Gungwa raiita serisina magumo rave dura rengano nemadimikira kuvadetembi nevafungi kubvira kare. Kunyange nhasi havasi vagari varo vose nezvakavanzika zvakawanwa. Ngano inonakidza yemugungwa ndeye the kraken anoshandura zvikepe kuita mapango. Mubvunzo wekuti chikara ichi chiriko here nanhasi.
the kraken
Iyo kraken, inozivikanwawo mune isingaperi fomu krake, imhuka yengano kubva kuNorwegian folklore iri muhombe yemugungwa kana hove hombe idzo dzinonzi dzakaonekwa nevaredzi mumahombekombe eNorway, Iceland neIreland. Nyaya dzehove huru dzinowanikwa mutsika zhinji dzechinyakare. Muzana remakore rechiXNUMX reNorse King's Mirror rinotaura chikara seHafgufa. Kune zvakare nyaya dzezvikara zvikuru zvemugungwa mumvura dzeAsia uye mumakungwa ekare eMedithera neAtlantic.
Nekudaro, chikara chavanodaidza kuti kraken chakatanga kutsanangurwa zvakadzama naBhishopi Erik Pontoppidan wekuBergen pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Anochienzanisa nechitsuwa chine maoko nematanda. Vamwe vakaienzanisa neRevhiatani yakaita sedhiragoni nemakonye egungwa. Vamwe, kunyanya muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, vakaturikira kraken segiant squid, uye nyika inotaura Chirungu inoshandisa zita rechiNorwegian sezita chairo rechikara chakadaro.
Izvi zvakawedzerwa mune yazvino Anglo-American tsika yakakurumbira. Saka kune tsika dzakasiyana dzakasanganiswa mukati, zvakare pfungwa dzemamwe mhuka dzemugungwa. Hunhu huzhinji huchiri saizi, ingave hove, whale, turtle kana octopus. Krake ishoko rechiNorwegian nechiSwedish, uye rine chimiro che kraken kana krakene muchiGerman rinova zita rePolypus (Octopus) vulgaris, rudzi rweoctopus ine maoko masere.
Zvikara zvemugungwa munguva dzakare
Kare kare kare kwaiva nenyaya dzinoverengeka pamusoro pezvikara zvegungwa. Muzvinyorwa zvechiGiriki neRoma, semuenzaniso, pane kutaurwa kwaScylla, nymph yakashandurwa kuita chikara chegungwa nemuroyi Circe, uye zvakatonyanya kuipa, Charybdis, anogona kushanduka kuita chamupupuri. Pamwe chete vakarinda Strait yeMessina pakati peItari neSicily, uye Odyssey inotaura kuti vakapotsa vakamedza sei gamba rechiGiriki rekare Odysseus. MuBhaibheri, chikara chisinganzwisisike chemugungwa chinonzi Revhiatani chinodudzwa kanomwe.
Ngano yechiGiriki yeScylla, chikara chine misoro mitanhatu icho Odysseus anofanira kutarisana nacho parwendo rwake, muenzaniso wetsika iyi. Muna 1555, Olaus Magnus akanyora nezvechisikwa chemugungwa chine “nyanga refu dzakapinza dzakatenderedza, semuti uri pamidzi: kureba kwemakubhiti gumi kana gumi nemaviri, nemaziso makuru matema. Nheyo dzenyaya dzakadaro dzinogona kunge dziri vabati vehove nevafambisi vezvikepe vakaona zvisingatsananguriki zviitiko zvegungwa, mawhale uye maoctopus makuru. Saizvozvo, pfungwa ye kraken inogona kunge yakatanga muMiddle Ages.
iyo nordic kraken
Rondedzero yekutanga uye yakazara yakanyorwa yekraken inobva kumunyori wechiDanish uye Bhishopi weBergen Erik Pontoppidan (1698-1764), uyo akaburitsa Kuedza Kwekutanga paNhoroondo Yakasikwa yeNorway. Ikoko anotaura nezve kraken se "chikara chikuru chegungwa". Anoti zita rake ndiKraken, Kraxen kana Krabben. Mushure mekunge bhuku rakashandurirwa muchiRungu makore mashoma gare gare, iyo Kraken yakazozivikanwa muChirungu.
Rakaita denderedzwa uye rakati sandara sechitsuwa chinoyangarara, uye rine maoko mahombe anonamira kunze setsanga, akakura zvokuti anogona kukwevera ngarava huru nawo pakadzika. Pontoppidan akavakirwa tsananguro yake panhau dzevabati vehove vekuNorway. Apo mvura yaichimbova yakadzika 80-100 fathom (mamita 140-180), panzvimbo pemafathomu 20-30 chete (mamita 40-50), vabati vehove vakaziva kuti pasi pawo pakanga pane mutswe.
Vakataura kuti mutswe wacho waigona kuwanikwa kunyanya muchirimo uye wakafanana nematombo nezvitsuwa. Hove zhinji dzaigonawo kuungana kumusana, uye vabati vehove vakatsanangura kuti saka vaigona “hove pachirauro”. Saka yaingova nyaya yokungwarira kuti mhuka huru yacho isangoerekana yasimuka pamusoro, yopidigura magwa ndokuadhonzera mumhepo yakaputika sezvainonyura ichidzokera pasi.
Pontopiddan inotaurawo kuti mhuka yacho inodya sei kwemwedzi mishomanana, uye mumwedzi inotevera inodurura tsvina yainopenda nayo mvura, inoita kuti ive gobvu uye ine madhaka uye ine kunhuhwirira kwakanaka uye kuravira kunokwezva hove dzakawanda. Kubva kumadokero kweNorway kune dzimwe ngano uye nyaya nezve kraken. Ngano inonyanyozivikanwa inotaura nezvevamwe vabati vehove vakanga vasiri mumutsara. Vakaerekana vaona kuti mwero wainge wava kudzikira. Ipapo vakanzwisisa kuti yakanga iri Kraken yakanga ichisimuka, uye vakakurumidza kukwasva kumahombekombe.
Chiitiko ichi chinogona kubva pakuona chaiko kwemaoctopus makuru kana kubva pakuona zvidhori mugungwa, senge maratidziro emhepo uye kuumbwa kwegore rakaderera. Zvisinei, kraken haina kutaurwa muNorse sagas, asi mhuka dzakafanana dzakadai sehafgufa ("gungwa steamer") dzinotaurwa muÖrvar-Odds saga uye muKongespeilet (Mirror yaMambo) kubva kumativi 1250. Chinyorwa chinomiririra gungwa chikara chakakura sechitsuwa. Mhuka haiwanzoonekwa uye zvinyorwa zvinoshamisika kana panogona kunge paine mhuka imwe chete kana mbiri pasi rose.
Nyanzvi yezvakasikwa yeSweden Carl von Linne akabatanidzawo kraken muchinyorwa chokutanga chebhuku rake rakarongeka rechisikigo rinonzi Systema Naturae ra 1735. Ikoko akapa mhuka iyi zita resainzi rokuti Microcosmus, asi akarisiya mune dzimwe shanduro dzinotevera.
Kwakabva ngano
Ngano zhinji dzekare nezvemhuka dzakadai seunicorn, dhiragoni, uye nyoka yegungwa hadzina humbowo hwekuti dziriko kana kuti dzakambovapo. Zvisinei, nguva nenguva kune mhuka "dzisina kujairika" dzinenge dzisina kumbofungidzirwa kuvapo. Mienzaniso yavo ndeye coelacanth uye longnose shark. Ngano yave yakasimba kwazvo munhoroondo yese: iyo yeKraken.
The Kraken imhuka huru yegungwa ine tende inogona kupeta chikepe chose. Nyaya yeKraken inogona kunge yakabva munyaya dzevafambisi vezvikepe, vachiwedzeredzwa nekusaziva uye kutya. Iyo Kraken zvakare inotora chikamu munyaya dzine mukurumbira kubva muzana ramakore reXNUMX.
Muna Jules Verne's "20.000 Miles Under the Sea" a Kraken anorwisa chikepe Nautilus. Herman Melville anotsanangurawo muMoby Dick squid hombe inosangana nePequod (whaler) munzira yayo.
Izwi rekuti 'kraken' rinobva kuNorwegian uye riri muzvizhinji, nenzira. Inofanira kunge iri pamutemo 'crack'. Chirevo chepakutanga hachina kubvumirana zvizere, asi shanduro yakajairika ndeye "muti wakadzurwa". Matende uye muviri mutete wetsivi ungataridzika seizvi.
Ngano yacho zvimwe imhaka yokuvapo kwayo nokuda kwe<em>giant squid inongoonekwa apo neapo. Aristotle (muzana remakore rechitatu BC) naPliny (muzana remakore rokutanga AD) vakatotaura nezvehombe yesquid. Mushure mazvo yakaramba yakanyarara kusvika muna 1555 mumwe bhishopi mukuru weCatholic akatsanangura dzimwe 'hove dzinotyisa'.
Neruzivo rwazvino uno zvinofungidzirwa kuti vaive hofori squid. Vaoni vezviumbwa zvemugungwa vakadawo kuwedzeredza nyaya dzacho. Zvizhinji zveizvi zvisikwa zvakanga zvisati zvamboonekwa uye zvakanga zvisina kufanana nemhuka dzomunyika kana nepaduku pose. Masquid 'ekune dzimwe nyika' aitotyisa kupfuura hope dzakaipisisa dzevanhu vanotenda mashura. Iyi mhuka yengano inonyatso kukwezva fungidziro. Mubvunzo ndewekuti iyo Kraken yenyaya iripo chaizvo.
Squid kana octopus?
Nzvimbo inonyanya kutsvaga mhuka inokodzera tsanangudzo yeKraken ndiyo gungwa rakadzika. Gungwa rakadzika ndiyo nzvimbo yakakura kwazvo yekugara pasi pano, asiwo isingazivikanwe nevanhu. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akanyanya (rima rose, kutonhora, kumanikidzwa kukuru) anogara nhamba inoshamisa yemhuka dzechinyakare. Rimwe remapoka anonyanya kufadza emhuka ndeye cephalopods, iyo inosanganisira squid uye octopus.
Cephalopods imhuka dzakangwara zvakanyanya, semuenzaniso squids dzinozivikanwa kudzidza kubva mukukanganisa kwakare. Vanewo mutauro unokosha wemuviri une mavara emhando anokonzerwa nemasero epigment muganda. Rudzi rwe squid runotaura chimwe chinhu pamusoro pemamiriro ayo epfungwa: kutya, kuneta, kudzivirira, kudzikama, kuhwanda kubva kune zvikara nekuda kwekubira kana kufarira kukwira. Cuttlefish ine maziso akanyatsogadzirwa anogona kufananidzwa neziso remunhu.
Mumiriri webasa rengano Kraken ihofori octopus. Masayendisiti anobvumirana kuti kureba kweruoko rweoctopus kunogona kusvika pamamita masere. Muna Kurume 2002, masayendisiti ekuNew Zealand akawana octopus yakafa mumambure emudhiraivha inozivikanwa semufananidzo wakakura weHalphron atlanticus. Mhuka iyi yairema zvinodarika 70-75 kg uye yakanga yakareba mamita mana.
Ndiko kurongeka kwehukuru hwakafanana nehofori squid. Mhuka huru inogara munzvimbo dzinopisa uye vanhu vakuru vanogona kuwanikwa mumvura yeNew Zealand. Iyo Haliphron inogara kubva pamusoro kusvika pakadzika 3.180 metres, asi kwete muhuwandu hukuru panguva imwe chete. Iyo gelatinous mhuka inotendwa inogara pasi kana pamusoro pegungwa. Yakaratidzwa muchinyorwa chekutanga cheBBC chakanzi Giant octopus inovhiringidza masayendisiti.
Asi kune zvakare mishumo yeakatokura octopus muFlorida neBig Bahama Island. Apa vakawana octopus ine ruoko rwakareba mamita asingasviki makumi masere. Muna 1896 zvisaririra zveyairatidzika sehofori yakawanwa paAnastasia Island, Florida, pamhenderekedzo yegungwa kumaodzanyemba kweSt. Augustine. Zvimwe zvidimbu zvemaoko zvakayera kudarika mamita masere. Huwandu hwehurefu hwemhuka iyi hwasvika mamita makumi maviri neshanu. Nekudaro, pane kusahadzika kuti zvisaririra zvaive zveoctopus here kana whale nekuda kwemamiriro epamusoro ekuora.
Nepo iyo hofori octopus inogona kutsanangura nhoroondo yeKraken, humbowo hwakasimba hunoratidzika kunge hunonongedza kune hofori squid. Musiyano mukuru uripo pakati pe squid nema octopus inyaya yekuti maoctopus ane maoko masere uye squid ane maoko masere uye 2 matende marefu (gumi ese). Mumiriri akanaka weKraken ndiye, semuenzaniso, giant squid ye genus Architeuthis.
The Kraken mune ngano dzechiGiriki
Zita raKraken rinobva kuNorse ngano, uye nepo Girisi yakanga ine mhuka dzakawanda dzegungwa, kusanganisira imwe yakamirira kudya paAndromeda yakaisvonaka yakasungirirwa padombo, kraken haisi pakati pavo. Yekutanga yaive Ceto, panobva zita resainzi rewhale. Iyo squid-saScylla inokodzerawo sechikara chemugungwa cheGreek zviri pamutemo. Kuvhiringidzika kunobva kumabhaisikopo anonzi akavakirwa pangano dzechiGreek, munyaya iyi Clash yeTitans.
Iko hakuna kraken muGreek mythology. Iyo kraken inobva kune gare gare Norse mythology. Manongedzo ekutanga anozivikanwa eiyo kraken anobva muzvinyorwa zveIcelandic kubva muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX AD, ingangoita mireniyamu mushure mekupera kwechinyakare chekare uye zviuru zvemamaira kubva kuMediterranean.
Heano mamwe malink aunofarira: