Ecosystems inomiririra chinhu chakakosha pasi rose, ichipa zvakasiyana-siyana, runako uye chete. Kujekesa munyaya iyi ecosystem ye savanna, inoumbwa nenhamba yakawanda yezvipenyu uye maitiro akasiyana, munyaya inotevera tichadzidza nezvemaruva e savanna uye mamwe maitiro akawanda anosanganisira nzvimbo iyi yekugara.
Savannah Ecosystem
Nyika yepasi yakafukidzwa nekunaka kwakasiyana-siyana kwechisikigo, tichifunga zvirimwa zvakasiyana, zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemarudzi emhuka uye marudzi akasiyana-siyana enzvimbo, zvichiita kuti ive nyika yakasiyana-siyana uye yakanaka nemasikirwo, nekuda kweizvi nharaunda dzese dzakaiswa mumagariro eecosystems izvo ivo. unganidza seti yehunhu kuti ive yakasarudzika uye yakasiyana, mune iyi savannah ecosystem ichasimbiswa.
Savannah ecosystem inzvimbo inoumbwa nenzvimbo refu dzepasi dzinozivikanwa semapani. Imhando yebiome, tsananguro inoshandiswa kutsanangura nzvimbo inoumbwa nemaruva nemhuka, vane kavha yemuti kadiki kana mashoma emhando aripo idiki kwazvo.
Vamwe vanamazvikokota vanotsinhira kuti hunhu hwema savanna hwakafanana nemasango uye nemafuro ehuswa, achikoshera kuve nzvimbo dzakaoma kwazvo dzinotovhiringika nehafu-gwenga, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekusanaya kwemvura kwakanyanya uye nguva yekunaya kwemvura zhinji. . Masango anowanikwa munyika anomiririra kukwezva kukuru kwekuona, kunyanya nekuda kwemamiriro avo enzvimbo, uko kunewo makomo ane makomo ane kukwirira kwakanyanya. Savannah imhando ye ecosystem ine marudzi akasiyana emaruva, fauna uye mamiriro ekunze.
Savannah imhando yeterrestrial biome, ndosaka ichiwanikwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzinodziya dzepasi. Nguva dzayo dzekunaya kwemvura dzinongoitika kamwe chete pagore asi kwemwaka mirefu kwazvo, mwaka wasara wegore unongocherechedzwa chaizvo uye mwaka wekusanaya kwemvura. Urwu rudzi rwehunhu ndirwo runoita kuti iratidzike senzvimbo yekuchinja yerenje nemasango ecosystem.
Savannas anowanikwa munzvimbo dzinopisa umo mamiriro ekunze anonyanya kuoma, ane hunyoro hwakanyanya uye nguva refu yekusanaya kwemvura, uko tembiricha yaro inosvika 17º C, nguva idzi dzekusanaya kwemvura dzinotora mwedzi ingangoita mwedzi mishanu uye dzinobva pa100 mm uye kusvika kusvika. 1300 mm yekunaya kwemvura. Nzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzeSavannas dzinowanikwa zvakanyanya kumakondinendi, ari akanyanya kuwanda muhupamhi hwemakondinendi eAfrica, kunewo mamwe mapepa munzvimbo dzinopisa dzeAustralia, India neSouth America, achizivikanwa zvakanyanya mune yekupedzisira iri mu. Venezuela, Brazil neColombia.
savannah flora
Iyo flora seti yezvidyarwa zviri mune imwe nzvimbo yenzvimbo, zvinomiririra iyo yemiriwo layer iyo yakasarudzika kune dunhu, ichive yakasarudzika uye yakasarudzika hunhu hweimwe ecosystem iri panyika. Ichi chinhu pamwe chete nemhuka chinomiririra chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinoumba biome inopa hupenyu mukati menzvimbo chaiyo.
Savannah inoumbwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzeuswa, imhando yehuswa hunokura nenzira isina kurongeka munyika yose uye pasina rudzi rwechirimwa, inomiririra rudzi rwakakosha rwechikafu chemhuka dzakadai seantelopes, hwai, pakati. vamwe. Pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzeuswa tinogona kutaura lemongrass, rhodesgrass, stargrass uye Bermuda uswa, pakati pezvimwe zvakawanda, kupa kuwedzera kukuru kwehuswa hwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana.
Kune miti mishoma uye inoshomeka, imhando yemiti ine hunde yehuni, ramifications dzakasimba pasi, pamwe chete nema bulbs nematavi pakati pemikombe yayo yese yezvimiro zvakasiyana. Pakati pesavanna pane mimwe miti yakatanhamara yakaita semubayamhondoro, baobab nejackalberry; imhando yemuti une hunde dzakakora uye mashizha ane mashizha, kana ari mubayamhondoro imhando yemuti mutete asi wakareba, zvichireva kuti ndiwo munowanikwa kudya kwetwiza.
Nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze, zvinomera zvemu savanna zvave kuchinja uye kushanduka kuti zvimire kuchinjika kwakasiyana kwetembiricha uko kunoratidzwa zvipenyu izvi. Muchiitiko ichi, zvinoratidzika kuti zvinomera zvine midzi yakadzika uye yakareba yakareba; izvi zvinodaro nekuti iwe unoda kuwana zvicherwa zvakasiyana izvo iwe sechirimwa unoda uye zvese zvinovaka muviri zvinowanikwa muvhu.
Masango eEast Africa anomiririra nzvimbo yenzvimbo ine yakakwirira yemiti yemuakasia. Imhando yemiti yakajairika mukondinendi iyoyo, inozivikanwawo nemazita euswa hwenzou nekuti inosvika pakakwirira (zvishoma 10 tsoka) uye inomiririra chikafu chemhuka huru dzinoyamwisa, mhando yemuti iyi inokura pedyo nenzizi nemadziva. .
Miti yeBaobab inoonekwa seimwe yemiti ine mukurumbira pasi rose, inowanikwa mumapani eAfrica uye kuIndia, inozivikanwa semuti webhodhoro kana monkey bread. Inokura kusvika mamita makumi masere pakureba uye inoonekwa semhando yakagara kwenguva refu, inorarama kusvika kuzviuru zvemakore. Rudzi urwu rwemuti runokwevera kutarisisa kwekuratidzira kutaridzika kwekusimwa wakatsikitsira pasi, uye kune ngano dzakawanda nezvekwakabva. Pamusoro pezvo, michero yayo yakakura kwazvo uye madzinza ari pedyo anowanzo kukwira kuti aiwane sechikafu uyezve nemishonga yayo.
Eucalyptus miti ndiyo imwe mhando yemuti unoonekwa mumasava, kunyanya kuAustralia, imhando yemuti usingakurudzirwe sechishongo nekuda kwemidzi yawo inoparadza uye nekuti unotora zvicherwa zvinowanikwa muvhu, kusvika pakusvika. kuvaita varombo. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, ivo vanoonekwa zvakanyanya mumhando iyi yezvisikwa nekuda kwekuwedzera kukuru kwenyika yavanogara uye inobvumira kukura kwakakodzera kwemidzi yavo.
Miti inocherechedzwa muSavannah yakawanda kwazvo uye ndeyemhuri yeuswa uye sedges, iri mhando yemiti inosvika kusvika pamamita matanhatu pakureba, nekuda kweizvi vane chitarisiko chemasango, anoumbwa nehukuru. zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakwenzi nemimwe miti, imhando yemiti yemiti inoenderana nemamiriro ekunze enzvimbo, inoshingirira zvakanyanya munguva yekusanaya kwemvura iyo mune imwe mwaka inoburitsa moto. Heano mamwe akanyanya kusimba:
- Uswa "chigunwe chinowanikwa" (Digitaria Eriantha)
Inoonekwa semhando yakakosha yehuswa hweAfrica savannah, ine mashizha makuru anogara kwenguva refu, kunyanya munguva yekusanaya kwemvura. Imhando yechirimwa inosiyaniswa zviri nyore nekuva nechimiro cheminwe inogoverwa mukati medzinde rose.
- Bluestem Bluestem Grass (Genus Bothriochloa)
Imhando yehuswa hunowanikwa munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze anodziya zvakanyanya. Vanopa mhando yakakosha kwazvo mumasava eAfrica, Madagascar, Indonesia, Polynesia neNew Caledonia.
- Jackal Berry Tree (Diospyros Mespiliformis)
Inoonekwa seimwe yepamusoro-soro ecosystems iripo mumasavannah, kunyangwe isiri yakajairika. Vane yakakura zvikuru uye grey bark. Miti yacho ine maruva akakora uye mashizha makuru.
- Candelabra Tree (Euphorbia Ingens)
Icho chirimwa chakatetepa chemhuri inonaka, yakafanana necacti, inogona kuonekwa munzvimbo idzo dzinobva kunzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzinodziya dzekondinendi yeAfrica.
- Buffalo Thorn Bush (Ziziphus Mucronata)
Iyo inozivikanwa semhando ye shrub inosvika mamita gumi pakureba, inogara mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana evhu uye inowanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugara, ine tsvuku tsvuku kana mottled grey ruvara.
Savannah Vegetation Type
Irwo rudzi rwezvinomera rinoita basa rekufukidza savannah ecosystem, inofukidza nzvimbo dzeherbaceous mugenera Adropogon, Aristidia, Louditia, Atreba neTriodoa, zvakare yakajairika mumatunhu eAustralia. Imhando yemhando inodarika kusvika pamamita maviri pakureba, ichivhiringika munzvimbo dze steppe nekuti ine dense midzi uye seti yemhodzi dzakatanhamara.
- Shrub Diverse
Inopa zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinomera, imhando yehuswa hunoonekwa muminda yeAmazon. Kwakanga kune miti yakasiyana-siyana uye makwenzi anobva kucampo cerrado, ine nhamba huru yemiti yakawanda inozivikanwa semasango akajeka.
- Zviratidzo
Iine midzi ine simba uye yakadzika midzi, mashizha ane mashizha anokonzerwa nemwaka wegore, anoonekwa mumwaka wakaoma ane hunde dzakaderera, achiwana korona dzakadzika, pamwe chete negororo rekudzivirira pakati pemoto nemashizha makuru.
Savannah Wildlife
Fauna iboka remhuka dzinowanikwa mukati meimwe nzvimbo yekugara. Mhando dzemhuka dzinosiyana zvichienderana neabiotic, biotic, mamiriro ekunze uye geographical zvinhu zvinotenderedza iyo nzvimbo. Kuratidzira hukuru hukuru hwezvipenyu zvichienderana nenzvimbo yavari kugara, mune savannas vanopa yakasarudzika uye yakasarudzika mhando yemhuka.
Mhuka dzeSavannah dzakanyanya kucherechedzwa mukondinendi yeAfrica, uko kune mhuka dzakawanda dzinodya uye dzinodya nyama, zvese izvi zvinonyatso cherechedzwa kuve inzvimbo yakapfuma mumakwenzi, saka kune mhuka dzinodya herbivorous izvo chikafu chavo chikuru zvirimwa. imhando yemhando yezvipenyu zvinorarama mumapoka, pakati pavo tinogona kuratidza mbizi, nzou, twiza, nyati, mhara, mhou nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Iyi ecosystem ine huvepo hwehuwandu hukuru hwemhuka dzinodya zvinomera zvinomiririra tsime guru rekudya kwemhuka dzinodya dzinogara mairi. Muchiitiko ichi, shumba, cheetah, imbwa dzomusango, ingwe, mambas, hyenas, pakati pezvimwe, zvinomira. Ikoko manyuko avo makuru echikafu imhuka dzinodya, nekufamba kwenguva uye kushanduka kwemarudzi, vekupedzisira vakawana nzira yekupona nekurwiswa kwemhuka idzi.
Zvizhinji zvemarudzi ose anowanikwa mukati mekugara kwe savanna anogara mumombe, achicherechedza zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana, shiri dzine mapapiro akafara kwazvo kuti dziite nzendo refu uye mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzine makumbo marefu uye akasimba, zvichiratidza munyaya iyi mhara nemhou. zvinonyatsozivikanwa nekumhanya kwazvo kwekukwanisa kutiza zvikara.
Saizvozvowo, twiza rudzi rwemhuka dzinoshandisa kureba kwadzo kuti zvinakire, dzichikwanisa kuona mhuka dzinodya dziri kure uye dzichikwanisa kudzitiza, sezvinoita nzou dzinoshandisa ukuru nesimba radzo kudzinga mhuka dzinodya nyama dzinosvika padziri.
Savanna dzine nhamba huru yemhuka dzinodya, dzakadai se cheetah, feline inogona kumhanya kusvika kumakiromita makumi manomwe paawa kuvhima mhuka yayo, ichionekwa sechipfuwo chinokurumidza kudarika pasi rose. Mamwe marudzi emhando dzemhando dzakakurumbira dzakadai senzou, shumba, mapere uye mamwe akawanda, akasiyana uye akasarudzika kune izvi zvipenyu.
Ndiyo imwe yeecosystems ine huwandu hukuru hwezvikara izvo nekufamba kwenguva zvakachinja kuti zvidye zvirimwa zvinopihwa nekugara. Mamwe emarudzi aya ari oga kune idzi nharaunda, dzakadai seCinereus koala, mhuka inoyamwisa inowanika mumasava eAustralia, inodya miti yeeucalyptus (inozivikanwa munzvimbo yacho) uye inokwira miti zviri nyore nokuda kwenzwara dzayo huru, ichiona maitiro. zvakasiyana zvishoma izvo koalas dzinowanikwa mune mamwe marudzi eecosystems.
Imwe yemhando dzayo huru imhando dzayo dzinodya nyama, uko hombe ishumba, nekuti nzvimbo iyi yakanakira kuvhima nemhando idzi, kunyanya nekuda kwehuswa hwayo hushoma uye maonero ayo akatambanuka, ndicho chikonzero ichiunganidza akawanda mune iyi. ecosystem.
Mhando dzeSavannah
Inzvimbo yakapararira munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi, kunyanya muAfrica Continent neSouth America, kunyangwe zvese paine misiyano pakati pemasavanna ari mukondinendi imwe neimwe, nekuda kweizvi vakarongedzerwa vachifunga nezvezvinhu zvakaita se maruva, mhuka, geography, tembiricha uye ivhu, zvinotsanangurwa pazasi:
Intertropical Savannah
SInofungidzirwa semhando yesavannah inonyanya kuzivikanwa nekuratidzira nzvimbo dzakakwirira, imhando yerudzi rwesavannah yekondinendi yeAfrica mudunhu rekumabvazuva, kunyanya dunhu rinowanikwa muSerengenti pedyo neTanzania. Imhando ye savanna ine mamiriro ekunze anodziya asi ane nguva refu yekusanaya kwemvura; chimwe chehunhu hwayo hukuru ndechekuti ine ivhu rakashata kwazvo, yakaderera mineral content uye yakaoma kwazvo. Iine mamiriro ekunze anodziya asi neimwe nguva yekunaya kwemvura, inewo huwandu hukuru hwemhuka dzinoyamwisa, kusanganisira dzakasiyana siyana dzeshiri uye zvipembenene, zvinoratidzira. chokwadi chekuva nezvinomera zvakanyanya.
temperate savannah
Iwo anodziya savannas ari pakati nepakati latitudes, nekuda kweizvi ivo vanovhiringidzika nemasango uye zvisinei neizvi, vanoonekwa pamakondinendi mashanu. Iwo anoratidzirwa nekuonekwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzeCentral Asia uye nekuwedzera kuve nezhizha rine hunyoro zvishoma, nekuoma uye kutonhora kwechando. Miti yaro ine midzi yakadzika uye yakanyatsojeka inodzivirira ivhu, inovimbisa kuti ivhu rakaorera kwazvo, rine huwandu hwemhando dzemiti munyika yayo.
Mediterranean savannah
Masango eMediterranean anowanikwa pakati pepakati pemakondinendi ose, ane mamiriro ekunze akafanana neMediterranean kana semi-aid, zvichiita kuti vave nezvinomera zvishoma. Rudzi urwu rwesavannah rwakagoverwa mukondinendi yeAfrica kwaanogona kuonekwa karekuvapo kwetwiza, nzou, shumba, mbira, pakati pedzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa.
Mountain Savannah
Iyo inomiririra mhando ye ecosystem iyo iri munzvimbo dzakakwirira kwazvo dzemakomo, ichionekwa senzvimbo dze subalpine kubviramakumbo anoonekwasepasi rese pasirese asi kunyanya mumakomo eAfrica, akasiyana nemamwe marudzi emasavanna nekupa huwandu hwepamusoro hwekunaya kwemvura mugore, ichiratidza hurefu, ndosaka ichiwanikwa munzvimbo dzine hunyoro uye dzinowanzoita. kunaya kwemvura, nekuda kweNdinokuratidzain mwero wakakwira wemaruva uye zvipenyu zvakasiyana zvachose kubva kune mamwe savanna.
Tinovimba kuti chinyorwa ichi chabatsira, tinokusiira vamwe vanozonyatsokufarira:
Zvinokonzera uye Zvinokonzera Marara