Pfungwa dzemuimbi dzinokwanisa kugadzira zvinhu zvisingafungidzirwe, maitiro mazhinji uye masitayipi ari munyika anozviratidza, asi kune vazhinji, pamwe hapana pamwe chete ne Kujekesa. Dzvanya mune iyi inonakidza art style yakazvarwa mukupera kwegumi nemapfumbamwe zana.
Chii chinonzi expressionism?
Expressionism inzira yeunyanzvi inotsvaga kumiririra kwete chinangwa chaicho asi chinomiririra chokwadi. Chinangwa ndechekuratidza manzwiro nemhinduro izvo zvinhu nezviitiko zvinomutsa mukati memunhu. Muimbi anogona kutora ichi chinozvimiririra kuburikidza nekukanganisa, kuwedzeredza, primitivism, fungidziro, uye zvakare kuburikidza neyakajeka, jarring, chisimba, kana simba rekushandisa kwezvinhu zvepamutemo.
Expressionism imhando yehunyanzvi uye yakadzama yehunyanzvi, apo musiki anoedza kutaura manzwiro ake epamoyo uye pfungwa muzvigadzirwa zvake, achifamba kubva pakumiririra kwechinyakare kwechokwadi. Hunhu hweichi chazvino isimba rayo rekuita pakupenda, umo kuyedza kuwana iyo yakanyanya kukanganisa pachibayiro chemuoni kana kukanganisa kurongeka kwekumiririra, kazhinji mukufarira macontours akasimba uye mavara anoshamisa, kunyangwe uyu usiri mutemo mune zvese zviitiko. .
Zvinyorwa zvinowanzova nyore uye zvakananga, apo kushandiswa kwependi yakakora kunowanzoitwa, uchishandisa mabhurashi asina kusununguka anoiswa nenzira yakasununguka uye chiratidzo chenguva nenguva, shoko rinonyanya kukosha.
Expressionism ndiyo imwe yeakanyanya hunyanzvi mafungu akavepo pakati pekupera kwezana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe nekutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, aine hunhu hwekuzvimiririra, hwemunhu uye hwekuzvimiririra, hunozivikanwa hweakasiyana emazuva ano maartist uye mafambisirwo ehunyanzvi.
Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa sechigarire chemaitiro echiGermany neNordic art kubvira kuEurope Middle Ages, kunyanya munguva dzekuchinja kwevanhu kana dambudziko remweya, iri mupfungwa iyi inopesana nemaitiro e rationalist uye classicist, iyo yakafarirwa muItaly nezvimwe. manheru kubva kuFrance
Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, maitiro eunyanzvi aya akatsvaira Europe, zvichikuchidzirwa nekupokana netsika dzemabhunu uye neshungu yekutsvaga hutsva, hudiki hwekusika. Expressionist artists uye expressionist art inosimbisa iwe pachako, iyo psyche, muviri, zvepabonde, hunhu, uye mweya.
Expressionism sechitaera kana kufamba kwakasiyana nemaitiro enguva inotarisa pane dzakateedzana dzeGerman, Austrian, French neRussia maartist, akave nemukurumbira mumakore Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga isati yasvika uye akaramba akadaro kwenguva yakawanda pakati pehondo. .
MuFrance, Dutchman Van Gogh akanga achidzika uye achiratidza psyche yake isina kujairika, inonetseka, uye ine mavara, kune rumwe rutivi, muGermany, muRussia Wassily Kandinsky akanga achiongorora zvekunamata mune unyanzvi semushonga wekuparadzanisa munyika yanhasi, uye muAustria. , Egon Schiele naOskar Kokoschka vakarwisana nehunyengeri hwetsika dzevanhu kuburikidza nekugadzirisa nyaya dzakadai sepabonde, rufu uye chisimba.
Edvard Munch akazopedzisira ave kuita mukurumbira muNorway uye muEurope yese nekutaura kwake kwemusango uye kwakasimba kwezvakatipoteredza, zvake uye nepfungwa dzake. Pamwe chete, maartist aya akabata mibvunzo mitsva, yechokwadi uye isinganetsi, madingindira uye matambudziko anga achitenderera pasi pedenga uye achiri kujaira kwatiri nanhasi.
Ichi ndicho chikonzero chaive chikonzero nei kutaura kwehunyanzvi kuchienderera mberi mune dzakawanda dzakasiyana guises kunyangwe mushure meava maartist uye iyi chaiyo nguva munguva, zvichitibvumira kutaura kuti kutaura kuchiri kurarama nhasi.
Mabviro
Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX muWestern Europe, nzanga yakanga ichishanduka nekukurumidza, hupfumi hwakasimba hwakanga hwatora kondinendi nedutu, nehunyanzvi munyika dzekugadzira uye kutaurirana, kazhinji kuumba pfungwa yekusagadzikana munyika. paruzhinji.
Kukura kunokatyamadza kweruzivo rwemichina uye kukura kwemaguta makuru kwakaunza manzwiro ekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye kusabatanidzwa kubva kune zvakasikwa. Zvinonzwisisika kuti manzwiro aya uye kushushikana zvakatanga kubuda kana kutobuda ropa kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwenguva iyoyo. Iwo mapoka maviri evanyori vakagadzira expressionism sezvatinozviziva nhasi: Die Brucke y Iyo Blue Reiter, ose akaumbwa muGermany pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX.
Vadzidzi vana vezvivakwa muDresden vakagadzira boka revanhu vemunharaunda rinonzi Die Brucke (Bridge) Fritz Bleyl, Erich Heckel, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, uye Ernst Ludwig Kirchner akaedza kuva zambuko mune ramangwana reunyanzvi, zvichimutsa mhinduro dzakasimba dzemanzwiro uchishandisa zvimiro, mavara uye zvinyorwa, zvese zvakafemerwa nenyika yanhasi.
Mabasa ake aive nekufanana kwakasimba nesangano reFauvism muFrance, rinotungamirwa na Henri Matisse, kunyanya mukushandiswa kwemavara akajeka uye zvimiro zvisina kujairika, nechinangwa chekuendesa manzwiro akawanda. Die Brucke yakange yakarongedzerwa kuve pwere uye hutsva hupikisi uye mhinduro kumazana emakore echokwadi mune art. Muna 1906, vakagadzira manifesto yavo muhuni, iyo yakaratidza zvinotevera:
“Nekutenda mukushanduka-shanduka kunoenderera mberi, muchizvarwa chitsva chevagadziri uye vanoonga, tinounganidza vechidiki vese. Uye sevanhu vechidiki vanotakura ramangwana, tinoda kuwana rusununguko rwekufamba uye hupenyu isu pachedu mukupikisa masimba ekare uye akanyatsosimbiswa. Chero ani zvake anotaura zvakananga uye zvechokwadi zvinomuita kuti agadzire mumwe wedu " Kirchner (1906)
Kuburikidza nekudaidzirwa kwechiito ichi, vechidiki vekuWestern Europe maartist vakapihwa basa rakaoma rekuvaka dhizaini nyowani: Expressionism.
The movement artists Die Brucke ivo vakanyanya kuisa pfungwa pakuratidza mhirizhonga huru yemazuva ano itsva, maindasitiri, uye urbanism zvakavapoteredza. Vakapenda nzvimbo dzemumaguta nenhongonya dzakakombama, dzakanyanyisa uye nemavara anoyevedza.
Mushure mekukunda miganhu, zvakanyanya kupfuura maFauves, Die Brucke akabatanidza pasi pevhu reGerman nightclub tsika, yakaderera-class decadence, uye manzwiro ose nekusagadzikana mumitambo yake, pasina kuregeredza maonero ake pachake uye zvaanoreva.
Iyi mubatanidzwa isina kurongeka yakapandukira chavaiona sechisikigo chepamusoro chekufungidzira kwedzidzo. Vaida kuisazve hunyanzvi hweGerman nesimba remweya ravaifunga kuti raishaikwa uye vakatsvaga kuzviita kuburikidza nekutaura kwekutanga, kwepauzima uye kwakangoerekana kwaitika. Nhengo dzekutanga dzeDie Brücke dzakakurumidza kubatanidzwa nemaGerman Emil Nolde, Max Pechstein naOtto Müller. The Expressionists vakapesvedzerwa nevakavatangira kubva kuma1890.
Vaifarirawo kuvezwa kwemapuranga eAfrica uye mabasa eNorthern European Medieval and Renaissance artists akadai saAlbrecht Dürer, Matthias Grünewald, naAlbrecht Altdorfer. Miti yemapuranga, ine mitsetse yakakora yakakombama uye misiyano yakashata yetoni, yakanga iri nzira yaifarirwa zvikuru yevaGerman Expressionists.
Mabasa eDie Brücke artists akakurudzira kutaura mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope. Oskar Kokoschka naEgon Schiele vekuAustria vakatora mabhurashi ake aitambudzwa uye mitsara yemakona, uye Georges Rouault naChaim Soutine muFrance vakagadzira zvitaera zvekupenda zvinoratidzwa nekutaura kwakadzama kwemanzwiro uye kukanganisa kwechisimba kwenyaya yekufananidzira.
Mupendi Max Beckmann, graphic artist Käthe Kollwitz, uye vavezi Ernst Barlach naWilhelm Lehmbruck, vakashandawo nepesvedzero yakasimba yekutaura. Mazhinji emabasa avo anoratidza kushushikana, kushushikana, kusemburwa, kusagutsikana, mhirizhonga uye kazhinji, rudzi rwekushushikana kwakanyanya kwekunzwa mukupindura kushata, hutsinye hwekurambidza uye mikana nekupokana kwavakaona muhupenyu hwanhasi.
Boka rechipiri, rinozivikanwa se Iyo Blue Reiter (The Blue Rider), yakaumbwa muMunich muna 1911. Yakatumidzwa mushure memufananidzo naWassily Kandinsky, boka iri rakaumbwa neRussia émigrés Kandinsky, Alexej von Jawlensky naMarianne von Werefkin uye German artists Franz Marc, August Macke naGabriele Munter.
Mufananidzo waKandinsky wakasarudzwa sezita rezita reboka nekuda kwekuratidzwa kwaro kwemufananidzo uri pabhiza kubva pachokwadi kuenda kunzvimbo yemweya uye yemanzwiro, uye ndezvekuti maartist of Iyo Blue Reiter vainakidzwa nokuratidza rutivi rwemweya kwete rwenyama.
Kunyangwe zvitayera zvake zvaisiyana, sekuratidzwa kwaakaitwa, kufarira zvekutanga uye mamiriro emanzwiro aitonga mabasa ake. Zvakasiyana chaizvo naDie Brucke, The Blue Rider akanga ari simba guru mukugadzirwa kweabstract expressionism.
Expressionism uye abstract art inoramba realism, ichiedza nguva dzese kuratidza manzwiro, zvisinei, kutaura kwekutaura kunochengeta pfungwa yechimiro uye chiratidzo nepo abstract art inosiya mifananidzo inozivikanwa.
Iyo Blue Reiter akaunza pfungwa idzi pamwe chete, achigadzira bazi idzva rekutaura iro richine simba guru pamifananidzo yemazuva ano. Pakatanga Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga, Die Brucke y Iyo Blue Reiter vakaparadzana, asi nhaka yavo inoramba ichirarama sezvo Expressionism inoramba ichikura mukuzivikanwa uye ichiri kuitwa muzana remakore rechiXNUMX.
Midzi yechikoro cheGerman Expressionist inogona kuwanikwa mumabasa aVincent van Gogh, Edvard Munch naJames Ensor, mumwe nemumwe wavo, mukati menguva pakati pe1885-1900, akagadzira maitiro emunhu ekupenda.
Ava maartist akashandisa zvinogoneka zveruvara uye mutsara, vachiongorora madingindira anoshamisa uye ane manzwiro, aine chinangwa chekutaura hunhu hwekutya, kutyisa uye kutyisa, kana kungopemberera zvisikwa zvine simba rinokatyamadza pfungwa. Vakaputsa zvirongwa zvakawanda, ivo havana kunyatsomiririra zvisikwa, kuratidza mamwe maonerwo akasarudzika kana mamiriro epfungwa.
VaGerman Expressionists vakakurumidza kugadzira chimiro chinozivikanwa nehutsinye hwayo, hushingi, uye kusimba kwekuona. Vaishandisa mitsara yakakombama uye yakamonyoroka, mabhurasho anokurumidza uye akaomarara, tisingarevi mavara akajeka akavabatsira kuratidza zviono zvemumigwagwa yemuguta nemamwe madingindira epanguva ino mumhanzi, nziyo dzakatsvikinyidzana dzinozivikanwa nekusagadzikana uye kushushikana.
Vaimbi veboka rinozivikanwa seDer Blaue Reiter dzimwe nguva vanoonekwa sevanoda kutaura, kunyangwe hunyanzvi hwavo huchiwanzo kurira uye kusinganzwisisike, kushoma manzwiro, kuwirirana, uye kunetseka zvakanyanya nezvinetso zvepamutemo uye zvemifananidzo kupfuura zveDie Brücke artists.
Expressionism yakanga iriwo chimiro chepamusoro muGermany mumakore akatevera Hondo Yenyika I, kwaienderana nemhepo yepashure pehondo yekushora, kuparadzaniswa, uye kuodzwa mwoyo. Vamwe vevashandi vebato vakazotevera, vakadai saGeorge Grosz naOtto Dix, vakagadzira musanganiswa wakapinza, wakanyanya kutsoropodza wezvekutaura uye kuona kwechokwadi kunozivikanwa seNeue Sachlichkeit (Chinhu Chitsva).
muzana remakore rechiXNUMX
Sezvinoonekwa kubva kune mavara akadai seAbstract Expressionism uye Neo-Expressionism, izvo zvinongoerekana zvaitika, zvechisikigo, uye zvakanyanya manzwiro eExpressionism zvakagovaniswa neakasiyana akatevera ekufamba kwehunyanzvi kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Expressionism inoonekwa sechimiro chepasirese pane yakabatana art movement, iyo yaive yakanyanya kupesvedzera mukutanga XNUMXth century. Inobata akati wandei minda: art, mabhuku, mimhanzi, theatre uye zvivakwa.
Expressionist artists vakatsvaga kuratidza ruzivo rwemanzwiro, pane chokwadi chemuviri. Famous expressionist paints are Mhere naEdvard Munch, The Blue Rider weWassily Kandinsky uye Mukadzi akagara akasimudza gumbo rekuruboshwe naEgon Schiele.
Kuderera kwekufamba
Kuderera kweExpressionism kwakakurumidziswa nekusajeka kwekushuva kwayo nyika iri nani, nekushandisa kwayo mutauro wenhetembo, uye kazhinji nehunhu hwakanyanya uye husingasvikike hwekupa kwayo. Vanoverengeka veExpressionist artists vakarasikirwa nehupenyu hwavo panguva kana semhedzisiro yeHondo Yenyika I nekuda kwekushungurudzika uye kurwara. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika kuna Franz Marc akashaya muna 1916 naEgon Schiele akafa panguva yedenda refuruwenza muna 1918, vamwe vazhinji vakazvitora hupenyu hwavo mushure mekupunzika nekurwadziwa nehondo.
Kudzoreredzwa kwechikamu chekugadzikana muGermany mushure me1924 uye kukura kwemaitiro ezvematongerwo enyika akanyanya kupesvedzerwa nehuchokwadi hwesocialism kwakawedzera kuderera kwesangano mukupera kwema1920.
Expressionism yakafa zvechokwadi nekusimuka kwevaNazi, avo vakatanga kutonga muna 1933 uye vakatsanangura basa revanenge vese vanotaura serakaora uye rakashata. Kutambudzwa kwavo uye kushungurudzwa kwavo kwainge kwakanyanyisa uye kwakanyanyisa, zvichirambidza vatsigiri ava kuratidzira, kubudisa uye kunyange kushanda, vazhinji vavo vakaenda muutapwa muUnited States nedzimwe nyika sechimwe chinhu chakanyanya kuoma.
Ndiko kwaive kupera kwenguva yeGerman expressionism, iyo yakafa nehudzvanyiriri hweNazi uye yaive nebasa rekunyora maartist asingaverengeke panguva iyoyo, kusanganisira Pablo Picasso, Paul Klee, Franz Marc, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Edvard Munch, Henri Matisse, Vincent. van Gogh naPaul Gauguin, sevanyori vakaora, vachibvisa mifananidzo yavo yekuratidzira kubva mumamyuziyamu uye nechisimba nechisimba.
Nekudaro, expressionism yakaramba ichikurudzira uye ichirarama mune akazotevera maartist uye art movements. Semuyenzaniso, Abstract Expressionism yakagadziridzwa sesangano guru rekuvant-garde muAmerica mushure mehondo muma 1940 nema 1950. Aya maartist akanzvenga figuration uye panzvimbo pacho akaongorora ruvara, gestural brushwork, nekuzviitira muunyanzvi hwake.
Gare gare, kusvika kumagumo emaXNUMX uye kutanga kwemaXNUMX, neo-expressionism yakatanga kusimuka semhinduro yekupokana nemafungiro uye minimalist art yenguva iyoyo.
MaNeo-Expressionists aikwevera zvakanyanya pamusoro pevamiriri veGerman Expressionism vakavatangira uye vaiwanzopa zvidzidzo zvisina hutsinye nebhurasho rinoratidza uye ruvara rwakanyanya. Vanonyanya kuratidza maartist emusangano uyu vanosanganisira Jean-Michel Basquiat, Anselm Kiefer, Julian Schnabel, Eric Fischl, naDavid Salle.
Munyika
Expressionism ishoko rakaoma uye rakakura iro rakareva zvinhu zvakasiyana panguva dzakasiyana. Zvisinei, kana tichitaura nezveunyanzvi hwokutaura, vakawanda vanoisa ngwariro yavo kumuitiro wounyanzvi wakavapo mukupindura kushamisira muFrance kana kuti sangano rinoona chiedza muGermany neAustria pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Iro izwi rakatsetseka zvekuti rinogona kugarisa maartist kubva kuVincent van Gogh kuenda kuEgon Schiele naWassily Kandinsky, vachiratidzira nenzira dzakanyanya munyika imwe neimwe.
French expressionism
MuFrance, vanyori vakuru vanowanzobatanidzwa nekutaura kwaiva Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, naHenri Matisse. Kunyange zvazvo Van Gogh naGauguin vakanga vachishanda mumakore asati aita sokuti ndiyo nguva huru yekutaura (1905-1920), vanogona kunzi varatidziri vemifananidzo, avo vaipenda nyika yakavapoteredza kwete sezvairatidzika, asi kubva kune zvakadzama. subjective munhu ruzivo.
Matisse, Van Gogh, naGauguin vakashandisa mavara anooneka uye zvitayera zvebhurasho kuratidza manzwiro nezviitiko, vachisuduruka kubva pamifananidzo yechokwadi yezvidzidzo zvavo uye vachinangana nemanzwire avaiita nekuona.
German expressionism
MuGermany, kutaura kwekutaura kunonyanya kubatanidzwa nemapoka eBrücke neDer Blaue Reiter sezvataurwa pamusoro apa. Bato reGerman Expressionist rakatuswa nekusaziva, Middle Ages, zera rekare, uye uzivi hwaFriedrich Nietzsche, ane pfungwa dzaive nemukurumbira zvakanyanya uye aine simba panguva iyoyo.
Der Brücke yakaumbwa muDresden muna 1905 seboka re bohemian rekutaura maartist vaipikisa bourgeois social order muGermany. Idzo nhengo ina dzekutanga ndiErnst Ludwig Kirchner, Fritz Bleyl, Erich Heckel, naKarl Schmidt-Rottluff, hapana kana mumwe wavo akange awana dzidzo yehunyanzvi.
Vakasarudza zita raro rokuti, Der Brücke, kurondedzera chishuvo chavo chokuvaka zambuko pakati pekare neazvino. Iri zita rakafemerwa nendima kubva kwaSo Spoke Zarathustra naFriedrich Nietzsche. Vanyori vakaedza kutiza hupenyu hwemazuva ano hwepakati nepakati nekuongorora zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwemavara, nzira yakananga uye yakapfava yechimiro, uye kusununguka kwepabonde mubasa ravo.
Der Blaue Reiter yakavambwa muna 1911 naWassily Kandinsky naFranz Marc uye vakatarisana nekukura kwavakaita nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwepasirese, vakatsvaga kupfuudza zvepasi nekutsvaga kukosha kwemweya kwehunyanzvi.
Mukuwedzera, chinangwa chake chaiva chokuputsa miganhu uye kusanganisa unyanzvi hwevana, unyanzvi hwevanhu uye ethnography. Zita rokuti Der Blaue Reiter rine chokuita nedingindira rinodzokororwa reMutasvi paBhiza kubva panguva yaKandinsky muMunich, pamwe chete nerudo rwaKandinsky naMarc rweruvara rwebhuruu, rwaiva neunhu hwemweya kwavari. Iwo maartist makuru akabatana naDer Blaue Reiter ndiKandinsky, Marc, Klee, Münter, Jawlensky, Werefkin, uye Macke.
austria expressionism
Egon Schiele naOskar Kokoschka ndivo vanhu vaviri vanotungamira muAustrian Expressionism uye vakanyanya kufurirwa nevakavatangira Gustav Klimt, akabatanidzwawo mukutanga mabasa avo, aine mashoo aakagadzira achiratidza zvakanakisa muAustria art yemazuva ano.
Vese vari vaviri maartistist aigara muguta rinopokana reVienna mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe uye kutanga kwemakumi maviri emakore, uko kudzvanyirirwa kwetsika nehunyengeri hwepabonde hwakaita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira kutaura.
Schiele naKokoschka vakadzivisa zvavaiona senhema uye unyengeri hwetsika uye vakaratidzira misoro yakadai sorufu, chisimba, chishuvo, uye zvepabonde. Kokoschka akazozivikanwa nekuda kwemifananidzo yake uye kugona kwake kuratidza hunhu hwemukati hwevaaitonga uye Schiele nekuda kwemifananidzo yake yakasvibira, inenge yehutsinye yakatendeseka yezvepabonde, iyo yaionekwa seyakasarudzika uye yekupererwa.
norwegian expressionism
Imwe nyanzvi yakakosha yenguva iyo yakave nemhedzisiro yakakura pachiitiko cheGerman neAustrian expressionist yaive Norwegian Edvard Munch, inozivikanwa muVienna yeSecession neKunstschau kuratidzwa muna 1909.
Aionekwa semumiriri wepamusoro-soro wenyika yake mubato iri uye mufano mukuru kwairi. Akanyatsobatanidzwa nechiratidzo, Munch anonyanyozivikanwa neThe Kuchemerera, iyi pendi yemufananidzo pabhiriji, zuva richinyura kumashure kwake uye achiita seanoregedzera ropa-kushevedzera, mhere-mhere yeshungu, ichiratidza kusazorora kwemuimbi.
Iconic Expressionist Artworks
Sezvimwe mune mamwe mafambisirwo ehunyanzvi, expressionism ine manhamba akakosha ayo akatangisa uye mushure menguva yavo, achigadzira akasarudzika uye asingafe ehunyanzvi masampuli, seaya anoratidzwa pazasi:
Kuchema naEdvard Munch (1893)
Iyi nhevedzano yemifananidzo inozivikanwa seThe Scream (Skrik) yakafemerwa nechiitiko chechinguvana icho musiki wayo E. Munch aive nacho paakanga ari kuFrance, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa iyo iri parizvino muNational Gallery yeNorway uye yakapedzwa muna 1893. Nemashoko ake pachake:
Ndakanga ndichifamba munzira neshamwari dzangu mbiri. Zuva rakatanga kunyura. Ndakanzwa kunyungudika. Pakarepo denga rakatsvuka ropa. Ndakamira, ndakazendamira pachituro, ndafa ndaneta, uye ndakatarisa makore anopfuta akanga akarembera seropa uye bakatwa pamusoro pefjord nhema-tema neguta.
Shamwari dzangu dzakaramba dzichifamba. Ndakamira kudaro ndichibvunda nekutya. Uye ndakanzwa mhere yakasimba uye isingaperi ichipinda mukati. Expressionism, Ashley Bassie, p.69
Chimiro chinopfuudza kutya, kupererwa, kuchema kwaro kunorikomberedza zvachose uye kunopinda nepakati penzvimbo uye pfungwa dzeavo vanozviona. Muchimiro chekutaura, pendi inogadzirwa mumafuta, tempera uye pastel pamakadhibhodi, ine saizi ye91 x 74 masendimita.
Der Blaue Reiter naWassily Kandinsky (1903)
Der Blaue Reiter kana Blue Rider nderimwe rekutanga kutaura rinoshanda naKandinsky anoyemurwa nekubata kunoshamisa kweruvara uye chiedza, inoonekwa sebhiriji pakati pepost-impressionism uye expressionism. Inoratidza mutasvi webhiza akapfeka nguo dzebhuruu achimhanya nomuminda. Iro zita rebasa iri rakashandiswa zvakare sezita reboka revaratidziri maartist, rakavambwa muna 1911 nemunyori waro naFranz Marc.
The Blue Rider zvichida Kandinsky inonyanya kukosha kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, asati anyatso gadzira yake abstract maitiro. Mufananidzo unoratidza mutasvi akapfeka bhuruu, akatasva nepakati peruvara rwegirinhi.
Kubviswa kwependi yacho kune nemaune uye kunotungamira vazhinji vezvekudhirowa kwehunyanzvi kuti vadzokorore mamiririro avo pamufananidzo, apo vamwe vakatoona mwana mumaoko emutasvi webhuruu. Kubvumira vaoni kuti vazvibatanidze mumifananidzo yaive nzira iyo muvendi aiwanzoshandisa uye nekubudirira mumabasa ake akazotevera, ayo akawedzera kujeka sezvo basa rake raifambira mberi.
The Blue Horses naFranz Marc (1911)
Franz Marc akanga ari mumwe wemitezo yakavamba yeDer Blaue Reiter, muimbi uyo nokuda kwavazhinji akapa revo yendangariro nomupfungwa kumavara aakashandisa mubasa rake, achigadzira mabasa eruvara rukuru neupfumi.
Bhuruu yaishandiswa naye kakawanda, kunyanya kumiririra hurume uye zvemweya, ainakidzwawo nemhuka nenyika yavo yemukati, vachibata mumwe nemumwe nenzira yakadzika yepfungwa.
Akagara Mukadzi ane Makumbo Akasimudzwa (1917) naEgon Schiele
Egon Schiele akapenda mudzimai wake Edith Harms muna 1917, achimuratidza akagara pasi, akazorora dama rake pabvi rake rekuruboshwe. Bvudzi rake dzvuku rinopisa rinosiyana zvakanyanya neruvara rwegirinhi rwehembe yake, ichionekwa seyakashinga uye ine fungidziro yemufananidzo, ine yakanyatso kutsanangurwa uye ushingi nuances dzenguva iyoyo. Munyori weiyi watercolor aizivikanwa nekuve ne eroticism seimwe yemadingindira makuru mubasa rake.
mapiyona ekutaura
Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi dzakawanda dzemunda dzichiti hapana kwaiitwa Expressionism iri nani kupfuura muGermany, mukati memakore gumi anotungamirira kuHondo Yenyika I vazhinji vemifananidzo vakagadzira mifananidzo yakawanda isingakanganwiki uye vakapayona Expressionism, vachirangarirwa saizvozvo kusvikira mazuva edu:
Van Gogh (1853-90)
Mupendi ane mukurumbira uyu anosanganisira expressionism, ine zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana zve autobiographical mabasa, ayo anoudza muoni pfungwa dzake, manzwiro ake uye pamusoro pese kudzikamisa pfungwa dzake, kuburikidza nekuumbwa, mavara uye yega yega brashi. Mifananidzo yake yairatidza manzwiro ake paakanga achiagadzira uye kubva ipapo, kune vashoma vanyori vanoenzana kana kuswedera kusimba kwake uye mavambo, maererano nekuzviratidzira.
Akaberekerwa mumhuri yainamata zvikuru, baba vake vakanga vari mushumiri wePurotesitendi, kubvira pauduku akaratidza tarenda rokudhirowa, asi hakuna kutozosvikira gare gare, pazera ramakore 27, apo iye pakupedzisira akaronda kudanwa kwake kwechokwadi semufundisi. artist.
Muna 1878, akaratidza basa rake semupristi, akatanga kudzidza zvebhaibheri, asi haana kupedza kudzidza nekuda kwekutsunga kwake kusinganzwisisiki kutevera mumakwara aKristu. Kuda kwake kuponesa mweya uye kubatsira varombo kwakaita kuti ashande semuevhangeri mune imwe yenzvimbo dzine urombo zvikuru mumigodhi muBelgium, kwaakadzingwa muna 1880.
Panguva imwecheteyo akasarudza kuve muvendi, basa rakatanga nerutsigiro rwetsika uye nemari yemukoma wake Theo, waakaramba achingonyorerana naye muhupenyu hwake hwose. Manyuko ake makuru ekufemerwa aive ndima kubva muBhaibheri uye nemabasa aÉmile Zola, Victor Hugo naCharles Dickens, pamwe chete nemifananidzo yaHonoré Daumier uye, pamusoro pezvose, chokwadi chaJean-Francois Mijo. Akatanga hupenyu hwake hwekushanda semushandi weGoupil Art Gallery.
Van Gogh akanzwa kurwadziwa uye kusuwa, akaunzwa nenyika yaaida zvikuru asi haana kumbofunga kuti akagamuchira zvakafanana kubva. Semhinduro kumanzwiro anogara aripo aya, akashandisa unyanzvi kugadzira nyika yake, iyo pachange pasina kushayikwa kweruvara uye kufamba, kwaanofumura manzwiro ake ose, achiva mumwe wevanyori vakuru vekutaura kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX. Chimiro chake chakasiyana-siyana chependi yependi inogona kuonekwa paVan Gogh Museum muAmsterdam uye Kroller-Muller Museum muOtterlo.
Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)
Kana Van Gogh akamonyanisa chimiro uye ruvara kuratidza manzwiro ake emukati, uyu muimbi wechiFrench aivimba nemuvara kunyanya kuratidza manzwiro ake. Akashandisawo zviratidzo, asi rakanga riri ruvara rwake mupende iro rakamusiyanisa chaizvo. Akazvarwa muParis panguva yechimurenga muna 1848, aive mwanakomana wemutori wenhau akasununguka, akatizira muhutapwa mushure mekumukira kwa1851, achitora mhuri yake.
Zvisinei, akafira munzira, muPanama, mhuri sezvayaienda kuLima, Peru, kwainozvichengeta kwamakore mana. Amai vaGauguin vaive mwanasikana wemunyori weFrench socialist munyori uye muratidziri Flora Tristán, kunyangwe madzitateguru ake aive maPeruvia anokudzwa.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti Gauguin wechidiki akaratidzirwa kubva paudiki nemafungiro ekufungidzira uye mesia wemhuri yake, achiratidza muhupenyu hwake hwose kuti mavara nemifananidzo yePeru yaizova simba rakasimba. Pazera re7, mhuri yakadzokera kuFrance ndokutamira kuOrleans kunogara nasekuru vake. Muhuduku hwake akashanda semutyairi wendege muuto remugungwa revatengesi, achifamba nechikepe pakati peSouth America neScandinavia, muParis uye achikurudzirwa namwari wake, akatanga basa rakabudirira zvikuru nemutengesi Bertin.
Asi Gauguin akanga achifarira unyanzvi kubvira achiri mwana uye munguva yake yakasununguka akatanga kupora. Godfather wake, Arosa, akanga ari chimwe chinhu chemuunganidzi wemifananidzo uye muenzaniso wake uye ushamwari hwakasimbiswa naGauguin neImpressionist Camille Pissarro akakurudzira uyu aficionado kushanyira mifananidzo yemifananidzo uye kutenga mabasa nevanyori vanosimukira, kusanganisira mifananidzo yakawanda yeImpressionist.
Akashanyira zvino shoo yeImpressionist yakakurumbira ya1874 muParis uye akafemerwa zvokuti akasarudza kuva nyanzvi yenguva yakazara, saka akatanga kudhirowa nokuveza matombo ari munhu asingadzidzisi. Akashanda naBouillot uye akapenda nenzira yeBonvin naLepine. Muna 1876 akaratidza mufananidzo muSalon.
Akanyanya kupesvedzerwa naPissarro, uyo akamubatsira mukutanga kwake semuvendi uye akamukurudzira kutsvaga chimiro chaienderana nehunhu hwake. Pissarro akamusuma kuna Cézanne uye akatorwa moyo nemaitiro ake zvekuti Cézanne akatanga kutya kuti aizoba pfungwa dzake.
Varume vatatu vakashanda pamwe chete kwenguva yakati muPontoise, asi sezvo unyanzvi hwake hwakafambira mberi, Gauguin akasarudza kutamira kune yake studio uye akatora chikamu muImpressionist zviratidzo zve 1881 uye 1882. Kubudirira kwavo uye dambudziko rezvemari zvakaita kuti asiye basa rake. bhizinesi muna 1883 kuti vatarise zvachose pakupenda.
Akaenda kunogara kuPont-Aven kuBrittany muna 1885 kwaakagadzira chimiro chitsva, sezvo aive asingagutsikane nemiganhu yeImpressionism uye akatsvaga kuratidza chimiro chemukati kwete chitarisiko chepamusoro.
Ichi chimiro chitsva chaida kushanda zvakanyanya kubva mundangariro uye mukati memifananidzo, pane kubva kune zvakasikwa, kutyora ne impressionist dzidziso. Izvi zvakava hunyanzvi hutsva hwaGauguin uye mupiro mukudhirowa kwakanaka, achishandisa pendi yeruvara yakajeka kuratidza manzwiro pane kuratidza matauriro echisikigo. Mukuwedzera kune Expressionism, akakurudzirawo kukura kweSynthetism uye Cloisonnism panguva yekugara kwake kuPont-Aven.
Edward Munch (1863-1944)
Mumwe piyona mukuru wekutaura aive ane hasha uye ane neurotic wekuNorwegian painter uye printmaker uyo, kunyangwe aine mavanga makuru epfungwa muhupenyu hwake hwepakutanga, akakwanisa kurarama kusvika kuma80s. Anenge ese mapikicha ake akanakisa akapendwa pamberi pekunetsekana kwake muna 1908.
Akazvarwa muLoten, Norway, mwanakomana wachiremba, aive nehupenyu hwakazara nenguva dzakaoma. Apo muiti wacho aiva nemakore mashanu, amai vake vakafa nechirwere chetachiona, chirwere icho hanzvadzi yake yakakura yakafawo makore mashomanana gare gare.
Izvi zviitiko zvekutanga zvinosiririsa zvakaita kuti rufu ruve chikamu chakakosha chehunyanzvi hwake gare gare. Kurangarira kwemuviri unofa uchipokana nepiro, pedyo nemubhedha chiedza chisina kujeka uye girazi remvura risina upenyu uye baba vane masimba avo vakadzokorora nekusingaperi kuvana vavo kuti kana vakatadza, vaizotongerwa kugehena pasina tsitsi, vakamuperekedza makore akawanda..
Nechiitiko ichi uye sezvaitarisirwa, mhuri yakatambura zvikuru. Mumwe wehanzvadzi diki akaonekwa aine chirwere chepfungwa achiri mudiki uye Munch pachake aigara achirwara. Pavakoma vake vashanu, mumwe chete akanga akaroora, asi iye akafa mwedzi mishomanana pashure pomuchato.
Muna 1881 Munch akabatana neRoyal Chikoro cheArt uye Dhizaini muKristanind uye akatora zvidzidzo zvekuenzanisira nekudhirowa. Vadzidzisi vake uye pesvedzero yepakutanga vaive muvezi wekuNorway Julius Middelthun uye muvezi wezvakasikwa, munyori uye mutori wenhau Christian Krohg.
Kunyangwe Munch akapenda zvidzidzo zvechinyakare muhupenyu hwake hwemudzidzi, akakurumidza kuwana yake yakasarudzika maitiro. Muna 1882 akahaya situdiyo yake nevaviri vemamwe maartist uye kunyangwe pasina akawanda emabasa ake asara kubva panguva ino, ayo anozivikanwa anokosheswa zvakanyanya, semuenzaniso iro rakanzi Morning (1884).
Muimbi uyu akapa basa rake rose kuguta reOslo, muunganidzwa wakagadzirwa nemifananidzo inodarika chiuru, yakavezwa zviuru gumi nezvishanu uye zviuru zvina zvemifananidzo uye mavara emvura. Muna 1963, iyo Munch-Museet yakavhurwa muOslo, museum inogara mabasa ake ese uye zvakare yakava muimbi wekutanga wekuMadokero kuratidza mifananidzo yake muNational Gallery muBeijing.
Muna 2004, mamwe emifananidzo yakakurumbira yeMunch, Iyo Mhere uye Mhandara, yakabiwa kubva kuMuseum nemakororo ane zvombo, asi akawanikwa nemapurisa makore akati wandei gare gare. Pamusoro peMunch-Museum neNational Gallery yeArt muOslo, mizhinji yemifananidzo yake yakadhindwa uye akadhinda ari kuratidzwa mumamyuziyamu epamusoro ehunyanzvi muEurope.
Ferdinand Hodler (1853-1918)
Mutauriri mukuru weunyanzvi hwekutaura, munyori weSwiss Symbolist Ferdinand Hodler akaberekerwa muBern muna 1853 mumhuri yakakanganisika nehurombo. Baba vake vaive mugadziri wemakabati uye pakashaya amai vake akaroorazve mupendi uye mugadziri, uyo akamuita mudzidzi wake, akabva atumirwa kuThun kunoshanda nenyanzvi yeko. Hunhu hwake hwekutanga hwaive hwakajairwa kupendwa kwenzvimbo, maonero akanaka emakomo, aakatengesa kuvashanyi.
Pazera ramakore gumi nemasere, akafunga kuchinja kwaaigara ndokufamba achienda kuGeneva, guta raaizopedzera nguva yakawanda yeupenyu hwake hwevakuru uye kwaakatanga kugadzira raizove basa rinononoka senyanzvi. Pakupedzisira, vabereki vaFerdinand Hodler nevanun'una vakafa nekuda kwehurwere, mamiriro ezvinhu aive nepesvedzero inoshamisa pahupenyu hwemuimbi uye basa rake, zvichiratidza hukama hwake hwepedyo nerufu mumabasa ake.
James Ensor (1860-1949)
Painter akaberekerwa muOstend, Belgium, mwanakomana wevatengesi vadiki ainzwa kuda zvehunyanzvi kubva achiri mudiki. Vabereki vake vaiva nechitoro pamusika apo zviyeuchidzo zvaipiwa kuvashanyi, zvakadai semasiki ecarnival nemasks, mafeni, maceramics, matoyi uye zvinhu zvinoshamisa. Iwo akanyanyisa carnival masks uye antifaces akazoshandiswa naEnsor mumitambo yake zvaive zvakajairika zvikwata zvemuno nemaparadhi paShrove Chipiri.
Paakanga achingova nemakore gumi nemashanu, akatanga dzidzo yake mune zvemitambo nevamwe vatauriri veko, akadzidzawo kuRoyal Academy yeFine Arts muBrussels, kwaakasangana naFernand Khnopff makore akapoteredza 1877. Akaratidza basa kekutanga muna 1881, akazodzokera kumba kwake kwaaigara kusvika 1917, mumba mababa vake. Mabasa ake ekutanga anoratidza maitiro echinyakare uye akati svibei, sezvinoonekwa muMumhanzi weRussia, The Rower uye The Drunkards.
Muna 1887 palette yake yakareruka zvinooneka, shanduko yakabatana nerufu rwababa vake vaiva chidhakwa, vaaitonga vakava surreal, vachisarudza kupenda carnivals, masks, skeletons uye zvidhori, kazhinji vakapfeka zvipfeko zvemavara anopenya uye anoratidza.
Mabasa aJames Ensor akapesvedzera sangano reDadaist uye Surrealism, kunyanya basa raJean Dubuffet. Mugore ra2009, iyo Museum of Modern Art muNew York inozivikanwa seMoMA yakaronga retrospective huru yebasa rake. Nhasi mifananidzo yake inogona kuonekwa mune mamwe emhando yepamusoro mamiziyamu pasi rose, kunyanya muMuseum of Fine Arts muAntwerp.
Expressionism mune mamwe maitiro
Expressionism raive sangano retsika rakatanga muGermany pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX uye rakasvika pakakwirira muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Kunyangwe kutaura kwaifarirwa zvakanyanya mukupenda, kwairatidzwawo mune zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaita semabhuku, bhaisikopo, mimhanzi, zvivezwa, kutora mafoto, kuvaka, pakati pezvimwe.
kutaura mumhanzi
Nepo vamwe vachironga munyori Arnold Schoenberg semuratidziri nekuda kwechipo chake kualmanac der Blaue Reiter, kutaura kwemumhanzi kunoratidzika kunge kwakawana kubuda kwayo kwakajairika muopera. Pakati pemienzaniso yepakutanga-tanga yemabhuku ekutaura akadaro paiva nemharidzo huru dzaPaul Hindemith dzemutambo waKokoschka, Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen (Murderer, Hope yevakadzi) (1919) uye August Stramm's Sancta Susanna (1922), iyo yaitaura nezvenyaya yepabonde.
Zvakadaro, maopera anonyanyozivikanwa ekutaura ari maviri naAlban Berg: Wozzeck, akaitwa muna 1925 naLulu, asina kuitwa zvachose kusvika 1979, zvese zvine hunyoro uye hunhu hwekutamba.
expressionism mufirimu
Vachikweverwa zvakanyanya nearatidziro nhanho art, vazhinji maartist vanovavarira kuratidza mufirimu, kuburikidza nekushongedza, mamiriro epfungwa emutambi. Anonyanya kuzivikanwa emafirimu aya ndeaRobert Wiene, Iyo Cabinet yaDkt Caligari (1920), umo mupengo anorondedzera pfungwa yake nemaonero ekuti akasvika sei kunzvimbo yekupotera. Iyo misshapen migwagwa uye zvivakwa pane seti zviratidziro zvechadenga chazvo uye mamwe mavara akabviswa kuburikidza nekugadzira uye zvipfeko kuita zviratidzo zvinoonekwa.
Ibhaisikopo iro rinotyisa, kutyisidzira, kufunganya uye mutambo zvinomutswa, kuvheneka kwemimvuri uye zvisinganzwisisike ensembles yakava stylistic modhi yemafirimu ekutaura kune akati wandei vatungamiriri veGerman.
Shanduro yaPaul Wegener ye Golem (1920), naF. W. Murnau na Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror (1922) naFritz Lang neyakagadzirwa chinyararire Metropolis (1927), pakati pemamwe mafirimu, varipo zviono zvisina tariro zvekuparara kwevanhu kana kuongorora huviri hunotyisa hwehunhu hwevanhu uye kugona kwayo kwehuipi hunotyisa hwemunhu.
expressionism mune sculpture
Muchivezwa chaisanganisira kunyanya kuchinja kukuru munzira iyo chivezwa chechinyakare chaiitwa, kwete mune chimwe chimiro uye chakafanana. Expressionism yaivewo yakakurumbira mukuveza, ine vanozivikanwa vanove muvezi wehuni Ernst Barlach naWilhelm Lehmbruck. Around 1920 izvi zvakatora kupfuura chero chinhu muabstractionism, mukutsvaga kusunungurwa kwemafomu aizopa kuzara kune hunyanzvi kutaura.
Kana zviri zvechivezwa muabstract expressionism, vavezi vakati wandei vaivewo chikamu chakakosha chesangano, kusanganisira David Smith, Dorothy Dehner, Herbert Ferber, Isamu Noguchi, Ibram Lassaw, Theodore Roszak, Philip Pavia, Mary Callery, Richard Stankiewicz, Louise Bourgeois naLouise. Nevelson, akafungawo nhengo dzakakosha dzesangano.
Kufanana neabstract expressionist pendi, basa rekufambisa rakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nesurrealism uye kusimbisa kwayo pakusikwa kwega kana kusaziva. Abstract expressionist sculpture yainyanya kufarira kuita pane chigadzirwa, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti zviome kuona kusiyanisa mabasa pane aesthetics chete, saka zvakakosha kufunga nezve izvo muimbi angati nezve maitiro avo.
Muenzaniso ndezvivezwa zvaDavid Smith, uyo aitsvaga kutaura zvinhu zvine mativi maviri izvo kusvika zvino zvisati zvatsanangurwa mumativi matatu. Mabasa ake anogona kunzi anodzima miganhu pakati pechivezwa uye pendi, kazhinji achishandisa yakanakisa uye inoteedzera tracery kwete mafomu akasimba, ane maviri-dimensional chitarisiko chakaputsika neyakajairwa pfungwa yekuveza mudenderedzwa.
kutaura mumabhuku
Kuratidzira mumabhuku kwakasimuka senzira itsva yekupokana nekunyanya kuda zvinhu, budiriro yebourgeois, kutonga kwemhuri mukati meHondo Yenyika I isati yatanga nzanga yeEurope, uye kukurumidza kugadzirisa uye maguta.
Rakanga riri sangano guru rekunyora mabhuku muGermany munguva uye nokukurumidza pashure peHondo Yenyika I. Vanyori veExpressionist vakaedza kuburitsa pfungwa dzavo uye kuratidzira kwevanhu kuburikidza nemaitiro matsva.
Hanyn'a yavo yakanga iri pachokwadi chakazara panzvimbo pemamiriro ezvinhu akati, vakaongorora mumabasa avo kuoma kwemhando dzekufananidzira dzinomiririra pane kukudziridza zvizere mavara ega ega.
Simbiso yakanga isiri yekunze kwenyika, iyo inongorondedzerwa uye isingatsanangurirwe munzvimbo kana nguva, asi mukati, pachimiro chepfungwa chemunhu, ndicho chikonzero, mumutambo wekutaura, kufarira kuri mukukurudzira moods.
Mutambi mukuru mubasa rekutaura anowanzo ratidza nhamo dzake mumanyoro marefu anotsanangurwa mumutauro wakadzama, elliptical, uye mupfupi unoongorora hunyoro hwemweya hwehuduku, kumukira kwavo chizvarwa chekare, uye mhinduro dzakasiyana dzezvematongerwo enyika kana dzechimurenga dziri kuitwa. vakatsvaka.vanouya. Iko kukura kwemukati kwemutambi mukuru kunoongororwa kuburikidza neakateedzana akasununguka akabatana tableaus, panguva yaanopandukira tsika dzechinyakare uye anotsvaga yakakwira chiono chemweya chehupenyu.
August Strindberg naFrank Wedekind vaive vatangiri vakakurumbira vemutambo wekutaura, asi rekutanga rinozivikanwa basa rekutaura raive raReinhard Johannes Sorge, der Bettler ( The Beggar ), rakanyorwa muna 1912 uye rakatanga kuitwa muna 1917. Vamwe vanyori vemitambo vaitungamirira muiri sangano vaiva Georg Kaiser, Ernst Toller, Paul Kornfeld, Fritz von Unruh, Walter Hasenclever, uye Reinhard Goering, vose vari vokuGermany.
Chimiro chekutaura munhetembo chakabuda padivi nepadivi neanokatyamadza mumwe wake, muchimiro chimwechete chisiri chereferensi uye achiongorora nziyo dzepamusoro uye dzinoshamisa, senge rwiyo. Iyi nhetembo yakareruka, vachishandisa nhamba huru yemazita, mamwe mapikicha nezviito zvisingaverengeki, yakashandura rondedzero netsanangudzo ichiedza kusvika pahwaro hwekunzwa.
Pakati pevadetembi vane simba rekutaura ndevekuGermany Georg Heym, Ernst Stadler, August Stramm, Gottfried Benn, Georg Trakl naElse Lasker-Schüler, uye mudetembi wechiCzech Franz Werfel. Dingindira rinonyanya kutaurwa mumavhesi ekutaura kwaive kutyisa kwehupenyu hwemumaguta uye zviono zveapocalyptic zvekuparara kwebudiriro.
Vamwe vadetembi vakanga vasina tariro zvikuru uye vaigutsikana netsika dzemabourgeois, asi vamwe vainyanya kufunga nezvekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu, vachitaura pachena tariro yeshanduko iri kuuya. Kunze kweGermany, vanyori vemitambo vakashandisa nzira dzinoshamisa dzekutaura vaisanganisira vanyori vekuAmerica Eugene O'Neill naElmer Rice.
expressionism muarchitecture
Expressionist architecture yakaumbwa uye yakagadzirirwa kumutsa manzwiro akanyanyisa uye manzwiro. Zvivako zvakagadzirwa nenzira iyi zvakaita chirevo panguva iyoyo uye zvakamira kunze kwezvivakwa zvakapoteredza.
Vagadziri vezvivakwa vaiwanzoshandisa zvisina kujairika, mafomu akamonyaniswa uye akabatanidza ekutanga maitiro ekuvaka, kushandisa zvinhu zvakaita sezvidhinha, simbi, uye girazi. Vamwe vakawana budiriro huru uye vakatanhamara munguva yavo, pakati pavo tinogona kutaura Walter Gropius naBruno Taut, vakagadzira zvivakwa zvinokatyamadza zvekutaura.
Zvinosuruvarisa, zvizhinji zvezvivakwa hazvina kumbovakwa uye zviripo chete pamapepa. Pakati peavo vakakwanisa kupfeka, mamwe aive echinguvana uye mamwe haana kurarama kusvika parizvino, zvisinei, mienzaniso yakawanda inokatyamadza yezvivakwa zvekutaura inogona kuonekwa nhasi, kunyanya muGermany.
Expressionism-yakafuridzirwa masitaera
Expressionism yakanga isiri muitiro wakafanana kana mafambiro, sezvo yaibatanidza masitayera akasiyana siyana uye zvakazokonzera kana kupesvedzera mamwe akawanda, zvakare akakosha kwazvo mafambiro muhunyanzvi netsika.
Abstract Expressionism
Sezvo New York yakatsiva Paris senzvimbo yekutanga yehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, chimiro chekutaura chakazvarwa patsva seabstract expressionism mukutanga maXNUMXs.
MuUnited States, yakawana simba nevanonzi vanyori vekuita vakatungamirirwa naJackson Pollock naWillem De Kooning uye vanyori vemavara vakadai saMark Rothko, Barnett Newman naClyfford Still. Zvakawanda zvisinganzwisisike pane kutaura, chikoro chitsva ichi chaive nehukama hushoma hunobatika kuchimiro chekutaura chekutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
kutaura kwokufananidzira
Kunyangwe mushure mehondo yeAmerica neEuropean art yaidzorwa nekubvisa, kutaura kwekumiririra kwaive kuchiri kufarirwa muAustralia muma1940 nema1950s, sezvakaratidzwa nemabasa evanyori vakaita saRussell Drysdale naSidney Nolan.
Iyo yakabatana zvakanyanya nenyika yeNordic neGermanic, ine midzi munyika yekare yerudzi rweGerman uye nekufamba kwerudo kwezana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Edza kumiririra chokwadi nemaonero akasiyana uye emunhu
neo-expressionism
Kumutsidzira kwekupedzisira kwesangano rekutaura kwakaitika muma1970 muUnited States, Great Britain, Germany, Italy neFrance, pasi pezita rekuti neo-expressionism. Inoonekwa zvakanyanya sekuita kune minimalism uye yekufungidzira art yeXNUMXs, ayo makuru exponents aisanganisira:
- Philip Guston naJulian Schnabel (USA)
- Paula Rego naChristopher Le Brun (Great Britain)
- Chikoro cheNeo-expressionist chinozivikanwa seNeue Wilden (New Fauves) chaisanganisira: Georg Baselitz, Gerhard Richter, Jorg Immendorff, Anselm Kiefer, Ralf Winkler nevamwe. (Jerimani)
- Transavanguardia (Beyond the avant-garde) uye yakaratidza maartist akadai saSandro Chia, Francesco Clemente, Enzo Cucchi, Nicolo de Maria naMimmo Paladino. (Itari)
- Figuration Libre, yakaumbwa muna 1981 naRemi Blanchard, Francois Boisrond, Robert Combas naHerve de Rosa. (Furanzi)
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