marudzi emiti anowanikwa kuMexico ndiwo anonzi maquintanils (Amaranthus spp.), the ashen quelites, the huauzontles (Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae), uye mhando dzinozivikanwa se epazote kana paico (Dysphania ambrosioides), izvo vaJesuit vakazivisa kune dzimwe nyika dzeSouth America nezvemishonga yavo.
Pamusoro pemhando idzi dzezvirimwa, iyo yechinyakare milpa inoumbwawo nezvirimwa kubva kumhuri yeSolanaceae, ine michero inoshandiswa kugadzira sosi, stews, uye zvimwe ndiro zvechinyakare chikafu cheMexico neCentral America, pakati peiyo chilipi mhiripiri. vane mazita. (Capsicum gore y C. sinensemiltomate, green tomato kana tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica) uye diki cherry tomato kana cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum pane. cerasiform).
Kushandiswa kweMexican Flora
Zvizhinji zvezvinomera zvinoumba maruva ekuMexico zvakashandiswa semushonga, zvekushongedza uye zvinodyiwa kubva nguva isati yasvika yeSpain. Pakati pezvinomera zvinodyiwa, zvimwe zvinoratidzwa, senge: magwava kana kuti “xaxócotl (Psidium guajava), iyo black sapote (Diospyros digyna), the papalos kana kuti “papaloquílitl” (Porophyllum spp.)lucaena spp.), plums kana "xócotl" (spondias spp.), nanches (byrsonima spp.), custard maapuro (annona cherimola) uye soursop (Annona muricata).
Mamwe marudzi anomiririra chirimwa cheMexican flora yekukosha inodyika uye yakakosha yave ichizivikanwa kubva pamberi pekukunda kweSpain. Zvizhinji zveizvi zvakaunzwa kuEurope nevakakunda uye ikozvino inoshandiswa kune yavo nutraceutical properties, pakati payo chias, "chian" kana "chiyan", iyo ndiyo nzira yeNahuatl yekureva mbeu duku. Mazwi anoshandiswa kureva zvimwe zvirimwa zvemhuri yeLamiaceae, zvine mhodzi diki, idzo, kana dzanyoroveswa, dzinonyorovesa mucilage wakaitenderedza uye inoita seyakanaka.
Mhuka idzi munguva dzekare dzaishandiswa zvakanyanya sechikafu munzvimbo yese yeMesoamerican, kunyanya mhando dzinozivikanwa mazuva ano se "chia pinta" kana "chia blanca" (Sage) kana kuti "black or white chian" (Hyptis suaveolens), Izvi zvaidyiwa zvakagadzirirwa muatole, pinoles kana sechinwiwa chisiri-chinwiwa chinonzi bat, sezvo tamales kana mhodzi dzakagochwa uye dzakaiswa kuti dzimere. Vakatengwa nemutero.
Pakati pemiti inoshandiswa mukurapa, mamwe anogona kupihwa mazita ayo avanogadzirira infusions, uye inotova chikamu chikuru chemishonga yepente inozivikanwa pasi rese nekubudirira kwayo, se "cuachalalate" (Julia adstringens), yakakosha zvikuru inoratidzwa mukurapa gastritis. Mimwe miti inoshandiswa semushonga ndiyo inonzi Brazilwood kana “tlahcuilolquáuitl2 (Hematoxylum brasiletto) uye toloache kana kuti “tolohuaxíhuitl” (Datura spp.) stramonium.
Iye D. stramonium, Imhando yakatogadzirwa semushonga uye inoshandiswa semushonga muCruz-Badiano Codex. Nenzira imwechete iyo inotaurwa nezvayo muFlorentine Codex, mukupedzisira kusarudzika kunoitwa kuti chirimwa ichi chinodhakisa uye kuti chinogona kukonzera kukanganisa kusingagadzirisiki kune vanhu vanoidya, nekuti ivo vanopenga zvachose, nekuda kwechikonzero ichi kushandiswa kwayo kwakanyanya. yakapfava uye inosimbiswa kuti Inofanirwa kushandiswa nguva dzose kunze uye kusambopinzwa.
Chirimwa chakakosha chevaMexico uye chinoshandiswa sechishongo uye chetsika cempasúchil kana "cempoalxóchitl", zita rechiNahuatl rinoreva "maruva makumi maviri"tagetes erecta), vokuMexico vanorishandisa kukudza vakafa vavo mukati memhemberero dzeZuva Revakafa (November 1 na2), vachiratidza yeyero yemaruva aro. Tagetes inoshandiswa sechishongo kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi.
Imwe chirimwa chekushongedza kukosha ndeye plumeria rubra, Inozivikanwa nevakawanda nezita rayo rakajairika Flor de Mayo, yave yakakurumbira kushongedza magadheni nekuda kwemavara akasiyana emaruva ayo: tsvuku, yero, chena uye pink. Kubva panguva dzisati dzasvika kuSpain, maruva akagadzirwa nemaruva avo, kupa rukudzo kumadzishe anokosha, nhasi muHawaii vanoita maruva ane poppy maruva kana flor de mayor kugamuchira vashanyi kuchitsuwa.
Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dze orchids zvakare zvirimwa zveMexican flora, zvakakodzera kutarisira uye kunakidzwa, "zvinomera zvakakosha kuona" sezvakataurwa naFrancisco Hernández (protomedic of Felipe II), pamwe chete nedieguitos kana. tzacuxochitl, umo marudzi akawanda e Laelia, semhando laelia speciosa, y L. autumnalis, Pamusoro pekushongedza, aishandiswawo sename kana kunamira muunyanzvi hweminhenga uye zvakare kugadzirisa mavara echirimwa muzvipfeko. Imwe genus ye orchid inogona kunzi iyo standhopea spp., iyo inozivikanwa semabhuru kana coatzontecoxóchitl, ine chokoreti uye mint inonhuwira.
Saizvozvo, mune idzi tsananguro iyo tuberose kana omixóchitl (Polianthes tuberosa), iyo inodhaka nekunhuhwirira kwayo kunotapira, kunoshandiswa zvakanyanya muMexico mumachechi uye nekuda kwechikonzero ichi kunhuhwirira kwayo kunoenderana nekunhuhwirira kwematemberi echechi kana kumuka. Chirimwa chinorimwa nokuda kwemaruva akachekwa, nokuda kwenguva yemaruva ayo uye kunhuhwirira kwawo. MuHawaii, maruva ayo anoshandiswawo kugadzira maruva kana maketeni emaruva kune vashanyi.
Pamazuva eKisimusi, poinsettias kana cuetlaxóchitl (Euphorbia pulcherrima), inonzi muChirungu poinsettia, inorimwa zvakanyanya neCalifornian horticultural industry. Chekupedzisira asi chisiri chidiki, Ruva reNyika reMexico, maDahlias, akadanwa nevaAztec muchiNahuatl se atlcotlixochitl, anobva kuMexico. Dahlia kana dahlia iruva rinoyemurwa zvikuru nekuda kwekunaka kwaro. Nguva zhinji zvitsama zvikuru zvemari zvakabhadharwa kutenga mhodzi dzemhando dzakaisvonaka zvikurusa. Kuve ruva renyika ino, vashoma vanoziva nhoroondo yaro uye kukosha kwayo.
Ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi nekuziva hunhu hunoshamisa uye maitiro ekuzvichengeta, uchiverenga zvinotevera zvinyorwa: