Sezvakaita mutsika zhinji dzeMesoamerican, nzanga yeMixtec yakaratidza kugona kwayo kuronga uye kufambira mberi mune zvakawanda, kurarama uye kupfuura nguva. Dzidza zvese nezve Economy yeMixtecs!
Economy yeMixtecs
VaMixtecos kana sekuda kwavanozvidaidza kuti Ñuu Savi, Vanhu veMvura, iboka rechitatu rakakura revanhu vekuMexico. Nyika yavanobva iMixteca, dunhu reMexico rinogara hafu yekumadokero kwedunhu reOaxaca nenzvimbo diki dzeGuerrero nePuebla, inotaura muganho weOaxaca kumadokero nekuchamhembe, zvichiteerana.
Iyo inodaidzwa kuti Mixteca Oaxaqueña zone imusha kune zvingangoita zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemixtec yese zvizvarwa zveMexico.
Nhoroondo inotitaurira kuti vanhu veMixtec vanga vachigara vachifamba, vachitamira kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeMexico Republic, kunyanya nekuda kwezvikonzero zvehupfumi. Parizvino yakatarisana nenhamba huru muMexico City uye mumatunhu eSinaloa neBaja California.
Nharaunda yeMixteca inotora zviuru makumi mana emakiromita emakiromita enzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana uye mamiriro ekunze, sezvo iri pakati pemharadzano yeSierra Madre del Sur neSierra Madre de Oaxaca makomo, iri dunhu rine makomo, zvikomo, nhongonya. kuwedzera kune mipata yakamanikana, mapani emahombekombe uye hova zhinji nehova.
Dunhu reMixteca rinogara rakakamurwa kuita matunhu matatu, anowanzo hukama nenzvimbo nhatu huru dzemamiriro ekunze uye enzvimbo, ayo anoitawo zviitiko zvehupfumi zvakafanana, paine mimwe misiyano maererano nezvigadzirwa:
- Mixteca Alta kana Ñuu Savi Sukun: Sezvingango ratidza zita rayo, nzvimbo iyi ine makomo marefu ane kukwirira kuri pakati pe1700 ne2500 metres pamusoro pegungwa, ruzhinji rwakafukidzwa nematanda nemipata yakaorera.
- Mixteca Baja kana Ñuu I'ni: nzvimbo iyi iri pakati pe1200 ne1700 metres pamusoro pegungwa, inzvimbo isina mvura, ine zvikomo zvakawanda zvinoyerera.
- Mixteca de la Costa kana Ñuu Andivi: inzvimbo inopisa, yemahombekombe inokwira kusvika chiuru nemazana maviri emamita, ichigara munzvimbo iri paPacific materu, panosangana Sierra Madre del Sur uye iyo yeOaxaca.
Zvimwe zvezviitwa zveupfumi
Hupfumi hwevaMixtec hwaive hwakanyanya kutariswa nemabasa ekurima, zvisinei handiri iro roga basa ravakaita. Pazasi tinopa mamwe ebasa muchikamu chehupfumi cheMixtec nzanga:
Zvekurima
Vazhinji vevanhu veMixtec vaishanda ivhu, varimi vaikohwa kuti vatsinhane kutengeserana uyezve nekurarama, zvigadzirwa zvakaita sebhinzi, squash, bhinzi yakakura, squash, chilies, michero yemuno nemimwe miriwo, zvisinei, sezvakaita tsika dzese dzemuno. nzvimbo, chibage ndicho chaiva chigadzirwa chikuru.
Zvichitsamira panharaunda yacho, kurima kwakakudziridzwa zvakasiyana, mune dzimwe nzira yokutema nokupisa yaishandiswa zvakafara, izvo zvakakonzera zvinetso zvakakomba zvokutema miti zvakaparadza nyika; kune dzimwe nzvimbo minda yakarimwa nemhuka, kazhinji mombe.
MaMixtec aizivikanwa neveCoo yuu kana izvo zvatinoziva selama-bordo kana materraces, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwevhu rakati sandara rekurima.
Izvi zvine chekuita nekuvaka maturu evhu rakaorera pazvigadziko kana materu emakomo makuru, kushandisa kuvakwa kwemadhiki, kazhinji matombo akaturikidzana, zvakare achibvumira kukurwa kwevhu kudzora. Pamateru aya vaMixtec vanogadzirira ivhu rekurima uye kuvaka dzimba dzavo.
Zvirimwa zvekutengesa zvaisanganisira kunyanya chibage, kofi, gorosi, zviyo zvakasiyana-siyana, fodya, nzimbe nemichero, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvakanga zvisingaenderani nezvokudya, zvakadai sedonje rinorimwa muMixteca yakaderera. Munzvimbo dzakaoma zvikuru pitaya yaiwanzowanikwa.
Kubereka yemhuka
Munenge munharaunda yese yeMixtec, kufudza mhuka kwaizivikanwawo: mbudzi, hwai neshiri dzakaita sehuku nematoki, asi munhamba shoma, vaiwanzoshandisa kuvhima nekubata hove, vasingakanganwi kuunganidza.
Hupfumi hweMixtecs hwakamirawo pakuita basa chairo, kusimudzwa kweparasite yechirimwa inonzi nopal, iyi mhuka diki inozivikanwa secochineal, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemachira, nekuti pigment inonzi carmine inowanikwa kubva mairi. kana grana cochineal.
Parizvino inosimudzwa munzvimbo yeMixteca Alta uye dzimwe nzvimbo kuchamhembe nepakati penzvimbo yeOaxaca, nekuda kwekunyanya ruvara rutsvuku rwavanopa. Kushandiswa kwecochineal pigment kwaive kwakakurumbira kusvika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX zvekuti kurerwa kwayo kwaive chinhu chakakosha uye chakakosha chiitiko chetsika iyi.
Mabasa emawoko
Iwo mhizha zvimedu zvaitengeswa munguva dzekare uye nanhasi. VaMixtecs vanoita zvidimbu zvavo nekuzvitsaurira kwakawanda, vachiwana mibairo yakanaka kwazvo.
Vanogadzira machira mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, pakati peiwo makushe nekotoni zvinomira, ivo vanewo hunyanzvi muhari, bhasikiti uye kukwenenzverwa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvemichindwe seheti.
Vanogadzira mahuipi, zvipfeko zvechinyakare zvinosanganisira mabhurauzi echikadzi nemarokwe ane twunhu twakawanda uye ane mavara akarukwa, ane mukurumbira zvikuru munyika idzi.
Commerce
Iwo maMixtec aive chikamu chetiweki yezviitwa zvekutengesa zvakapararira muMesoamerica, kutengeserana zvakanyanya zvigadzirwa zvekurima, cochineals, simbi dzinokosha uye zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kubva mazviri, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvicherwa zvakaita semagineti uye zvimedu zveceramic.
Muchiitiko chekupedzisira, zvimwe zvidimbu zveRed on Bay ceramics zvakawanikwa, zvichibva kunzvimbo dzakakwirira, izvo zvaitengeswa nenharaunda dzeOlmec dzeMexican Gulf, muMiddle Preclassic.
Basa rekutengesa mukati meMixtec zone rinowanzoitwa mumisika, uko mabasa emaoko kubva munharaunda dzakasiyana, zvigadzirwa zvevhu, dzimwe mhuka, zvicherwa nesimbi zvakakosheswa.
Kutengeserana kwakaitwa nedzimwe nzvimbo dziri kure, kureva kuti, kureba pakati peMixteca Coast nemamwe matunhu, kunotenderera zvigadzirwa zvakaita semunyu, ceramics, simbi, nezvimwe.
Zvigadzirwa zvakaita sedonje, koko, chilies, hove, kokonati, munyu, nezvimwewo zvakatakurwa kubva kumahombekombe zvichiendeswa kunharaunda dzemumakomo, izvo zvaiwanzochinjana nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvainetsa kuwana munzvimbo dzemahombekombe, senge pulque, zvimwe. mhando dzemanhanga, miriwo senge oregano nemichero yakasiyana siyana kubva kumamiriro ekunze anodziya.
Economy yazvino Mixtec
Nharaunda dzeMixtec nemapoka emhuri vane tsika dzekurima, kazhinji pazvimedu zvidiki zvinosvika mahekita maviri, uye zvigadzirwa zvavo zvinowanzochengeterwa kurarama kweboka, sezvo mamiriro ekunze asina kunaka uye nyika isina kubereka uye isingabereki inoita kuti zviome kuhombe- kurima pachiyero.
Parizvino, hupfumi hweMixtecos huchiri kutarisana nemabasa ekurima, kugadzira chibage, bhinzi, gorosi, garlic, tomate, hanyanisi, avocados, mapichisi, maapuro, mapeya nemimwe michero. Dzimwe mhuka dzinopfuyiwawo, kunyanya hwai nembudzi.
Izvo zvakajairika pakati peMixtecs kuchengetedza zviitwa zvechinyakare, kune vanoruka vane hunyanzvi, vaumbi, nezvimwe. Zvisinei, pari zvino mamwe marudzi ekutengeserana nemabasa akagadzirwa: kugadzira makenduru, vavaki, vagadziri veshuga nedoro, vabiki, nezvimwewo.
Munzvimbo ino, ma fireworks, maturusi ekurima, fenicha, matehwe uye fur zvinyorwa zvinogadzirwawo, kuwedzera kune mateti neheti zvinowanzoitika munzvimbo iyi.
Vanoita mabasa emaoko echinyakare, asi mari yavanowana kubva mukutengesa kwavo haina musiyano mukuru mukurarama kwenharaunda idzi, sezvo ruzhinji rwevanoyananisa pakati pevanoita mabasa emaoko nevatengi rwune pundutso yakawanda, izvo zvinoita kuti mabasa emawoko ave bhizimusi risingabatsiri.
Kubuda kweMixtecs kuenda kumadhorobha kutsvaga mabasa kuri kuwedzera. Ivo vanoshanda sevatambi vemihoro mumhando dzakawanda dzemabasa nemasekete, paine vanhu vakawanda vachidzidza uye vachinyanya kumira senyanzvi uye mabhizinesi.
Zvakadaro, kuda ivhu remadzitateguru avo nguva dzose kunodzosa vana vakaenda vamwe vachisara, semuenzaniso vamwe vanamuzvinabhizimusi nevemabhizimusi vachiri kubheja mudunhu. Iyi ndiyo nyaya yechirongwa chiri kugadzira mamwe mabasa uye kugadzirwa kwechokoreti.
Vanamuzvinabhizinesi vakasarudza kutora mukana wekutengesa Mixtec chokoreti, ichibatanidza vanhu vanobva munzvimbo iyi mukuita: vashandi vanogadzira midziyo yechigadzirwa mumichindwe, varimi vecocoa vari kudzidza zvakavanzika zvekurima kwekocoa bhinzi kuti vawedzere kugadzirwa. zvimwe chete muMixtec lands nevabiki, maoko ari kutungamira kushandura cocoa kuita muyedzo unotapira unonzi chocolate.
Ichokwadi ndechokuti kunyange mumatambudziko, hupfumi hweMixtecos hwakaratidza kuti vanogona kugadzirisa, kuzvironga uye kushandisa zviwanikwa izvo zvakasikwa zvinovapa.
Tinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire mamwe malink pane yedu blog, izvo zvingave zvekufarira kwauri: