Kondinendi yeEurope ine misiyano yakakura yezvienzaniso zvemhuka pane izvo zvezvipenyu kubva kune humwe humambo hwezvipenyu, mune ino yekupinda zvimwe zvezviyo zvemaruva nemhuka zvichataurwa. mhuka dzeEurope, mushure mekuita rondedzero yakajairika yemamiriro ekunze uye shanduko yenzvimbo iyo kondinendi iyi yakaitika.
Europe
NezveEurope kune mamwe mafungidziro akajairwa ekuti kana uchivaziva uchashanda kuti udzidze zvishoma nezve hunhu hwemamiriro ekunze anahwo, nharaunda yayo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Chekutanga, Europe inyika yakati diki kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe, kunyangwe ichigarwa nevanhu vangangoita mamirioni mazana manomwe nemakumi mana nevatatu vakagoverwa pakati penyika 743 dzakazvimiririra dzinoiumba. Zvakajairika kupatsanura Eastern Europe neWestern Europe kuti iwedzere kutsanangurwa.
Nyika iyi yakaumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma mushure mekudonha kwehushe hukuru hweRoma, sezvo mibatanidzwa yakaumbwa pakati pedunhu rega rega kuti ribatane uye rive nesimba rakawanda. Muchokwadi, matunhu eEurope akange ari muhondo kwenguva yakareba uye aine pesvedzero kwete munzvimbo dzadzo chete asi mune dzimwe nyika dziri kune mamwe makondinendi, chero zvakadaro ivo vachiri kondinendi diki inoganhurana negungwa reArctic glacial. kumadokero neAtlantic Ocean uye kumaodzanyemba neGungwa reMediterranean.
Kana iri yekugumira kwayo kumabvazuva, kuganhurwa neAsia hakuna kunyatso kujeka kunyangwe hazvo makore apfuura kubva pakukunda zvibvumirano, kumukirana, hondo, nezvimwe. Izvi zvinoratidzika sechimwe chinhu chinodzokororwa munyika dzakawanda, dzakadai seVenezuela, iyo isina muganhu wakajeka kuchamhembe nekuda kwehuwandu hwezvitsuwa zvinowanikwa mushure memahombekombe iwayo.
Nezvemamiriro ekunze ayo, zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kuonekwa zvichienderana nematunhu, zvisinei kuti mazhinji acho ane mamiriro ekunze anodziya uye kusiyana kwakakura hakuonekwi mukati megore, chimwe chinhu chinogona kuonekwa munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze anopisa kunyange zvazvo kune marudzi akawanda ekuyamura, zvakadai sebani (rinogona kuonekwa kubva kuMakomo eUral kusvika kuAtlantic), maitiro makuru emakomo eScandinavia neBohemian, pamwe neBlack Forest. Mukuwedzera kune makomo anoonekwa muAlps nePyrenees.
Mamiriro ekunze aya, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwemasango anawo, angangoita 90%, anofarira zvikuru kukura kwemaruva akawanda, pamusoro pekugovewa kwemhuka kwakaitika nekufamba kwenguva uye kupatsanurwa kunoonekwa munguva dzakaita se. Mesozoic uye Cenozoic. Zvisinei, kutsakatika kwechikamu chezvipenyu zveEurope munguva dzekare kwakanga kuchinyangarika sezvo inopfuura hafu yamasango eEurope yakaparadzwa.
Pasinei neizvi, zvipenyu zvakawanda zvinowanikwa mumasango akadai sesango rinoputika reScandinavia neRussia, zvakare mumasango akavhenganiswa umo miti yeconiferous yambotaurwa inowanikwa. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti akawanda emasango eEurope haasi chaiwo epakutanga, mazhinji acho akatemwa uye izvi zvinokanganisawo mhuka dzemhuka dzinowanikwa imomo. Nekudaro, kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope dzichiri dzakasimba.
Historia
Kuumbwa kweEurope sekuzivikanwa kwazvinoita kubva kunguva yechipiri inozivikanwa seMesozpico, uko madhinosaurs achiripo. Panguva iyi kondinendi yeNorth America neAsia yakapatsanurwa, kwakamboonekwa nzvimbo huru yeLaurasia (paive pave kunzi Europe, Asia nedzimwe nyika, paivewo neGondwana kunova ndiko kwaive neSouth America. Gungwa reTethys anenge mamiriyoni 200 emakore apfuura.
Mukuumbwa kwekare uku, Europe yakabatanidzwa nenyika neNorth America kuburikidza nechitsuwa cheGreenland, icho parizvino chiri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweNorth America. Kunyangwe Europe yaive "yaparadzana" kubva kuAsia, mwero wegungwa wakadonha ukaratidza kubatana kutsva kwenyika.
Kuburikidza nekubatana uku kwekare uye kutsva, huwandu hukuru hwezvipenyu hwakauya kubva kuNorth America neAsia, izvo zvakapa nzira yekuumbwa kwekondinendi uye kubuda kwemarudzi akasiyana emhuka dzakaita semaprimate. Saizvozvowo, makore umo nguva dzinotonhora zvikuru dzakaonekwa, mhuka dzakava nerudaviro rwokurega uye apo dzakanga dziri nguva dzokudziya dzaiwedzera. Izvi zvakaonekwa nenzira yakasiyana mumarudzi ayo nhasi anonzi arctic uye alpine.
Zvino, nguva yeaizi yakave netapuro huru pakuparadzirwa kwemhuka kwete bedzi muEurope asi mumakondinendi ose, mukuwedzera pakuti kusvika kwomunhu kwakavamba nokuvhimwa kwemhuka kusvikira kupfundo rokutsakatika, zvose zviri zviviri zvikara nemhuka. Kana iri miti, mhando dzakasiyana dzakaonekwawo nekufamba kwenguva, zvakasiyana-siyana zvakagara zviripo asi mamwe marudzi anotonga kupfuura mamwe. Kusiyana nezvipembenene zvakachengetwa chete nekugadzirisa kwemamiriro ekunze.
Apo mazaya echando akanga achifamba, zvipenyu zvakawanda zvaigona kufamba zviri nyore zvakararama ndokudzokera kunzvimbo dzazvaimbova, nenzira yakafanana mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakarongazve nzvimbo nokukurumidza kana kuti zvishoma nezvishoma zvichienderana nemarudzi. Zvese izvi zvakaitika panguva dzekugovaniswa kwenzvimbo munzvimbo dzinozivikanwa nhasi.
Nzvimbo dzazvino dzeEurope
Kune marudzi mazhinji munyika yeEurope uye mumakungwa akaipoteredza, muNorth Sea, semuenzaniso, unogona kuona akawanda genera ane mhando dzakadai sepout, sprat, sandeel, plaice, mackerel, haddock, cod. uye 230 mamwe marudzi ehove dzakadzika-dzekugara kana pamhenderekedzo dzegungwa dzakakamurwa kuva nzvimbo dzakawanda nokuti North Sea haina kunyanya kufanana mukudzika.
Saizvozvo, pamahombekombe, macrustaceans akadai seNorwegian lobster kana marine shrimp anowanzo kubatwa hove, pamwe ne siganus kana redfish, pamwe nemhando dzambotaurwa. Kana dziri shiri, dzakawanda dzeidzo dzinotama dzinosvika muEurope pane imwe nguva yegore, semuenzaniso Kumedza vanosvika mukondinendi iyi muna March kana kuti April uye vachibva ikoko vanoenda kunzvimbo dzakawanda.
European flora
Chiitiko chevanhu chakaita basa rakasimba mukuchinja maruva muEurope, pamusoro pekushandurwa kwenzvimbo iyo kondinendi iyi yakaitika nekufamba kwenguva nekuda kwezviitiko zvechisikigo, kuita kwevanhu kwakaparadza zvisikwa zvakawanda uye Europe haisi kondinendi inoponeswa kubva. icho, ichi chinhu chinozivikanwa uye chakajeka nhasi.
Masango anowanikwa munzvimbo dziri kuchamhembe kwemakomo ndeaya akakwanisa kuramba "asina kubatwa" neimwe nzira, sezvakaita ayo anowanikwa kuchamhembe uye pakati peiyo yaizova European Russia. Zvimwe zvakasara zvakakanganiswa nevanhu kusvika pamwero muduku kana mukuru, zvisinei, maruva akawanda anogona kutsanangurwa kubva kune dzakawanda zvenharaunda dzayo, sezvo zvisiri zvose zvinoitwa nevanhu zvave zvisina kunaka, chikamu chiduku chezviito chakave nepesvedzero yakanaka.
Semuyenzaniso, chikamu chikuru chemasango eEurope chakasimwazve masango uye miti inotema miti nemiti yeconiferous yakadai semamepu, mioki, mipaini, firs uye yakasanganiswa elms inogona kuwanikwa imomo. Mamwe masango akamerazve paivhu rakanga racherwa kare ndokusiiwa risina kubatwa zvakare, zvichiita kuti mimwe miti ikure pariri.
Kana ari matunhu arctic, tundra zvinomera zvinogona kuonekwa, kureva, dwarf shrubs, mosses, lichens, miti pane dzimwe nzvimbo, herbs, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Iyo inokura nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze ekunze anotaridza mhando yenzvimbo iyi. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope dzine tundra dzinotonhorera zvishoma pane dzimwe, saka unogona kuona nzvimbo dzeuswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo uye mosses kana lichens kune dzimwe nzvimbo, kunze kweiyo mumakomo nemakomo kune alpine tundra.
Mune aya tundras zvinogonekawo kuona maruva emusango, kune vamwe vese unogona kuona matunhu akareba mubani reEurope ane mafuro uye nehuswa hurefu, iwe unogona zvakare kuona spruces nemapaini mumasango econiferous akazara mukondinendi ino. , kunyange zvazvo kunewo nzvimbo dzakati sandarara uye dzakaoma umo uswa hupfupi hunogona kuonekwa.
Kana iri michero yemiti kana makwenzi anowanikwa munyika dziri pedyo neMediterranean, maorivhi nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemaorivhi zvinogona kuonekwa mumatunhu akawanda, mazambiringa (kune nhamba yakawanda yeminda yemizambiringa muEurope), kune uyewo mamwe maonde, michero, angiosperm miti yakadai se rutaceae,
mhuka dzomusango dzokuEurope
Zvichienderana nenharaunda yavanogara, nhamba huru yemarudzi emakirasi akasiyana-siyana, mirairo uye mhuri dzinogona kuwanikwa.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nULCIcqVKWU
Mvura ine munyu
Pamusoro pemarudzi ataurwa pamusoro apa anogara muAtlantic Ocean kana muGungwa Dzvuku, unogona kuona shiri dzakawanda dzisina kutaurwa mune yekupedzisira, semuenzaniso gull-black-legged, Northern fulmar inoonekwa kuNorth Atlantic Ocean uye. zvakare kuchamhembe kwePacific, iwe unogona zvakare kugara uchiona seagull, akati wandei emhuri yeproceláridos, pakati pevamwe.
Kune zvakare marudzi akati wandei anogara muGungwa reBaltic, iro risina munyu wakawanda seGungwa Dzvuku, asi mune zvese unogona kuona mhuka dzemugungwa dzakadai segrey kana common seal, dzinogovana nzvimbo nehove dzakadai seyakajairika herring.
Mvura inotapira
Pakati penzvimbo dzezvipenyu muEurope kune dzakawanda dzine mitumbi yemvura yakachena senzizi dzakazara mukondinendi ino, dzinoyerera dzichipinda muArctic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Black Sea (iri pakati peEastern Europe neWestern Asia) neCaspian. Gungwa iro zvakare riri pakati peEurope neAsia.
Mediterranean
Nyika dziri pedyo neMediterranean dzainge dzakafukidzwa zvakanyanya nemasango kana nenzvimbo dzine miti yakawanda, zvisinei, zvakare basa revanhu rakakanganisa nzvimbo idzi uye dzadzishandura kuita masango, maquis, kana garrigue. kubva pakuderedzwa kwechaparral).
Kana dziri mhuka, zvipenyu zvakawanda zvakarasika nekuda kwedambudziko remunyu reMessinia, yaive nguva iyo munyu wakaunganidzirwa muhuwandu hwakakura pazasi peMedithera uye nguva yekudonha kunoshamisa kwakaitika. Ichi ndicho chikonzero mhuka dzakawanda dzinobva kuIndia Ocean dzakatamira kunzvimbo iyi yeMediterranean.
mafuro
Mhuka dzeEurope dzinowedzerawo kuburikidza neinozivikanwa seGreat Steppe inofamba nepakati peEurasia nemapoka savannas, scrublands, masango uye mamwe marudzi ezvinyorwa zvinogona kuonekwa kubva kuMoldova kusvika kuSiberia neHungary.
Pakati pemarudzi anogona kuonekwa muuswa uhwu makwai, mbudzi, ngamera (idzo dzaingopfuura bedzi naikoko sezvo dzakanga dziri nzira dzokutakura nadzo kusvika kuAstrakhan), Yaks (inowanwawo mumakomo ari pakati peAsia). Mabhiza anowanikwawo munzvimbo idzi uye anoshandiswa nevanhu kuhondo kana kutakura.
Iyo inonzi Eurasian steppe haina chaizvo nzvimbo yakakura muEastern Europe asi muCentral Asia, muWestern Russia chete, Ukraine nePannonian Plain ndiyo inowanikwa mukati meiyi kupatsanurwa kwemafuro, ane, kuwedzera kune marudzi ataurwa pamusoro apa. kumakonzo emhuri Arviolinae, tsindi dzeEurope nemhungu.
Makomo ematunhu
Munzvimbo idzi, mhuka hadzina kukanganiswa nebasa revanhu, kusiyana nemamwe anogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Munzvimbo idzi mune maPyrenees, ayo anowanzo kuderedzwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Zvisikwa zviviri zvinogona kuonekwa mumakomo ePyrenees, kunyanya Iberian desman uye salamander.
Bere rebrown imhando yakagadzirisa nzvimbo dzakawanda kwemamiriyoni emakore, idzo dzinobva kuPyrenees kuEurope dzakavhimwa zvekuti dzinenge dzave chikamu cherondedzero ye. Mhuka dzinopera nekuda kwevanhu asi muna 1996 yakapinzwazve munzvimbo yayo.
Kana iri yeAlps, mhuka dzinogona kuonekwa pano dzinoratidzwa nekuvapo kweAlpine marmots, Alpine grouse, Alpine mbudzi dzomusango, mapere eItaly, lynxes, chamois, mamwe mabheya matsvuku uye mamwe marudzi. Zvese izvi munzira yemakiromita angangoita 1.500 pakati peCentral Europe neEastern Europe.
Mhando
Zvino, mhuka dzeEurope dzinogona kurongeka nemhando, ipapo mhuka dzinogara mukondinendi ino dzichaiswa mumapoka manomwe makuru:
Amphibians
Kirasi Amphibia inosanganisira mamwe marudzi e7492 anoparadzirwa pasi rose, kunze kwemagwenga akaoma zvikuru, zvitsuwa zvegungwa uye nzvimbo dzeArctic, yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemarudzi 75 chete inogona kuwanikwa muEurope yose, kunyanya kumaodzanyemba, mamwe emarudzi aya angave:
- the common toad
- mboro yespadefoot
- The yellow-bellied datya
- Iyo moto-bellied toad, pakati pevamwe.
- nyamukuta
- The European Green Toad
- datya rinokurumidza
- The European Tree Datya
- Datya remuti weMediterranean
- the common datya
- datya remachakwi
bird
Shiri dzakasiyana-siyana dzakatsanangurwa uye dzakanyorwa mumabhuku anoratidza mhuka dzeEurope, dzakawanda dzadzo ishiri dzinotama uye dzinogara mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope kwechinguva uye dzimwe dzine vapfuri (inenge hafu) pamwe chete zvingava mamwe marudzi 800. uye zvakatonyanya, dzimwe dzemhuri dzine dambudziko ndeidzi: prunelids, gulls, tetraonines uye genus. bombicilla kungotaura vashoma. Kutumidza mamwe marudzi eshiri dzinogara muEurope, runyoro runotevera runoratidzwa:
- Geese (marudzi mapfumbamwe)
- Madhadha (dhadha remusango, common teal, pakati pevamwe)
- Eagles (spotted gondo, osprey, golden agle, gondo rine chigunwe chipfupi, gondo reumambo, hen harrier, gondo rakaputika)
- magora
- Zizi
- mazizi nevakomana
- zizi
- Huni dzakaita sehuni, mhata nhema, grey woodpecker, yegirinhi yehuni, pakati pezvimwe.
- Falcon (peregrine falcon, kestrel falcon, buzzard falcon)
- makondo eEurope
- goshawk yekuchamhembe kana goshawk hawk
- Nyaradzi
- Chikamu chikuru chepasserine kurongeka, kusanganisira swallows, magpies, storks, shiri duku, pakati pevamwe.
Tupukanana
Zvisikwa zveEurope zvinongofunga zvipembenene zvakasiyana zvakasiyana, zvinotevera mirairo uye mhuri dzezvipembenene zvinogona kuwanikwa muEurope:
- Neuroptera: angangoita mazana matatu emarudzi akanyorwa
- Orthoptera: zvinopfuura zviuru zvemarudzi zvakanyorwa, kusanganisira cricket, mhashu, lobster, pakati pevamwe.
- Trichoptera: dzinenge zviuru zvemarudzi ezvipembenene izvi zvakanyorwa mukondinendi ino.
- Blatodeos: Inenge 150 marudzi emapete akawanikwa muEurope
- Diptera: dzinenge zviuru zvinomwe zvemarudzi eNematocera uye 7.000 marudzi eBrachycera akanyorwa.
- Hymenoptera: hombe iyi ine marudzi angangoita 20.000 muEurope, ayo 180 ndiwo akasiyana masvosve.
- Coleopers: Iri hurongwa hwakakura, pamwe nefungi kana zvimwe zvinomera, zvichiwedzera mamwe marudzi 375.000, ayo 25.000 anogona kuwanikwa mukondinendi ino, kunyanya kupfuura 2500 carabid beetles, 5000 weevils, 200 coccinellids, 1700 chrysomelids .vamwe.
- Mashavishavi anoonekwa muEurope anogona kunge ari 600 marudzi uye zvipfukuto zvinopfuura 8000.
Invertebrates
The invertebrate mhuka dziripo muEurope dzinosvika 100.000, kusanganisira mhuka dzemugungwa dzakadai sesiponji (dzinenge 600) uye cnidarians (dzinogona kunge dziri mazana mashanu emarudzi), unogonawo kuwana anopfuura chiuru emarudzi e oligochaetes, 500 marudzi emolluscs (asina -marine) uye 1000 marine molluscs. Kana ari gastropods, marudzi makumi maviri nemaviri ane 1500 subspecies akarekodhwa, bivalves anowanikwa asina kusimba mukondinendi ino.
Mamwe marudzi emandibular arthropods (akadai se myriopods) anogona kuva centipedes, scolopendras, pakati pevamwe, anowedzera kusvika ku2000 pamwe chete. Nepo makustaceans vane maodha akasiyana-siyana munyika idzi, izvo kana zvakaunganidzwa pamwe chete zvaizowedzera 3300 marudzi. Kana zviri zve Mhungu Vamwe 41133 vakanyorwa uye vakatsanangurwa.
Zvipfuwo
Mhuka dzeEurope dzinoumbwa nemhuka dzinoyamwisa dzine marudzi anosvika mazana maviri nemakumi manomwe anogara muEurope, mamwe acho anogona kuva:
- moose
- squirrels dzvuku
- argali
- stoats
- European bison
- Wolverines
- European beavers
- hunguhwe
- Nondo
- Tsuro
- European hedgehogs
- Chamois
- Katsi dzemusango dzekuEurope kana mhuka dzesango
- Nguruve
- Gomo remahara uye hares dzeEurope
- Eurasian lynx
- Iberian lynx
- gadheni uye hazel dormouse
- Mapere
- Eurasian mapere
- mhumhi dzeItaly
- Martens (emarudzi akasiyana-siyana)
- Zviremwaremwa zvemarudzi anopfuura makumi matatu neshanu
- common shrews
- otters
- Mabheya
- Mabheya ebrown (anowanikwa munhamba huru muScandinavia neRussia) kunyangwe akagoverwawo muAustria kana Pyrenees.
- Polar mabheya
- Primates emhando yeBarbary macaque
- makonzo madema nebrown
- Mbeva dzemumunda
- mbeva dzemumba
- Reindeer
- Eurasian badgers
- voles
- Eurasian bofu moles
- European moles
- nondo dzvuku
- Makava matsvuku nemamwe marudzi
Hove
Tichifunga nezvemiganhu yeEurope yakatsanangurwa pakutanga kwekupinda uku, zvinozonzwisiswa kuti kune hove dzakasiyana-siyana mumvura yakachena uye yemunyu, dzinenge 344 marudzi anobva ikoko uye mamwe 277 akaunzwa kune ino kondinendi. Chimwe chinhu chinonetsa ndechokuti panhamba yose yehove dzinogara imomo, inopfuura chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chiri mungozi yokutsakatika. Mamwe emhando dzinoonekwa ndeaya:
- the catfish
- Iyo barbel
- muEurope conger
- Mutsara weEurope
- goby
- iyo leuciscus
- Pike
- shad
- The European anchovy
- muEurope eel
- bhururu jena
- Rambi rerukova
- mwenje wegungwa
- Mwenje werwizi
- iyo burbot
- Ipurasitiki, bream kana carp
- Scandinavia tench
- sturgeons
- catfish
- The Sharks
Reptiles
Kana dziri mhuka dzinokambaira munyika idzi, kune marudzi akawanda enyoka akaonekwawo senyoka yeuswa, nyoka inotsvedzerera, nyoka yechikwapuro, nyoka yeAsclepius, sand boas, javelin nemhando zhinji dzenyoka. nyoka yakawanda yokuEurope, nyoka inonzi viper latastei, kungotaura zvishomanana chete.
Kana ari madzvinyu, unogona kuwana madzvinyu ejecha, madzvinyu egirinhi, viviparous dzvinyu, madzvinyu eItaly, pink uye common geckos, pakati pevamwe. Zvichakadaro, mhando nomwe chete dzekamba dziri chikamu chemhuka dzeEurope uye pakati padzo dzakanyanya kuonekwa iGreece tortoise uye Europe yemvura yakachena turtles.