Kubva kuGreece yekare kusvika nhasi Western tsika, nekukwira nekudzika kwerwendo rwayo rurefu, yakavakirwa zvakanyanya pamisimboti yerusununguko, kuenzana, kururamisira, nguva dzose ichiisa mufaro uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu sechinangwa chayo chikuru.
Tsika dzekuMadokero
Tsika yekuMadokero ndiyo nharaunda yevanhu semhedzisiro yenhoroondo yekuMadokero, masangano, masangano, zviyero, mitemo, tsika, uye tsika. Pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX neXNUMXth, hurumende, imperialism uye hegemony yehupfumi yenyika dzekuMadokero yakabvumira kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hweMadokero mumakondinendi ose, chiitiko ichi chinonzi Westernization.
Tsika dzekuMadokero dzakabva papfungwa dzechiGreek nzanga yekare, tsika dzechiRoma dzekare, uye chiKristu chekuMadokero (Catholicism nePurotesitendi), mubatanidzwa wayo unosimbiswa nevanyori veChiedza muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX.
Hunhu hwayo hwakakosha rusununguko, kuenzana, kururamisira, kodzero yekufara nekufambira mberi. Nzanga yokuMadokero yakavakirwa panheyo dzokuzvisarudzira, pfungwa yokuronga umo rusununguko rwomunhu runorangarirwa sekodzero iyo masangano anofanira kudzivirira. Rusununguko rwemunhu rwunogadzira chikamu chehupfumi, kunyanya kuburikidza nerusununguko rwekuita bhizinesi uye kuchengetedza pfuma yega.
Mukuona kwekuMadokero, masangano ezvitendero akaparadzana nemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika, musimboti uyu unonzi secularism zvichienderana nenyika iri mubvunzo. Simba rezvematongerwo enyika riri mumaoko evanhu, vanonzi vagari venyika, maererano nenhaka yeAtenean democracy, inoshandiswa mukati mehutano hwekutonga kwemutemo, maererano nenhaka yemutemo weRoma.
Miitiro yechitendero kana yehuzivi chikamu cherusununguko rwemunhu uye Hurumende ndiyo inovimbisa rusununguko rwevanhu rwekutenda kana kusatenda. Kazhinji kazhinji, rusununguko rwehana, urwo runobatanidza rusununguko rworudzidziso, runovimbiswa nehurumende uye munhu wacho akasununguka kutaura mirangariro yake papfungwa ipi neipi yorudzidziso, youzivi, kana kuti yezvamatongerwe enyika. Rusununguko urwu runonzi rusununguko rwekutaura.
Urongwa hwemhuri yekuMadokero hwakavakirwa pamuenzaniso wemhuri yenyukireya, yakagarwa nhaka zvakananga kubva kunzanga yeRoma umo murume nemukadzi vaive pahwaro hwechimiro chemhuri. Zvichienderana nenguva, vaviri ava vane murume mumwe chete vanogona kunge vaingosangana pabonde (nguva yepakati) kana vese ngochani uye nehupombwe (Roma yekare, nguva yemazuva ano).
Kumadokero kwave kudonhedza mafambiro ekufambisa kubva panguva dzeRoma, mamiriro aya akawedzera kubva kuma1960 zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwekusiyana kwetsika. Mamiriro ezvinhu evashoma vemarudzi, rudzi uye zvepabonde uye chimiro chevarume nevakadzi chave chiri mukushanduka-shanduka kubva pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX nekukura kwekuenzanisa.
Geographical distribution
Kubva kuWestern Europe, tsika dzekuMadokero dzakapararira mumakondinendi akati wandei kuburikidza nekoloni uye pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX kune mosaic yenharaunda dzakatora zvikamu zvetsika dzekuMadokero dzichichengeta misiyano yakadzama, kunyanya muchitendero, tsika, tsika nemagariro.
Nzanga yokuMadokero inowanikwa mune dzaichimbova makoloni akadai seUnited States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, zhinjisa dzeLatin America, uye South Africa. Inowanikwawo munharaunda yeBalkan yakasanganiswa neOrthodox neIslam nzanga uye inopesvedzera nzanga yeJapan.
Kunyange zvazvo Russia yakagamuchira huzivi hweChiedza muzana remakore rechiXNUMX pasi pesimba raPeter Mukuru, chimiro chekuMadokero chetsika yenyika ino inopokana. Tsika yeSlavophile ndeyekuona tsika yeSoviet seyakakosha nyaya yezvikonzero zvenhoroondo, nepo tsika yekuMadokero ichitsigira kuti hapana musiyano unokosha pakati petsika dzeRussia netsika dzekuMadokero.
Nhoroondo dzeRussia ibasa rayo seinjini yeOrthodox Christian Church uye hutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwemakomunisiti kubva kuBolshevik Revolution muna 1917 kusvika pakudonha kweUSSR muna 1991.
Colonization
Pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nemana negumi nemasere, England, Spain, Portugal, France, Belgium, Holland, Italy neGermany dzakatora nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi, kunyanya America, Africa, Middle East, Asia neOceania. Vatongi vekoloni vakasvika munharaunda uye vakatsvaga kutonga vagari vemo, kuti vawane kutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika, kwehupfumi uye tsika, kazhinji nechisimba, nenzira isiri yepamutemo kana yekunyengera. Gare gare, vapambi vakarambidza zvitendero zveko, tsika nemitauro, uye vakaisa tsika netsika dzekuMadokero.
Vakoloni vakashandisa tsika dzekuMadokero, sainzi, nhoroondo, geography, uye tsika sehwaro hwekuenzanisa kudzidza nezvehuwandu hwenyika dzakadzvanywa nevanhu vadzo. Tsika idzi, dzakapinzwa muzvikoro, hurumende, uye zvinobudisa nhau, dzakava nzira yokuti vadzorwi vazvizive. Uye izvi zvakakosha uye nzira iyi yekuona nyika, zvakanyanya kuoma kupidigura kupfuura hurumende, yakasara mushure mekuita decolonization.
Mune mamwe matunhu akakomberedzwa nenyika dzeAnglo-Saxon, kunyanya United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, neSouth Africa, vazukuru vevapambi, vatorwa, uye varanda vakazviwana vakawandisa nevagari veko, avo vakazoregeredzwa.
Munharaunda idzi umo vakoloni vakaunza mutauro wavo, tsika dzavo nemitemo yavo, vagari vemo vakagadzira zvimiro zvavo zvehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika uye vakagadzira chiziviso chinobva pakugarisana kwetsika dzakasiyana-siyana uye kukanganisa. Saka kuzivikanwa uku kwaive nechinangwa chekuwana, dzimwe nguva nechisimba, rusununguko kubva kunyika yaitonga.
United States inyika yakagadzirwa nechisimba kuwana rusununguko kubva kunharaunda yekoloni mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 1901. Masangano emakoloni eSouth America akawana rusununguko muzana remakore rechi136 uye Australia muna 1760. Somugumisiro wekoloni uye rusununguko, kune 86 nharaunda dzekoloni muna 1830, 167 muna 1938, 33 muna 1995 uye XNUMX muna XNUMX.
Kubva pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II, nyika dzemakoloni dzakatarisa pazviitwa zvavo mukati menyika yavo, pane zviitiko zviri kunze kwenzvimbo dzakakomberedzwa. Sezvo dzakamira kukosha kuhupfumi hwavo, nzvimbo zhinji dzakadzorwa dzakadzoserwa kuvagari vemo.
Vachisiiwa voga, nyika dzaichimbova dzine urombo zvikuru dzaifanira kuvaka hurumende yakasimba uye yakavimbika ichinetseka nehuori nekusagadzikana. Nyika dzakati kuti dzakakundikana muchinangwa ichi, zvakakonzera hondo yevagari vemo: Cambodia, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Congo neBurma.
nheyo dzetsika dzekumadokero
Tsika yekuMadokero ndeyekuda zvinhu uye hedonistic, kunyanya kana zvasvika kune mufaro uye kugara zvakanaka kwemunhu. Nheyo dzayo ndedzenyika, capitalism, musika wakasununguka uye zvazvino. Tsika dzekuMadokero dzinosimbisa kuzvisarudzira, kusununguka kwehupfumi, uye inobvisa kukanganisa kwechitendero kuhurumende uye munharaunda yeruzhinji. Kusiira zvakapfuura kune ramangwana isimba guru mutsika dzekuMadokero, uye rusununguko runoonekwa sechimwe chinhu chine kodzero nemunhu wese.
Hukoshi uye masangano ezvematongerwo enyika eXNUMXst century Western tsika inogarwa kubva kune pfungwa dzakatangwa nevanyori veXNUMXth century. Vanyori vakasimudzira nharaunda yedemocracy, yakasununguka, yenyika, ine musoro, yakaenzana uye ine vanhu vane hunhu hwakakosha rusununguko, kuenzana, kururamisira, mufaro uye kufambira mberi.
The capitalist economic system, inotarisa kutsvaga purofiti (kuunganidza mari) uye bhizinesi rega, iripo muWestern Europe kubva muzana ramakore regumi nemana, dzidziso yerusununguko inotaura kuti rusununguko rwekushandisa capitalism inobvumira kuti ishande zvakanyanya.
Rationalism inopa hutongi kune ruzivo rwakawanwa kuburikidza nekufunga, kubatsira kwedzidziso uye yekutanga. Mukuwirirana navazivi vomuzana ramakore rechi XNUMX “Munzanga ine mufungo chinhu chiri chose chinoratidzika kuva chakapfava, chinotsinhirana, chakafanana uye chakarurama; nzanga yakavakirwa pamitemo yakapfava uye yekutanga inotorwa kubva mukufunga uye nemitemo yechisikigo".
Humanism ireflexive anthropocentrism inosimbisa munhu uye chiono chenyika umo munhu ane mukana wekuonekwa nemasimba ega echisikigo. Muzana remakore rechigumi nematanhatu, humanism inogadzirira nzira yekuvandudzwa kwenzira dzekuziva, shanduko yedzidzo uye tsika dzinosunungura.
Hedonism, kune rumwe rutivi, idzidziso inosimbisa kuzorora uye inokurudzira vagari vemo kuti vanakidzwe nemafaro. Hedonism inosimbisa kutandara kweHumambo hweRoma, iyo yakasarudzika nguva yenguva iyo vapfumi veRoma vaive nayo, kwavaigona kuita zvekutandara, varaidzo uye kusimudzira kwemunhu. Kunyanya mitambo, zviratidzo, marapirwo emuviri, kudya nemapati.
Secularization inzira yekusununguka, umo munhu anowana humwe kuzvitonga kubva muchitendero, anotora magumo ake muruoko uye anowana kodzero yekufunga, kutonga akazvimirira pane zvechitendero. Chaunga chenyika chakazvimirira chezvamatongerwe enyika, chetsika nesayenzi uye chinoumba mitemo yaro chimene panzvimbo pokudzorwa nemitemo inoyera.
Muutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika hune hutongi hwejekerere, Hurumende, inotakura masimba ezvematongerwo enyika, mudziyo wekuyananisa pakubatsira vanhu. Munhu wacho ane nzvimbo yepakati uye ndiye anotonga magumo ake ega uye akaungana.
Chimiro chetsika dzekuMadokero chinoratidzwa nekuvandudzwa, izvo zvinoreva kusimudzira maindasitiri, kuvandudzwa kwemaguta, kuwedzera kushandiswa kwezvikoro uye midhiya, kukura kwehupfumi, kufamba, shanduko yetsika, kusimudzira zvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi, kuunganidzwa kwevanhu, kubatanidzwa, uye shanduko yehukama hwenyika. Ichi chimiro chakaumbwa nokuchinja, kumukira kwenyika, chinjo yamaindasitiri, uye hondo inotonhora.
Mazuva ano
Mutsika dzokuMadokero, zvirongwa zvenguva yemberi isimba guru renzanga. Sosaiti yakanangana kune zvine musoro uye deterministic kutonga kwechisikigo uye magariro nharaunda uye munhu wega wega injini yeiyi maitiro. Kuve wemazuva ano kuziva kuti magumo ezvese kuguma kwechinyakare.
Mazuva ano anobatanidzwa nemafungiro ekufambira mberi: kubva kare kusvika kune ramangwana, mune imwe nzira yekuchinja nguva dzose. Mazuvano anopa tariro yekufambira mberi, budiriro uye kusunungurwa uye haiparadzaniswe kubva kushuva, kusava nemidzi, kupatsanuka uye kusagadzikana. Nhaka yeChiedza, mutoro wokufambira mberi takananga kunguva yemberi iri nani unofambidzana nounhu hwomunhu hunorangarirwa sohusingagumi uye hwakakwana.
Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvetsika kana tekinoroji zvinowanzonzi zvemazuva ano: mafirimu, ndege, zvivakwa. Zvinhu izvi, zvinozivikanwa sezvitori zvemazuva ano, zvinoratidza kuti mazuva ano ichokwadi chetsika pane imwe nguva munhoroondo.
Kuita zvemazuva ano imbiru yetsika dzokuMadokero. Iyo Industrial Revolution haina kungoumba chete asi yakawedzera kusimudzira mukubatana pamwe neWestern ideology, hupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvemari masisitimu. Kudyidzana kwepasi rose kweupfumi hwenyika kunoratidzwa nekudyidzana kwehunyanzvi nehupfumi hunoisa ruzivo sechinhu chakakosha zvikuru.
Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kukosha kwekufambira mberi hakuna kumbove kwakasimba, uye tarisiro yeramangwana inyaya inonakidza. Panguva imwecheteyo, matambudziko emagariro evanhu uye ezvehupfumi akadai sehuwandu hwevanhu, kuderera kwezviwanikwa uye kuparara kwemamiriro ekunze ari kubuda uye zvese zvine midzi yazvo mukufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji.
Vanhu, vangave vakachenjera, vane makaro kana kuti vane chisimba, vanozviwana vari pakutonga kwemichina inosimudzira kugona kwavo uye inobvumira zvisikwa kuti zviumbwe maererano nezvavanotarisira uye mufananidzo wavo.
Yakaonekwa pakati pezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, makomputa akachinja nzanga yekuMadokero. Michina iyi inoshandiswa mumakambani, denderedzwa resainzi, hutungamiriri hweveruzhinji uye mhuri zhinji. Makambani mazhinji anoti akatsamira pamichina iyi inoshandiswawo mumadenderedzwa esainzi kukurumidza kutsvagisa nekufambira mberi.
La Libertad
Rusununguko chinhu chakasimba mutsika dzekuMadokero uye izwi rinoshandiswa sesirogani muhurukuro yezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi. Kumadokero, rusununguko runoonekwa sechinhu chakasikwa, chimwe chinhu chinotsvakwa nemunhu wese, nekuda kwekuti munhu.
Zvichienzaniswa, kunze kweMadokero, rusununguko chinhu chinokosha chiri kure nokudiwa, kana chichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru zvakadai sokukudzwa, mbiri, umwari kana kuwirirana nechisiko. . Mumitauro yechiJapani neyeKorea, izwi rekuti rusununguko rinokweretwa kubva kuChinese uye rine chirevo chepejorative chekushaikwa kwemitemo uye kudzivirira.
Mutsika dzekuMadokero, kune kubvumirana kwakapararira pamusoro pekukosha kwerusununguko, asi kusawirirana kukuru pamusoro petsanangudzo yaro, iyo inotarisana nerusununguko rwemunhu, kuzvitonga, uye kodzero dzevanhu:
Rusununguko rwemunhu nderwekuti munhu wese anogona kuita zvaanoda asingatadziswe kana kudzvinyirirwa nevamwe chero bedzi achiramba ari mukati memiganhu pasina anonetsa kuita zvimwe chetezvo.
Hutongi hwevanhu kana rudzi ndehwekuti vanhu vanogona kuita zvinodiwa nenhengo dzavo, zvisinei nezvido zvevamwe vanhu.
Mutemo wehurumende rusununguko rwemunhu wese kutora chikamu mukushandiswa kwehupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika. Mitemo yevagari vemo inoda masangano ezvematongerwo enyika akakwana, inonyanyozivikanwa iri democracy.
Democracy
Hutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika hweDemocratic muWestern Europe hwakavakirwa pamakwikwi emapato ezvematongerwo enyika: nharaunda dzinoita zvematongerwo enyika kusimudzira zvido zvavo. Mapato aya ari kutsvaga rutsigiro rweruzhinji rwunovabvumidza kutora nhengo dzedare renyika, boka rinoshandisa masimba akafanana nemamwe masangano.
Nyika dzese dzekuMadokero kweEurope dzinoshandisa mapato ezvematongerwo enyika sevamiriri pakati pevanhu nehurumende. Hunhu hunotorwa nemapato, hune chekuita nesarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika, hune simba guru munzanga.
Kunyangwe nyika diki dzakaita seSwitzerland dzinopfuura nemumiriri. Hutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwenyika ino hunobvumira vagari vemo kuita sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika pasina kupinda mumapato, zvisinei maitiro akadaro akaomarara kuti ashandiswe pazvisarudzo zvese zvehurumende.
Mumatongerwe enyika akawanda eWestern Europe, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika anopokana nemirangariro yakavanzika yemuvhoti wega wega wepasi rose. Misiyano yemafungiro inocherechedzwa nemavhoti uye iri pamavambo esangano rezvematongerwo enyika renyika.
Economy
Munharaunda dzekuMadokero, hurumende inodzora mauto, emutemo, ekutonga, ekugadzira, uye tsika masangano, nepo masangano everuzhinji achiumbwa nenharaunda dzakazvimiririra dzinodzorwa nevazvipiri uye dzinodzorwa nemusika wakasununguka: mabhizinesi, nharaunda, tsika kana masangano ezvitendero, uye Kukurukurirana.
Sangano revanhu rinoenderana nehupfumi, hune hutano hunobvumira kusikwa kwevanhu. Rusununguko rwekushamwaridzana runoita hukama pakati pevanhu uye runodzivirira kuparadzaniswa uye kusarongeka munharaunda inoita kuti munhu mumwe nemumwe, makwikwi uye kusurukirwa.
Shanduko mumusika wevashandi dzaita kuti zvikwanisike kuti vanhu vanobva kumakirasi akaderera awane midziyo yaimbove yakasarudzika yepakati: terevhizheni, muchina wokuwachisa, vacuum cleaner uye stereo. Iko kushanduka kwakakonzerawo kuwedzera kwemari uye kuderedzwa kwezuva rekushanda, izvo zvakazarura nzira yemusika wekuzorora. Zvigadzirwa zvetsika dzakakurumbira semimhanzi, mitambo uye nhepfenyuro zvave zvinhu zvekutengesa uye zvakagadzira makonti, zviitiko zvemitambo uye kushanya kwevanhu vakawanda.
Chiratidzo chinonyanya kuoneka chekuchinja munzanga imotokari: Hondo Yenyika II isati yasvika, vapfumi chete vaiva nemupfumi, nhamba yemotokari mumugwagwa muEurope yakasimuka kubva pamamiriyoni mashanu muna 5 kusvika pamamiriyoni makumi mana nemashanu muna 1948.
Heano mamwe malink aunofarira: