Origin and Evolution of Shirds. Dzakabva kuDinosaurs here?

Kwakabva uye kushanduka kweshiri Munhoroondo yose, ndicho chimwe chezvipingamupinyi zvikuru izvo nyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu nevanochera matongo vaifanira kudzidza, saka izvi zvakaguma nechibvumirano, icho chinoreva kuti shiri dzakashanduka-shanduka kubva panguva yemadinosaur. Ziva zvese zvakapfuura zvezvipenyu izvi!

Shiri dzokutanga dzaiva dzipi?

Imwe yeshiri dzekutanga, kana kuti pamwe hombe, ndiyo yaizivikanwa seArcheopteryx Lithographica, yaigara muEuropean Germany makore angangoita mamirioni zana apfuura, pakupera kwenguva yeJurassic. Shiri yechinyakare iyi, yainge yakada kufanana negunguwo kana huku yemazuva ano, yakanga ine muviri wakazara minhenga, chiso chakareba kunge muromo uye nemazino.

Makumbo emberi akachinjwa kuva mapapiro ane minhenga, akanga ane minwe 3 senzwara uye mhasuru dzechifuva dzakanga dzisina simba, saka zvinogumiswa kuti yaisafanira kuva yakanaka kubhururuka, asi kuti imhando yokukwira yakakwira nomumakomo. kushandisa nzwara dzeruoko nemuswe, pamusoro pekusvetuka-svetuka kufamba pakati pemiti uye pakuvhima mhuka dzayo.

Makanga muri muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX apo uhwu ukama huri pakati pemadinosaur neshiri dzekare hwakamutswa, somuchinoitika cheshiri yakakurumbira inonzi Archeopteryx, yakawanikwa muGermany uye yakarangarirwa kuva shiri dzokutanga munhau yavanhu. Kune masayendisiti, shiri madhinosaurs anonzi coelurosaurs uye dzimwe hama dzavo, dzaive idzo dzakaonekwa munguva yeMesozoic.

Kunyange i Hunhu hweshiri shiri dzemazuva ano uye rudzi urwu rwakasiyana kwazvo, sekuti chimiro cheshiri iyi chaive chakanyanya kufanana neiyo dinosaurs, ine makumbo akakotama, mapapiro akasarudzika achiperekedzwa nemazino, meno akapinza, muswe wakareba uye kuti vaigona kubhururuka. , zvisinei, nhasi maitiro aya haapo mushiri dzemazuva ano.

Mushure meArcheopteryx, mimwe mienzaniso yakaonekwa iyo yakatorwa kubva pakuona kwe kushanduka kweshiri, sezvo idzodzi dzakanga dzava pedyo nechitarisiko chokunze cheshiri dzazvino uno. Yakanga iri iyo makore angangoita mamiriyoni makumi matanhatu apfuura munguva yeCretaceous iyo mhuka idzi dzakatanga kuona kuchinja kwakanyanya, sezvakaitika nemhando dzinotevera:

• gansus: Fossil iyi yakawanikwa kuChina, yaive nemapfupa epamusoro uye akafanana neshiri dzenguva idzi.
• ichthyornis: Shiri dzinobhururuka idzi dzaive nedzakada kufanana nemashiripiti, dzaive diki, kuita senjiva, dzine mazino uye dzaigara kumatunhu ekuAmerica.
• ambiortus: Fossil iyi yakawanikwa kuMongolia ine keel tapeworm uye metacarpus carpus, inova hunhu hwakada kufanana neshiri dzemazuva ano.
• hesperonis: Ava vaive veboka re shiri dzisingabhururuka uye kuti vaivawo netsika yokutuhwina, vaigara kuNorth America, vakanga vari mumvura netsoka dzakaputika uye kudya kwavo kukuru kwaibva pahove.

kushanduka kweshiri

Shiri dzava kufungidzirwa kuva vazukuru vevadzvinyu yakanzi theropods, tateguru weshiri aive akafanana neiyopopod yainzi Deinonychus, yakawanikwa kuma60s, uye kuwanikwa uku kwakakosha ndiko kwakapwisa masayendisiti nenyanzvi nezvenyaya yekuti shiri dzakadzika kubva kumadinosaur.

Mumakore ekuma70, nyanzvi yekuongorora paleontologist yeYunivhesiti yeYale John Ostrom akakwanisa kudzidza kufanana kusinganzwike pakati peskeleton of theropods neiyo yeshiri. Saka maererano nemhedzisiro yakawanikwa nenyanzvi iyi, shiri idzi dzaive dzinza reiyo theropods, iyo yakashanduka nekufamba kwemakore, sezvo kwaive neakawanda theropods aive nemakumbo akakura kwazvo, maoko mapfupi, aine muswe wakareba uye mukobvu, kureva Ivo. dzakanga dzakasiyana chaizvo neshiri dzemazuva ano.

Akagumisa kuti mapoka ose ari maviri aiva nenhamba huru yeunhu uye kuti theropod dinosaurs anofanira kunge ari madziteteguru eshiri.Muna 1996, dzimwe nyanzvi dzepaleontologist dzakabva kuChina dzakawana chiziviso chakaguma chasimbisa zvakataurwa naOstrom, sezvo vakawana fossil yeSinosauropteryx, chii? vaiva ivo dinosaur ine minhenga uye ma<em>theropods maduku ane maoko mapfupi, misana yawo nemiswe yawo yakanga izere nemakomba ane ma<em>filaments akanaka, ndiko kuti, zviratidzo zveminhenga, izvo zvinoenderana nekuona kwe kushanduka kweshiri.

Gare gare, pane dzimwe nguva, mazana emapopodhi ane minhenga akawanikwa uye akati wandei aya akagadzira marudzi akasiyana-siyana eminhenga, mamwe akafanana neeshiri dzemazuva ano uye mamwe aine mapfundo akarongwa zvakaenzana, kana kuti kune rumwe rutivi aiva neataderas akafara uye asingachinjiki kana kuti mashizha akafara. , yakasiyana neminhenga yemhando ipi neipi yeshiri yazvino.

Zvisinei, kusvika munguva pfupi yapfuura zvaifungidzirwa kuti minhenga yakabva kumhuri yetheropod, asi muna 2009 mamwe masayendisiti kubva kuChina akawana kuti Tianyulong yaiva. wedzinza remadinosaur, zvichireva kuti vakanga vasiri theropods. Kuwanikwa uku kunovhura mukana wekuti madzitateguru emadinosaur aive neminhenga uye angadai akarasikirwa nawo panguva yekushanduka kwavo.

Parizvino pane chibvumirano chekuti kushanduka kweshiri Yakabva kudiki theropod dinosaur yaidya nyama, uye inofungidzirwa kuti iyi yaive imwe nguva pakati peJurassic, makore anopfuura mamirioni zana apfuura.

Minhenga yeminhenga yakawanikwa mune dzimwe raptor dzekuChina, izvo zvakagumiswa kuti minhenga yakatanga kuoneka yakanga isiri yekubhururuka, asi pamwe inodzora tembiricha ye thermo uye kuichengeta yakakwira zvishoma pane yakajairika. zvakatipoteredza, izvo zvinoreva kuti dzakanga dziri mhuka dzine ropa rinodziya, dzakadai semhuka dzinoyamwisa uye vazukuru vemazuva ano vemadinosaur.

Nekuwana minhenga, madinosaurs aisakwanisa kubhururuka, saka fungidziro yekare yekuti shiri dzakashanduka kubva kumhuka dzinobhururuka dzinoraswa, sezvo raptors zvechokwadi vaive vasina rudzi urwu rwetsika, zvisinei, zvinowanzoitika kuti mukuwedzera Kubva pakushumira kuti dziyerere, minhenga yemaoko nemaoko yaigona kushandiswa kuvhima zvipembenene uye kuwana zvokudya zvadzo.

Chii chaiva Deinonychus?

Zvinotendwa kuti dinosaur ine zita resainzi rekuti Deinonychus yaive hama yepedyo kune shiri dzanhasi, sezvo dzaive dinosaurs ane feather Parizvino yakatsakatika, iyo yaigara pasi pano makore angangoita 110 miriyoni apfuura munzvimbo yeNorth America.

Iyi yaive mhuka inodya ine hunhu hwakawanda hwakafanana nehweshiri, sekuti; makumbo akasimba ane nzwara, mapapiro uye minhenga, ane kufema, circulatory uye digestive hurongwa zvakafanana chaizvo neshiri, kunyange zvazvo iyi yaiva mhuka inodziya-ropa rine unhu uyewo kubva zvinokambaira, akadai shaya nemazino.

Kwakabva Kubhururuka muShiri

Pakupera kwechikamu cheMesozoic, shiri dzakanga dzatozvisimbisa pasi pano, zvisinei, yaiva munguva yeCenozoic iyo yakave nekuchinja kwakanyanya, sezvinoratidzwa nehuwandu hwezvinyorwa zvakawanikwa kusvika nhasi. Pakutanga, mapapiro anogona kunge akasimuka nekuda kwekuda kwekuti mhuka idzi dzaifanira kutiza kubva kune dzimwe mhuka dzadzo.

Shiri dzine zvakawanda zvakafanana neskeleton yemadinosaur, sezvo zvisaririra zveakawanda aiwawa zvakawanwa neminhenga yadzo yakadzivirirwa zvakanaka, kunyange zvazvo kwakanga kunewo ma<em>dinosaur aiva neminhenga mirefu nemaoko awo muchimiro chemapapiro, akadai seAnchiornis naMicroraptor. .

Kune hutsva hutsva hwezvidzidzo zve paleontological dzakaita kuvakazve izvo zvinofanirwa kuve kushanduka kweshiri, uye kwakagumiswa kuti maitiro eizvi akabuda zvishoma nezvishoma mumamiriyoni emakore, akawedzerwa kune huwandu hukuru hweuchapupu hunosimbisa kuti shanduko yemhindumupindu inoitika zvishoma nezvishoma.

Zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvezvisaririra zvema<em>dinosaur ane minhenga zvakawanwa muChina, uye marekodhi ane udzame echinjo huru yeaya marudzi kuva shiri dzakapfava dzinobhururuka akaitwa.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msZp83LjVp0

Huwandu hwemarudzi eshiri pakutanga kwePleistocene era inogona kusvika zviuru makumi maviri nerimwe, zvisinei, nekuda kwekusiyana kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kuumbwa kwemazaya echando uye kuchinjana kwemhuka pakati pemamwe makondinendi, nhamba iyi yeshiri yakaderedzwa. inenge hafu. Pamusoro pezvo, zvidzidzo zvakaitwa pazvisaririra zveshiri dzeprehistoric kubva kumarudzi akasiyana, izvo zvinogona kuratidza kuti kutsakatika kwavo kwanga kusingatarisirwi.

Maererano nevamwe vanyori, mavambo ekubhururuka uye kushanduka kweshiri Izvo zvine chekuita nekugona kwemamwe marudzi emiti kusvetuka pakati pemiti, kunyangwe vamwe vachiti kwakabva kwakabatana nemadhinaini ane minhenga. Pane fungidziro mbiri dzinotaura nezvekuti kwaive kushanduka kwekugona kubhururuka neshiri:

1. Mhedziso yekutanga ndeyokuti dinosaurs dzinomhanya dzakatanga kushandisa mapapiro avo kuti akwanise kuenzanisa uye kurembera kubva pamatavi emiti.
2. Kune rimwe divi, yechipiri inotaura nezvekuti arboreal dinosaurs akavashandisa sei kudzora kusvetuka kwavo, kunzvenga zvikara uye kuzvikurudzira kuti vatore mhuka yavo.

Zvinoreva kuti pakutanga mapapiro akanga asina kushandiswa kubhururuka, asi pakutanga akashanda kuchengetedza kuenzanisa uye ozobatsira kudzivisa kudonha kwakanyanya. Apo ma<em>dinosaur akatsakatika, mamwe eaya marudzi akakwanisa kupukunyuka ngwavaira iyoyo uye vana vawo ndiyo yakaita kuti kubvire mavambo eshiri dziripo panguva ino mupasi rose.

Parizvino masayendisiti uye nyanzvi munharaunda iyi havazive zvechokwadi kuti sei kana kuti nei mapapiro, mukuwedzera kune chokwadi chekuti anogona kubhururuka, zvisinei, vachiri kuenderera mberi nekuongorora uye kwete mafossils chete, asiwo vertebrates senge zviremwaremwa uye yavo. kugadziridza ndege. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti kukwanisa kubhururuka kunobatanidzwa kune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha.

Hunhu hwakafanana pakati peDinosaurs neShiri

Pakati pehunhu kana kugadziridzwa kweshiri kwaibvumira kuti dzifambise kubhururuka, ndezvinotevera:

• Mabhonzo akareruka uye akasiyana skeletal zvinhu zvakabatanidzwa pamwechete.
• Kuderedzwa kwefibula uye kukura kukuru kwebhanhire repectoral maererano nekufamba kwemapapiro.
• Maoko akashandurwa kuita mapapiro neminhenga.
• Kuderedza muswe.
• kupera kwemazino
• Zvigunwe zvinopikisa, izvo zvinovabvumira kunamatira pamatavi emiti.
• Scaly tsoka.
• Madehenya eese ari maviri anonamirwa kumutsipa wekutanga vertebra nejoini yakaita sebhora, iyo occipital condyle.
• Vane bhonzo rimwe pakati kwenzeve.
• Vane shaya yepasi inoumbwa nemapfupa mashanu kana matanhatu, aya akatsiviwa nemiromo.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kune hukama hwakasimba kwazvo pakati pemadinosaurs neshiri kana isu tikanyatsotarisisa kune skeleton yavo, sezvo mazhinji emapfupa ane maitiro akafanana, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakadai sekeel, iyo yakakosha mushiri.

Zvinoshamisawo kuziva kuti Anofarira dinosaurs vaive nemasaga emhepo akafanana neeshiri, zvinotofungidzirwa kuti mhuka dzekare idzi dzairara seshiri zhinji, sezvo dzaiisawo misoro yadzo pasi pemakumbo nemakumbo kuti dzidziye.

Kune rumwe rutivi, zvose zviri zviviri mufambiro uye rutivi rwoupenyu rwemadinosaur hunosiya ufakazi hwekwakabva shiri, sezvo dzose dzichibudisa rudzi rwakati rwenyama yakapfuma mu<em>calcium inodzibetsera kugadzira demhe ramazai adzo.

Zvisaririra zvakawanda zvema<em>dinosaur zvakawanwa zvakange zviine pwere mukufukidzwa nematombo maduku zvakawanikwawo mugadziriro dzawo dzekugaya izvo zvakaabetsera mugadziriro yekugaya, chimwe chinhu chakafanana nezvinoitwa negizzard mushiri, mukuwedzera pakusavapo kwemazino emazino pakuvamba. zvakaita kuti vabereki vadzosere zvokudya kuvana vavo, kuti vavape zvokudya.

Shiri Classification

Iyo yakajairika uye yakajairwa kupatsanura iyo inogona kubatsira kukwanisa kuunganidza uye kuziva mhuka idzi, kunyanya shiri dzemazuvano, zvinoenderana nezvinofungwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda, dzakabatanidzwa muboka re tetrapods (mhuka dzine mitezo ina), yerudzi Sauropsida. , yevadiki Diapsida, Infraclass Archosauromorpha, kuzopedzisira avapinza mudivi reArchosaur reArchosaurs.

Muboka reshiri dzemazuva ano, maNeornithes, tinogona kuwana 2 zvidimbu zvakasiyana zvakasiyana, sezvo mamwe ari echinyakare uye mamwe ari epamusoro, semuenzaniso:

• Neognathae: Imhando yeshiri ine kamukara kemwana kachangobva kushanduka, uko palatine nemapfupa epterygoid anenge asisabatani.
• paleognathae: Ndidzo shiri dzinoti pakati pehunhu hwadzo tinogona kuwana palaeognathic palate, zvinoreva kuti ndeyechinyakare, semhou, inova shiri inomhanya uye yakarasa kugona kwayo kubhururuka.

Anatomical Kugadzikana muKushanduka kweShiri

Chimiro chechokwadi cheshiri ndechekuti chimiro chadzo chemuviri hachina kushanduka zvakanyanya, kunyangwe chakabuda kubva kuzviuru zvemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, kusiyana nezvinoitika nemamwe marudzi emhuka, apo muviri wavo, mapapiro, makumbo uye chitarisiko chemuviri zvakapa shanduko, kunyangwe havana kunyanya kunyanyisa.

Muzvipenyu izvi, mapapiro haana kumbochinja kubva pakusvika kweArcheopteryx, shanduko chete inooneka ndeye atrophy yemakumbo aya kana maumbirwo akasiyana uye hukuru, maererano nemhando dzakasiyana dzekubhururuka, dzakadai sekukurumidza, bioplaning, diving, pakati pevamwe.

Zvisinei, dzakava nechinjo dzorumwe rudzi, dzakadai soukuru hwadzo, minhenga nemiitiro, pari zvino kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana anopfuura zviuru makumi mana eshiri dzinobva padukusa, sezvakaita shiri, kusvika kune huru. semhou.

Kana ari kushanduka kweshiri, tinogona kutaura kuti dinosaurs haana kupera zvachose, asi kuti vanogara pakati pedu, varipo munharaunda yedu uye pedyo nesu chaipo, tinogona kuva navo semhuka dzinovaraidza mudzimba dzedu, vachitifadza nemanzwi avo akanaka uye kambani, zvakadai semacanaries uye cockatoos

Nepo vamwe, sehuku inotitendera kuravira mazai anonaka uye ane hutano, kana huku inonaka uye inoyevedza yebroiler, yatinonaka mupani inogocha, yakabikwa kana mumharidzo dzakawanda dzinopihwa vatengi nhasi. toti kana tikacherechedza kuti ganda rehuku kana rehuku rine makwapa uye rine makwasha, hapana chimwe kunze kwekunge chironda chemadziteteguru eshiri.

Evolution yeDinosaurs

Ongororo dzichangobva kuitwa pamapfupa asina kukwana eshiri yakaunganidzwa mukondinendi yeAntarctic, inoratidza kuti Genesi uye kushanduka kweshiri yemazuva ano ingadai yakatanga muMesozoic, iyo yakanyorwa makore angangoita mamirioni makumi manomwe neshanu apfuura munhoroondo uye yakasimudzwa sechikamu chedzinza reAnseriformes, izvo zvatinoziva nhasi.

Maererano netsvakurudzo yakaitwa nenyanzvi dzesainzi, shiri dzakabuda muboka rema<em>carnivorous and bipedal dinosaurs, kureva kuti, dzaifamba nemakumbo maviri uye sezvo makore anopfuura mamiriyoni makumi mashanu akapfuura, dzakava nechinjo dzakadai semakumbo adzo akaonda. Madzitateguru eshiri akavawo neshanduko itsva, dzakadai seminhenga, spurs, uye mapapiro.

Theropods imhuri huru yemadhinosaurs anosanganisira zvienzaniso zvakaita seTyrannosaurus Rex, yaive nehurefu hunosvika mamita gumi nemana negumi nemashanu, nepo chikafu chadzo chaive twupukanana netwupembenene.

Flying Dinosaurs

Pakati peakanyanya uye akanyanya kudzidza dinosaurs anobhururuka, tinogona kuwana zvinotevera:

• scaphognathus: Uyu akararama panyika makore angangoita mamiriyoni 150 apfuura, akanga akareba mita imwe chete uye musoro wake uri mupfupi, aidya nyama uye aiva nemazino 28, 18 pashaya yepamusoro uye 10 pashaya yezasi.
• pteranodon: Idzi dzaive imwe yemapterosaur makuru, dzakayera dzinenge 1.83 metres, dzakanga dzisina simba uye makumbo maduku, dzakanga dzisina muswe, asi dzine mapapiro makuru. Maererano nevesainzi, pteranodon yaigona kubhururuka nekumhanya kuri pedyo nemakiromita makumi mana nemasere paawa, saka inofungidzirwa kuti yaive yakanakisa kubhururuka, kugona kwakaita kuti ive chikara, kunyangwe yaidya hove kupfuura chero chinhu.
• pterodactylus: Yaiva imwe yemarudzi ekutanga e-short-tailed kana tailless pterodactyloids, "pterodactyl" ndiro izwi rinoshandiswa kune zvinokambaira zvaiva nemapapiro, zvinonzi zvakararama kusvika pakuguma kwemazuva edhinosaur, asi akanga asiri madhinosaurs chaiwo. asi zvinokambaira zvinamapapiro. Ongororo dzinoratidza kuti idzi dzaive nhunzi dzakanakisa uye kuti nekuda kwemazino adzo akanongedza, dzaigona kunge dzakadya hove, zvipembenene zvinobhururuka uye mhuka dzepanyika.

• Preondactylus: Iyi ndiyo yaive diki, yaive yakareba masendimita makumi matatu, mazino ayo aive madiki zvakare uye yaidya hove diki dzayaivhima ichibuda mumvura. Mapapiro ayo aive mapfupi, akareba masendimita gumi nemasere uye nekuda kwehukuru hwayo yaikwanisa kubhururuka nekukurumidza.

Zvizvarwa zveDinosaurs

Vanhu vazhinji vanofuratira kuti madhinosaurs airevei mukufamba kwavo nepasi, uye isu tinofanira kuratidza kutora kwavo kukuru mumavambo uye kushanduka kweshiri, sezvo pashure pokutsakatika kwayo apo meteorite yakawa, shiri zhinji dzakakwanisa kunzvenga ndokupukunyuka, nokudaro dzichiva nedikanwo yokuberekana, uye ipapo kusika marudzi matsva, seshiri dzatinadzo nhasi.

Izvo hazvizivikanwe parizvino kuti mangani madhinosaur akapona mukutsakatika, asi kune dzimwe mhuka dzakawanda dziri dzinza remadinosaur, senge zvimwe zvinokambaira zvichine nhumbi dzokurwa dzakasimba.

Pane mukana wekuti hama dzepedyo dzinorarama dzeshiri, dinosaurs uye pterosaurs makarwe nemadzvinyu, zvisinei nekuti mhuka idzi hadzina manhenga parizvino, kuwanikwa mumadzvinyu ejini rimwechete rinobatanidzwa mukuumbwa kweminhenga yeshiri. zvinoratidza kuti zvichida madzitateguru avo aiva nadzo, zvino chokwadi chikuru chisingazivikanwe ndechekuti mhuka idzi dzakarasa minhenga sei.

Giant Prehistoric Shiri

Makore anodarika mamiriyoni makumi mashanu neshanu apfuura, Gastornis Giganteus yaivepo, yaigona kusvika kureba kwemamita 55 uye yaive shiri yakarasikirwa nekubhururuka kwayo, yaive nemiromo mikuru nemadehenya.

Zvino, mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemana emakore apfuura munguva yeMiocene nePliocene, kwaiva nemhando yeshiri ine mutsauko nemagora inonzi Argentavis Magnificens, rudzi rwaikwanisa kubhururuka neavhareji kupfuura mamita manomwe, mukuwedzera pakukwanisa kuyera 24 kilograms. . Paivawo neTeratornis Merriami, yaigara kumadokero kweNorth America uye yaigona kusvika pamusoro pemamita mana pakureba.