Tsvaga nesu ruzivo rwese rwakakosha nezve Mesoamerican tsika iyo yakatanga kubva kare kare mukondinendi. Usarega kuiverenga! uye uchadzidza nezvemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ari munharaunda yacho.
Iwo gumi akanyanya kukosha eMesoamerican Tsika
Tsika dzeMesoamerican dzaive dzakatevedzana dzebudiriro dzevaAborigine dzakagadzirwa muMexico neCentral America vasati vasvika veSpanish muzana ramakore reXNUMX.
Panguva yekusvika kwevaSpanish, tsika dzinopfuura gumi nembiri dzaive muMesoamerica: Olmec, Mayan, Mexica/Aztec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Purépecha, Huasteca, Tlaxcalteca, Totonac, uye Chichimec. Munyaya ino, tichatarisa pane zvakakosha.
Maererano nevanochera matongo, pane humbowo hwekuti Mesoamerica yakagarwa nevanhu kubva 21,000 BC. Ava vanhu vekutanga veMesoamerican vaive nomads.
Zvisinei, mugore re7000 a. C., kunyunguduka kwemazaya echando kwakabvumira kusimukira kwekurima, izvo zvakaita kuti vaAborigine ava vatange kugara.
With kuvandudzika netsika, nheyo nokuda kwezvisikwa kwenzanga kuva akasimbiswa. Kubva 2300 BC. C., unyanzvi mabasa akadai Ceramics uye mavakirwo yakagadzirwa.
Pakutanga, zvaitendwa kuti tsika dzeMesoamerican dzakatanga panguva imwe chete. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzenharaunda dzakaratidza kuburikidza nouchapupu hwezvinocherwa mumatongo kuti budiriro iyi yakamuka panguva dzakasiyana. Saizvozvowo, vakasangana nekuguma kwavo mumakore akasiyana.
Olmec tsika
Iri dzinza rainzi Olmec rakatangira kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweMexico pakati pemakore 1600 kusvika muna 1400 BC. C. uye zvinodavirwa kuti yakanyangarika munenge mugore ra400 a. c.
Ava vagari venyika vakaisa nheyo dzakabvumira kuvandudzwa kwedzimwe tsika dzeMesoamerican uye dzakapesvedzera zvikuru budiriro yeMayan neAztec.
Inofungidzirwa kuti amai vemarudzi ose eMesoamerican, sezvo iri imwe yekutanga kunyorwa, zita rayo mumutauro weNahuatl rinoreva "vanhu vanobva kunyika yerabha" uye, chaizvoizvo, latex yakatorwa kubva pamiti ye "elastic castile". »kudunhu rino.
Tsika yeOlmec inorumbidzwa nekuvandudza mutambo webhora remitambo, kunyora kweMesoamerican uye epigraphy, kugadzirwa kwezero, uye kalendari yeMesoamerican. Unyanzvi hwake hunonyanya kuratidza misoro mikuru.
Nhoroondo
Nhoroondo yaro yakakamurwa munzvimbo dzematatu ayo makuru:
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan 1200 BC C. Kusvikira 900 a. C., nzvimbo yaro mumapani enzizi yaifarira kugadzirwa kwakanyanya kwechibage, izvo zvakaita kuti ive yekutanga budiriro yekugara muAmerica. Yaiva nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu hwakasvika pakuva netsika dzakanatswa.
Sale ceremonial centre Mushure me900 BC C. Kudzokera shure kubva kuSan Lorenzo kwakanyorwa. Shanduko yekufamba kwedzimwe nzizi inoratidza kuti shanduko yezvakatipoteredza yakapesvedzera chokwadi ichi, kunyangwe kuparadzwa kweSan Lorenzo muna 950 a. C. inoratidza kuti pakava nekumukirana kwemukati kusvika 400 a. c.
Yaiva musimboti webudiriro iyi, nguva apo Great Pyramid nedzimwe nzvimbo dzemhemberero dzakavakwa.
sapotes matatu, Kubva ku400 a. Makore akapoteredza 200 BC, kunyangwe ichi chaive chikamu chekupedzisira cheOlmec, pakanga pachine huwandu hwevanhu munzvimbo yepost-Olmec uye nhasi kune zvakawanda zvakatemerwa simba ravo muVeracruz yanhasi.
Economy
MaOlmec akatanga kudyara uye kukohwewa kwechibage, bhinzi, mhiripiri, mhiripiri, makotapeya, uye squash. Ese itsika dzichiripo muMexican tsika.
Vakagadzirawo gadziriro yokudiridza yega yega yaiita kuti mvura iunzwe kuvhu rakaorera zvishoma, kuti rigobereka zvibereko. Kubata hove nekuvhima zvimwe zviitiko zvehupfumi zvinogadzirwa neOlmecs. Saizvozvo, budiriro iyi yaizivikanwa nekusimudza matoki, ayo aive akakosha kune zvese nyama yavo neminhenga.
Chitendero
Tsika dzeOlmec dzaive dzeumwari, zvichireva kuti hurumende yaive pasi pezviremera zvechitendero uye zvekunamata vanamwari vakawanda. Zvivezwa nezvivakwa zvaiva dzidziso dziri pasi petsika dzechitendero; Maaritari eOlmec, temberi nezvidhori humbowo hweizvi. Pakati pezvinhu zvavo zvechitendero, jaguar zvichida ndiyo inonyanya kukosha, iyo yainziwo mwari wePasi.
Varume veJaguar vaive vakakodzerawo. Zvimwe zvivezwa zvinoratidza hafu-vanhu, hafu-jaguar vamwari. Vamwe vamwari vaiva mwari womwoto, mwari wegorosi, mwari worufu, uye nyoka ine minhenga. Mutsika yeOlmec, pakanga pane chimiro che shaman, ane mutoro wekutungamira tsika dzechitendero uye kune avo kuporesa kugona kwainzi.
unyanzvi
Chivezwa ndechimwe chezvakajairika hunyanzvi hunyanzvi hweOlmecs. Zviyeuchidzo zvaro zvakanakisa zvinonzi "misoro mikuru", mifananidzo yakavezwa mumatombo (kunyanya basalt uye yakashongedzwa nejade), inogona kuyera kusvika 3,4 metres.
Nhasi, zvinotendwa kuti vakaitwa mukukudza machinda anozivikanwa, varwi uye madzitateguru ebudiriro. Musoro wekutanga wakawanikwa muna 1862 kumaodzanyemba kweVeracruz.
Pane zvinhu zviviri zvinodzokororwa muOlmec hunyanzvi zvinomiririra: kushandiswa kwejade uye chiratidzo chejaguar. Iyo yekupedzisira yaionekwa sechiratidzo chesimba kwete chete netsika yeOlmec asiwo nedzimwe tsika dzemuno muCentral America.
Mexica/Aztec tsika
MaMexico, anonziwo maAztec, pakutanga vaive vanhu vanotama-tama vakasvika muMesoamerica muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Dzinza iri raizonzi rakaderera nemamwe magariro eCentral America nekuti raifamba-famba.
Zvisinei, pakazosvika zana remakore rechiXNUMX, vaAztec vakanga vatotevedzera tsika dzakavapoteredza uye vakavaka hwaro hwokuvaka hwaizozivikanwa seUmambo hweAztec.
Vakachinjira kunharaunda yavaifanira kurarama mairi; vakagadzira magwa kuti vakwanise kurarama vachiredza mumvura dziri pedyo; Vakarima ivhu kuti ribereke uye ribereke, uye vakavaka madhamu nemichina yekudiridza.
Pavakasimbiswa zvizere, vakatanga kugadzira humambo kuburikidza nekukunda mamwe madzinza madiki. Aya madzinza akakundwa aifanira kupa rukudzo kuvaAztec.
Nenzira iyi, vakavimbisa mamwe manyuko ezvokudya nezvinhu (zvakadai sezvishongo, zvipfeko), pamwe chete nevasungwa vaibayirwa kudyisa vamwari.
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, budiriro yeAztec yaionekwa seimwe yemasimba masimba muMesoamerica uye yaisanganisira nechepakati nekumaodzanyemba kweMexico, pamwe nenharaunda dzeNicaragua neGuatemala.
Origin uye nzvimbo
MuchiNahuatl, Aztec zvinoreva "vanhu vakabva kuAztlán." Maererano nengano yokuMexico, vanhu vayo vakabva kuAztlán kusvikira vawana nzvimbo yavo itsva nokuvaka guta reTenochtitlán. Vakasarudza kudaidza nzvimbo iyi kuti Mexihco, zvinoreva kuti "muguvhu remwedzi", kunobva maMexico.
Nokudaro, musiyano mukuru ndewekuti vaAztec ndivo vaizotama, asi kana vangosimbiswa, vainzi Mexica. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti iyi mavambo muAztlán ingano. Nzvimbo yenzvimbo yeMexico yakawedzera nechepakati uye kumaodzanyemba kweMexico yemazuva ano. Mavambo ayo anodzokera kumazuva mushure mekudonha kwehumambo hweToltec, pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi negumi nerimwe.
Chokwadi chekwakabva maMexico chaisanganisira kutama kukuru kwemapoka anotaura chiNahuatl kubva kuchamhembe kweMexico yemazuva ano -Chichimeca-, iyo yakazadza nzvimbo yepakati peMexico, pedyo neLake Texcoco. Vakanga vari pakati pevanhu vekupedzisira kusvika munzvimbo iyi, saka vakamanikidzwa kugara munzvimbo ine machakwi kumadokero kwedhamu.
Chitendero chavo chechitendero chengano chekuti vanhu vane simba vaizomuka munzvimbo ine machakwi maive nekatsi negondo raimedza nyoka, ndizvo zvakavabvumira kurembera nekubudirira munzvimbo iyi. Iyi tsika inoenderera mberi nhasi uye inogona kuonekwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mumabhiri uye mari yeMexico. Muna 1325, vakavamba Tenochtitlán, iri mune zvino yava guta guru reMexico.
Vakapoteredza dhamu iri pedyo nerwizi, vakagadzira magadheni anonzi chinampas, aiva matanda akagadzikwa pajecha raiumba zvitsuwa zvekugadzira. Migwagwa nemabhiriji akavakwa kuti apedze nharaunda uye aibatanidza nenyika.
Mukubwinya kwayo, kwaive nemapurovhinzi makumi matatu nemasere, asi mapurovhinzi ari kure akarwira rusununguko rwavo, saka vakabatana naHernán Cortés uye zvinosuwisa vakafambisa kutsakatika kwevanhu veAztec.
Zvekurima
Zvekurima ndiyo yaive hwaro hwehupfumi hweMexico. Vakagadzira kurima chibage, icho chaive chikafu chakakosha, pamwe nemhiripiri, bhinzi, fodya necocoa.
Vakadzidzira slash and burn system, izvo zvakaburitsa mhedzisiro yakanaka. Vakavakawo migero yemadiridziro yaiita kuti vadyare munzvimbo dzisina kuorera.
dzidzo
Vana veMexico vakadzidziswa kumba kubva pazera remakore matatu. Vanababa vanodzidzisa vakomana nepo vanamai vachidzidzisa vasikana. Pazera ramakore gumi nemashanu, vakuru vechidiki vanogona kutanga zvidzidzo zvavo pachikoro cheTenochtitlan, Calmecac.
Chikoro ichi chakadzidzisa vechidiki vakapfuma mune zvekurapa, nyeredzi, kuverenga, kunyora, nhoroondo, zvinyorwa, huzivi, mutemo, bhizinesi manejimendi ehurumende nemauto zano.
Vechidiki vekirasi yepakati vakapinda Chikoro cheTelpochcalli, kwavakadzidzira kugadzira matombo, kuveza, uye kuve varwi.
Nekuda kwavo, vakadzi vechidiki vakadzidziswa basa rehufundisi uye vakadzidzira kuruka, kushanda neminhenga nekugadzira zvinhu zvekunamata.
Mutemo wekuzvibata
Rutivi rwakakodzera rwedzidzo yeMexico nemararamiro ndiyo bumbiro remitemo romufambiro rinodzidziswa muzvikoro zvose uye rinotova rutivi rwomutemo wakanyorwa. Kutyora chero ipi zvayo yemitemo iyi kwaigona kubhadharwa nehupenyu.
Heino rondedzero yemamwe emitemo yemaitiro kodhi:
1- Usatsvinyire vanhu vakuru.
2- Usaseke vanorwara.
3- Usapindira kana mumwe achitaura.
4- Usanyunyuta.
Chitendero
Chitendero chaiva chikamu chinokosha chetsika dzeMexico. Vainamata vanamwari vakawanda nokuti vainamata vanamwari navanamwarikadzi vakasiyana-siyana vaimiririra zvinhu zvoupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Vamwe vavo ndiMwari weZuva uye Mwarikadzi weMwedzi, Mwari wemvura uye Mwari wekubereka.
Zvitendero zvavo zvechitendero zvakaita kuti Mexica ionekwe sevanhu vanoda kuteura ropa nemhaka yokuti vaipa zvibayiro zvavanhu kuti vagutse kudikanwa kweropa romunhu kwakanga kuna vamwe vamwari. Somuenzaniso, Huitzilopochtli, mwari wezuva, aifanira kuramba achidya ropa; dai zvisina kudaro, ndaizorega kubuda zuva nezuva.
Rudzidziso rwakabatanidzwa nemativi ose oupenyu hwevaAborigine. Somuenzaniso, vakatanga hondo nemamwe madzinza kuitira kuti varambe vaine vasungwa vaigona kubayirwa chero nguva yaidiwa navanamwari. Nomutoo wakafanana, rudzidziso rwakanga rwakasanobatanidzwa nokuvaka. Pamusoro pemapiramidhi, vaAztec vakavaka temberi dzokunamatira vamwari vavo nokupa zvibayiro.
vamwari veMexico
Vamwe vevamwari vainyanya kukosha vaive:
-Quetzalcóatl: ndiye mwari wechisikigo, kusanganisira pasi nedenga. Zita rake rinoreva "nyoka ine minhenga".
-Chalchiuhtlicue: ndiye mwarikadzi wemitumbi yemvura, madziva, nyanza nenzizi.
-Chicomecoatl: ndiye mwarikadzi wechibage.
-Mictlantecuhtli: ndiye mwari werufu. Kazhinji anoratidzwa nedehenya pachinzvimbo chechiso.
-Tezcatlipoca: ndiye mwari wedenga nemhepo yeusiku. Iyo inowanzoenderana nematombo madema senge obsidian.
Tsika yeMayan
Tsika yeMayan, yakagadziridzwa munharaunda parizvino yakakamurwa pakati peMexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras neEl Salvador, ingangove imwe yeakanakisa uye akabudirira budiriro. Chiremerera ichi chiri kukonzerwa nekuti vakagadzira zvakasiyana-siyana zveruzivo, kusanganisira zvemuchadenga, kunyora nemasvomhu.
Kurima kwakakosha muhupfumi hweMayan, chibage chiri chirimwa chikuru. Donje, bhinzi, mufarinya, uye cocoa zvairimwawo. Hunyanzvi hwayo hwemachira hwasvika padanho repamusoro rebudiriro.
Kutsinhana kwekutengeserana kweguta iri kwaive kuburikidza necocoa bhinzi nemabhero emhangura, chinhu chaishandiswawo pamabasa ekushongedza. Segoridhe, sirivha, jade, pakati pevamwe.
Matongo makuru ePalenque, Mayapán, Copán, Tulún neChichén Itzá, pakati pevamwe vakawanda, anotibvumira kuziva nechokwadi rudzi rwezvivakwa zvakashandiswa panguva iyoyo, zvichitsanangura zvitaera zvitatu: Bec River, Chenes uye Puuc.
Kugovewa kwemaguta kwakavakirwa pazvivakwa zvakatsikwa zvepiramidhi zvakafukidzwa nematombo, akashongedzwa korona netemberi uye paari pakanga paine nzvimbo dzakavhurika.
Economy
VaMayans vakaronga zvekurima. Izvo zvakasara zvekuchera matongo zvinopupurira kukura kukuru maererano nenharaunda iyi; Kune migero muMupata weGuatemala inoratidza kushandiswa kwemadiridziro munzvimbo dzakakwirira.
Zvichakadaro, munzvimbo dzakaderera, gadziriro dzemvura dzaishandiswa kurima nzvimbo dzine machakwi. Kufanana nedzimwe nyika dzemuMesoamerican, vakagadzira kurima chibage, bhinzi, manhanga, uye nzungu dzinotapira. Vaiita kudzidzira kutema nekupisa.
Architecture
Kubudirira kweMayan kwakavaka temberi nenzvimbo dzemhemberero; Mapiramidhi ndiwo anomiririra zvakanyanya zvekuvaka. Pakuvaka kwavo, vaishandisa matombo. Kunyanya lime, chinhu chave chakavezwa kugadzira bas-reliefs sechishongo.
Aya ma-bas-relief akaonekwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zviitiko zvehupenyu hweMayan, kunyanya zviitiko zvakakosha zvikuru muhupenyu hwevatongi.
mayan zvigadzirwa
VaMaya vakabudirira mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvezivo uye vakapa zvipo zvikuru. Nezvekunyora, maMayans akagadzira hieroglyphic system iyo, kusiyana nekunyora kwemifananidzo, inomiririra mutauro unotaurwa.
Iyi sisitimu yaiumbwa nezviratidzo zvaimiririra masirabhi uye dzimwe nguva mazwi. Mienzaniso yokunyora uku inogona kufarikanywa mumabhuku ake, anozivikanwa seCodex.
Saizvozvo, vaMaya vaive neruzivo rwemasvomhu, kunyanya mune zvenyeredzi, izvo zvakavabvumira kugadzira makarenda akasiyana. Imwe yaive yakavakirwa pagore rezuva, iro rakatora mwedzi gumi nemisere (mazuva makumi maviri rimwe nerimwe) uye mamwe mazuva mashanu, achionekwa seasina rombo rakanaka.
Imwe yaive karenda rinoera raive nemazuva 260, rakakamurwa kuita 13 kutenderera, raishandiswa kuratidza kutanga kwemitambo yechitendero uye kufanotaura magumo.
Vakagadzirawo magirafu ane nzvimbo yemwedzi neVenus, zvichivabvumira kunyatsofanotaura paizova nekuora kwezuva.
Chitendero
Chitendero chevaMayan chainamata vanamwari vakawanda, chine vanamwari vakati wandei, uye chakavakirwa pamaonero ekufamba kwenguva, izvo zvinoguma nekutenda kwekuzvarwa patsva. Nemhaka yokuti vaAborigine vairarama nezvirimwa zvechibage, mwari wechibage aikosha zvikuru.
Kutambudza uye kubayira vanhu kwaiva tsika dzechitendero, kunyange zvazvo dzakanga dzisina kujairika kana kuti dzoumbozha sezvaiitwa nevaAztec. Miitiro iyi yaidavirwa kuti inovimbisa kubereka uye kuita kuti vanamwari vafare. Zvikasadaro, mhirizhonga yaizotora nyika.
VaMaya vairangarira kuti ropa raibva muzvibayiro raidyisa vamwari uye, naizvozvo, kwakanga kuri madikanwa kutanga kuonana navo. Kupfuurirazve, kuzvibaira nokuzvidza yakanga iri miitiro yakakurumbira pakati pavaprista navakuru vakuru.
Basa revakadzi
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti, kusiyana nedzimwe tsika dzepanguva iyoyo, vakadzi vakabatana nesimba munzanga yeMayan. Havagumiri pakuchengeta nekudzidzisa vana, asi vanogonawo kuita mabasa ehupfumi uye ehurumende.
toltec tsika
MaToltec akatonga nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzekuchamhembe kweMexico muzana remakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX. Nzvimbo dzayo huru dzehuwandu hwaive Huapalcalco muTulancingo uye dhorobha reTollan-Xicocotitlan, riri munzvimbo inozivikanwa seTula de Allende, mudunhu reHidalgo. Zita rayo rinobva kuNahuatl zvinoreva "mugari weToula".
Pesvedzero huru yaive mumavakirwo, ayo maMayans akakwenenzvera mumataira aripo muChichen-Itza, nhare uye tembere yevarwi. Vanonyanya kuzivikanwa nemifananidzo yavo mikuru inonzi Atlanteans.
Teotihuacan tsika
Tsika dzeTeotihuacan dzakatanga kushanduka mumakoloni makore akapoteredza 100 BC. C. mune zvichava mazana mashoma emakore gare gare metropolis yeTeotihuacan. Kutamba kwayo kunoitika pakutanga kweiyo classic nguva yeMesoamerica (art. II / III-VI).
Ndiyo inonyanya kuomesesa yeMesoamerican civilizations, nekuti kunyangarika kwayo kwakagara nguva refu vasati vasvika veSpanish uye hapana kana chekuvapo kwayo.
Kunyange vanhu vokuMexico vamwe chete vakanga vari pedyo netaundi reTenochtitlán vaiziva zvishomanene zvikuru nezvevaTeotihuacanos, sezvo tsika iyi yakaberekwa pashure pokutsakatika kwavo.
Zvinozivikanwa kuti budiriro iyi yakavaka guta reTeotihuacán. Iri zita rakapiwa nevaAztec uye rinoreva "nzvimbo iyo vanamwari vakazvarirwa" nokuti vakaiwana yakasiiwa uye vaidavira kuti ndiyo yaiva ibwe rekona rechisiko chapose pose. Mumazuva ayo, raive guta revanhu vanopfuura zviuru zana uye nerve centre yeMesoamerica.
Ndiyo budiriro yeMesoamerican ine nzvimbo dzechitendero zvakanyanya, dzaive dzakakura, dzichiratidzira Tembere yeQuetzalcóatl, Pyramid yeMwedzi uye Pyramid yeZuva, inova yechitatu pakukura pasirese.
Kuchinja kubva pazvinangwa zvechitendero kuenda kuhondo mumabasa avo kwakabatira kusimbisa fungidziro yokuti hondo yakanga iri chisakiso chokuderera kwavo.
Dzimwe dzinozivikanwa tsika dzeMesoamerican
Pamusoro pechiMesoamerican tsika, dzakatotaurwa pamusoro apa, pakanga paine dzimwe tsika dzechiAborigine munzvimbo iyi.
Purepecha tsika
Vaizivikanwa kumaSpanish colonizers setsika yeTarascan, vakagara zvakanyanya mudunhu reMichoacán. Vaiita zvekurima, kuvhima, kuunganidza chikafu nemabasa emaoko.
Hunhu hwePurépechas
Kubva pamaonero mazhinji, vanhu vePurépecha vanoonekwa sebudiriro yepamberi panguva yeMexico isati yasvika. Ivo vakatsaurirwa kune akawanda mabhizimusi akadai sekuvaka, kupenda, kugadzira goridhe uye kubata hove.
Kare muzana remakore rechigumi neshanu, vakaziva kubata kwesimbi, izvo zvakazoreva kuvhurwa kwehukama hwakawanda hwekutengeserana.
kuwedzera kwetsika
Vakakwanisa kuparadzira tsika yavo muMesoamerica kusvika pakati pemakore ekuma1500, apo kusvika kwevaSpanish kwaireva kuparara kweHumambo.
Pasinei nekurwa hondo dzakawanda neAztec Empire (iyo yaisambogona kuikunda), Umambo hweSpain hwakakwanisa kuvaisa pasi pekutonga.
Kunyange zvazvo tsika dzavo nevanhu vakakwanisa kurarama, zvizhinji zvezvivako zvavo zvakaparadzwa uye vatongi vavo vakapondwa.
Tsika nemagariro
Kufanana nebudiriro zhinji dzeMexico, vakanga vane tsika dzakawanda dzine chokuita nokunamatwa kwezvinhu zvomusikirwo zvakavapoteredza.
Sezvo chikafu chavanonyanya kufarira chiri chibage, wainzi mukana wakanaka wekudyara chibage chemavara akasiyana-siyana ndokuchiperekedza nebhinzi kuti tive nemwaka wokukohwa wakanaka uye kubudirira kwegore rose.
Chitendero
Vaidavira vanamwari vakawanda, vaidavira kuti chisiko chapose pose chakanga chakakamurwa kuva mativi makuru matatu: denga, pasi, uye pasi.
Vamwari vatatu vakakwira pamusoro pevamwe:
-Curicaveri, mwari wehondo uye zuva, akaita zvibayiro zvevanhu uye ane chiratidzo chaiva shiri dzinodya.
-Mudzimai wake Cuerauáperi, mwarikadzi wechisiko, uyo anonzi kunaya, upenyu, rufu uye kusanaya kwemvura.
-Mwanasikana wake, Xaratanga, mwarikadzi wemwedzi nenyanza.
Mutauro
Mutauro wePurépecha hauna hukama hwemutauro kune chero mimwe mitauro inotaurwa nevamwe vanhu vekuMexico uye budiriro yenguva imwe cheteyo.
Huastecs
Iri pamhenderekedzo yeGulf yeMexico, vakanga vari vazukuru veMayan. Ivo haisi tsika yakanyatsotsanangurwa nekuda kwekusiyana kwavo, nedzinza reTeenek rine kukosha kwetsika. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kutanga kwekugara kwakaitika pakati pe1500 a. C. uye 900 a. c.
Main maficha
Izwi rokuti huasteco rinobva pashoko rechiNahuatl rokuti "cuextécatl", rinogona kuva nezvirevo zviviri: "snail", kana richibva kune cuachalolotl, kana "guaje", kana richibva kune "huaxitl"
Mufundisi weSpain Fray Bernardino de Sahagún akanyora kuti "Zita revose ava rakatorwa kubva kupurovhinzi yavanodaidza kuti Cuextlán, uko kune vagari vemo vanonzi" Cuextecas ", kana vari vazhinji, uye kana mumwe" Cuextecatl "uye nerimwe zita" Toveiome "kana pane akawanda, uye kana" Toveio ", ane zita rinoreva" muvakidzani wedu ".
Cranial deformity uye lobe perforation
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha zveHuasteca tsika yaive tsika yekukanganisa dehenya, pamwe nekuda kwezvikonzero zvetsika. Pamusoro pezvo, nzeve dzakaboorwawo kuti dzishongedze nemapfupa uye magoko.
Kushama
Kunyangwe izvi zvisiri 100% zvakasimbiswa, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinotsigira kuti maHuastecs aive asina kupfeka. Kwakabva mashoko aya aiva manyoro akawanikwa mukuchera matongo. Kune rimwe divi, maHuastecs azvino anowanzo kupfeka zvipfeko zvekuvharisa.
Mutauro
Mutauro unonyanya kutaurwa nevaHuasteco ndiTeenek kana Huasteco dialect. Mukuwedzera, kushandiswa kweNahuatl nechiSpanish kwakakurumbirawo. Yokutanga yemitauro iyi yakabva kuMayan, kunyange zvazvo inofungidzirwa kuti chikamu ichi chakatanga kupatsanura zviuru zvemakore zvakapfuura. VaHuastèque, mumutauro wavo, vanonzi Teenek, zvinoreva kuti "varume vanobva pano."
Mitauro yakawanda
Parizvino, mitauro mitatu yeko ichiri kutaurwa munharaunda yeHuasteca: Nahuatl, muVeracruz uye chikamu cheSan Luis Potosí; vaHuasteco, muSan Luis Potosí, kuchamhembe kweVeracruz uye muTamaulipas; uye pame, ndimi inoshandiswa munzvimbo ine makomo inoparadzanisa San Luis Potosí neQuerétaro.
Tlaxcalans
Vanokwereta zita ravo kune chokwadi chekuti vakagara zvakanyanya muTlaxcala. Ivo vakaberekwa kubva mumubatanidzwa wemadzinza akati wandei mudunhu, vachiva imwe yebudiriro huru yeMexico isati yakundwa maSpanish.
Mipiro yesainzi netsika.
Chimwe chehunhu hunonzi nenyanzvi kune tsika yeTlaxcalan ipfungwa dzayo dzekuda nyika, kunyanya kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe budiriro mudunhu iri.
Murangariro uyu wakaratidzirwa mumitambo yavo yose nemitambo isina chokuita nechitendero. Mavari, vakaratidza chivimbo chavo mune ramangwana rakanaka renyika yokumusha kwavo.
Vamwe vanyori venhoroondo vanoti mafungiro aya, ari pedyo neurudzi hwemazuva ano, anotsanangura sarudzo yake yekubatana nevaSpanish vachirwisa vaAztec. Panguva iyoyo, kutyisidzira kwekusununguka kweTlaxcala kwaiva Humambo hweMexica, saka vakasarudza kusvika pachibvumirano chekukunda.
Tlaxcala Canvas Print
Iyo Ayuntamiento de Tlaxcala yakaraira kuvandudzwa kwekodhekisi yekoloni yeTlaxcala muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Mhedzisiro yacho yaive iyo inonzi Canvas yeTlaxcala.
Mashoko mashoma anowanika pacodex anoratidza kuti makopi matatu ayo akagadzirwa. Mumwe wavo aifanira kutumirwa kuna Mambo weSpain sechipo; imwe yakanga yakarongedzerwa kuMexico, uko kwakanga kuri kuenda kumubati mukuru; uye yechitatu yaizoramba iri muchitsauko cheTlaxcalteca pachacho.
Zvinosuruvarisa, makopi aya ose akarasika, saka zvinyorwa zvavo zvinongozivikanwa kubva pakubereka kwakaitwa gare gare, muna 1773. Maererano nekugadzirwa uku, codex yakaratidza zvimwe zvinokosha zvetsika, nzanga uye mibatanidzwa. yeTlaxcalans.
Literature
Vanyori veTlaxcala vaizivikanwa nekushandisa kwavo mutauro zvakanaka. Vanyori ava vakarima marudzi ese, kubva munhetembo kusvika kuhurukuro nenyaya. Mabasa anozivikanwa zvikuru ndeaya Tecuatzin uye Tlaxcaltecayotl.
Ukuwo, mitambo yemitambo yaiwanzoitwawo. Dingindira guru rakanga riri upenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva, pamwe chete namabasa evarwi vavo navamwari.
https://youtu.be/TPKdF_st_pE
Kukurumbira kweimba yemitambo kwakaita kuti mitambo ienderere mberi munguva dzevadzori. Mukuwedzera kune vanyori vezvinyorwa.
zvivakwa uye zvivezwa
Munguva isati yakundwa neSpain, vaTlaxcalans vakaita nhare dzavo uye zvimwe zvivako zvine lime nematombo. Kazhinji, vakasarudza zvikomo kuti vazviwane, sezvakaitika kuCacaxtla uye nzvimbo yemhemberero yeXochitécatl.
Panyaya yekuveza, vanyori veTlaxcalan vakasiyaniswa nekuoma kwezvisikwa zvavo. Vaimiririra mhuka, vanhu nevamwari.
Nguva pfupi maSpanish vasati vasvika, nzvimbo yePuebla-Tlaxcalteca yakawana mukurumbira wakakura wehari yepolychrome. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti zvidimbu zvavo zvakaratidza zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvemhando yepamusoro pane izvo zvakagadzirwa nevaAztec.
mumhanzi
Sezvakawanda mumataundi akawanda asati asvika kuSpain, mimhanzi yakaita basa rinokosha muTlaxcalan tsika. Maererano nenyanzvi, zvinyorwa zvakachengetedza rhythm yakakurumidza, asi atonal.
Zviridzwa zvainyanya kushandiswa ndi teponaztli uye huéhuetl. Yekutanga yaive imwe ngoma yakagadzirwa nematanda. Yaisanganisira tsanga mbiri uye yakabudisa manzwi maviri.
Kune rumwe rutivi, huéhuetl yakanga iri imwe ngoma, muchiitiko ichi yakagadzirwa nedehwe. Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zveTlaxcalan zvaiva nyere dzevhu, scrapers, uye snails.
Mimhanzi yetsika iyi yakapotsa yanyangarika zvachose mushure mekusvika kwevaSpanish. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvezviridzwa zvacho zvakararama.
Kufanana nekutamba, mimhanzi yakanga yakanyatsobatanidzwa nemitambo yechitendero. Maererano nenhoroondo dzepanguva iyoyo, paive nevaimbi vaiperekedza nziyo dzacho nenziyo dzavo.
Madhanzi echivanhu
Sezvakataurwa, mitambo yeTlaxcalan yakabatana zvikuru nezvitendero zvavo zvechitendero. Izvi zvakaita kuti vatsakatike apo vaFrancisca pavakatanga basa ravo rekuparidza evhangeri.
Panzvimbo pemitambo iyi yakatsaurirwa kune vamwari vekare, kunyanya Camaxtli, vaTlaxcalans vakatanga kutamba mimwe mitsindo inokodzera zvitendero zvitsva zvechiKristu. Saka, matambiro akadai semaMoor nemaKristu kana maCarnestolenda akasimuka.
totonacas
MaTotonacas akasvika kubva kuchamhembe kwenyika kuzogara muVeracruz uye pedyo nenharaunda dzepakati. El Tajín, Papantla neCempoala dzaive nzvimbo dzayo dzakanyanya kukosha dzemudhorobha, dzakamira neukoshi hwadzo hukuru.
Main maficha
Sezvakataurwa, tsika yeTotonac yakaunza pamwe chete uye yakabatanidza maitiro akawanda evamwe vanhu, seOlmecs kana Teotihuacans. Nekukurudzira uku nemipiro yavo pachavo, vakagadzira budiriro yakakosha yakapararira kuOaxaca.
Etymology
Izwi rekuti "totonaca", maererano neNahuatl kana duramazwi reMexico, izhinji ye "totonacatl" uye inoreva vagari venzvimbo yeTotonacapan. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti "Totonaco" inogona kureva "murume anobva kunyika inopisa".
Kune rumwe rutivi, mumutauro weTotonac, chirevo chacho chine chirevo che "moyo mitatu", iyo inogona kureva nzvimbo nhatu dzemhemberero dzakasimbiswa netsika iyi: El Tajín, Papantla uye Cempoala.
sangano rezvematongerwo enyika
Pane zvishoma zvinongedzo kusangano remagariro uye rezvematongerwo enyika reTotonac tsika. Ongororo yakaitwa yakavakirwa pane zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo uye dzidziso inogamuchirwa zvikuru ndeyekuti yaive nzanga yakakamurwa kuita mapoka akati wandei.
Iyi piramidi yemagariro yaitungamirirwa nevakuru, vakaumbwa neCacique musimba, vamwe vose vane masimba nevapristi. Vose vaiva nomutoro wokudzora nharaunda dzose dzesimba, kubvira pazvamatongerwe enyika kusvikira kurudzidziso kusvikira kuupfumi. Hurumende yake, sezvakaratidzwa, yaitungamirirwa neCacique, ichibatsirwa neDare reVakuru. Nokuda kwavo, vaprista vakaitawo basa guru muiyi tsika. Mabasa ake aisanganisira kuitisa mitambo, kuongorora nyeredzi, uye kuita mitambo.
Iri boka rechitendero raitongwa nevatongi (nhengo dzeDare reVakuru) uye, shure kwavo, mayordomos (vatsigiri vemitambo) uye topiles (vane basa rekuchengetedza temberi). Kana iri hwaro hwepiramidhi, hwakanga hwakaumbwa nevanhuwo zvavo, ruzhinji rwevagari vemo. Ndivo vaiona nezvekurima, mabasa emaoko, kubata hove uye kuvaka.
Zvokudya
VaTotonac vakashandisa kuorera kwenyika yavaigara kurima nzvimbo huru dzechibage. Zvisinei, kusiyana nemamwe mapre-Columbian civilizations, zviyo izvi zvakanga zvisiri izvo zvinonyanya kukosha pakudya kwavo. Basa iri raiitwa nemichero yakaita sapote, guava, avocado kana avocado.
Maererano nenyanzvi, varimi nevakuru vakabvumirana pamusoro pekuumbwa kwekudya kwavo kwekutanga kwezuva: porridge yezviyo. Kana kuri kudya kwemasikati, vaya veboka repamusoro vaidya nyama yakabikwa nebhinzi neyucca, yakarungwa nemuto wenyama. Varombo, kunyange zvazvo vachitevera kudya kwakafanana, havakwanisi kutenga soso idzi.
Pamusoro pezvokudya izvi, vanhu vanozivikanwa kuredza mashaki uye kuvhima kamba, armadillos, nondo, kana matatya. Kudivi ravo, madzimai akapfuya imbwa nematoki. Zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinoita kuti tifunge kuti mhuka idzi dzakabatanidzwa mukudya.
Ropa
Maererano naHama Bernardino de Sahagún, mumwe mumishinari wechiFrancisca akauya kuzodzidza chiNahuatl kuti anyore tsika dzeko, vakadzi vechiTotonac vakanga vakatsvinda uye vakapfeka zvinoshamisira. Sekureva kwevatendi, vanokudzwa vaipfeka masiketi akavezwa, kuwedzera kune diki katatu poncho pakukwirira kwechipfuva, inonzi quexquemetl. Saizvozvo, vakazvishongedza nemacheni ejedhi nematehwe uye vakapfeka mhete nezvimwe zvitsvuku.
Nekuda kwavo, varume vevakuru vaipfeka macapes emavara akasiyana, machira, labrets uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakagadzirwa neminhenga yequetzal.
Nhasi, vakadzi vetsika iyi vanopfeka hembe, maepuroni, mapeticoat, mabhandi, uye quexquemetl. Zvose izvi zvinoitwa nemadzimai pachavo, sezvo vachiramba vaine mbiri yekuva varuki vemhando yepamusoro.
Chitendero
Somumamwe mativi, zvishomanene zvinozivikanwa pamusoro porudzidziso rwaiitwa navaTotonac. Zvinenge zvese zvinozivikanwa zvinobva murondedzero nemuongorori Alain Ichon muna 1960. Pakati pemhedziso yake, kuoma kwekutenda kwetsika iyi kunomira pachena.
Vanamwari
Nyika yechitendero cheTotonac yakanga yakaumbwa nenhamba huru yavamwari vakarongwa maererano neboka rakakwirira rokukosha. Nokudaro, mapoka anotevera aivapo: vamwari vakuru; secondary; varidzi vezvivakwa vadiki; navamwari venyika yeSheori. Pakazara, vanotendwa kuti vakawedzera vamwari makumi maviri nevaviri.
Mwari anokosha zvikurusa akaratidzirwa neZuva, kwairi zvibayiro zvavanhu. Pedyo naye paiva nomudzimai wake, mwarikadzi wezviyo, uyo aikwanisa kupa zvibayiro zvemhuka nokuti aivenga zvibayiro zvavanhu. Mumwe mwari akakosha aive "Old Kutinhira", ainzi Tajin kana Aktsini.
MaTotonac akabatanidzawo vamwari vakajairwa kune vemamwe budiriro muMesoamerica mune yavo pantheon. Pakati pavo paiva neTláloc, Quetzalcóatl, Xochipilli kana kuti Xipetotec.
Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi kubva kuMesoamerican Tsika chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakidzwe nezvimwe izvi: