Wanga uchiziva here kuti mwaranzi inobuda mumhepo munzvimbo yatinogara? Zvakanaka, ndizvo, uye zvinogona zvakare kugadzirwa nezviitiko zvine chekuita neindasitiri uye kunyangwe kune yekurapa diagnostic maitiro. Unoda kuziva kuti mwaranzi inoyerwa sei?
X-rays pamuviri
Kazhinji, maX-rays anoshandiswa mukuongororwa kwemishonga.Paanopfuura nemuviri wemunhu, chikamu chayo chinotorwa uye icho chinoyambuka ndicho chinogadzira mifananidzo yeX-ray. Iyo inokwanisa kupfuura nemuviri haikonzere kuwedzera kwe radiation muvarwere, asi iyo inonyudzwa inoita kuti iwedzere, nechikonzero ichocho vakadzi vane nhumbu havafanirwe kuita x-ray, nekuda kwemhedzisiro yavanoburitsa uye isu anofanira kuziva Radioactivity inoyerwa sei?
Kuyerwa kwemwaranzi ine muviri wese kunonzi kuyerwa kwemwaranzi, uye chikamu chayo chekuyera ndiyo millisievert (mSv). Vanachiremba vanoshandisa iyi dhigirii inoshanda, kana vachinge vachireva zvingangoitika zvechipiri mhedzisiro yavanogadzira, uye vanotora senitivity kune radiation yenhengo dzinoitsigira.
Natural ionizing mwaranzi
Vanhu vese vari kuratidzwa kune zvakasikwa zvemwaranzi. Zvinoenderana nefungidziro dzesainzi dzichangoburwa, munhuwo zvake muUnited States anotambura nedosi inoshanda inosvika 3 mSv pagore kubva mumwaranzi wechisikigo, unosanganisira mwaranzi yemuchadenga kubva kunze, pamwe chete Hunhu hweSolar Radiation.
Saizvozvowo, kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvakadai sekukwirira kwenzvimbo yavanogara, nokuti vanhu vanogara munzvimbo dzakakwirira vanogamuchira anenge 1,5 mSv gore negore kupfuura vanhu vanogara munzvimbo dziri pedyo negungwa. Nzvimbo huru yemwaranzi mukati memba inobva ku radon gas, iyo inenge 2 mSv pagore.
Mwaranzi inoyerwa sei?
Huwandu hweiyo radiation inoyerwa uye inodzorwa sei, kureva,kuti mwaranzi inoyerwa sei? Inoitwa nezviridzwa zvinonzi dosimeters. Uye kune hukuru hwakasiyana-siyana hwazvo, saka zvakakosha kuti iwe unogona kusarudza iyo inonyanya kukodzera, maererano nekushandiswa kwaichashandiswa. Naizvozvo, tichatsanangura kuti kune mapoka makuru maviri:
- Personal dosimeters, iyo inoshandiswa pazvinenge zvakakodzera kuyera dose yakagamuchirwa nemunhu chaiye. Kune akatiwandei emhando dzemadosimita ekushandisa wega, mhando yemhete, yemaoko kana yekushandiswa palapel.
- Area dosimeters, ayo anoshandiswa kana zvichidikanwa kuziva madosi anogamuchirwa nevanhu munzvimbo kana mabasa.
Nhoroondo yekuyera mwaranzi
Kubva panguva dziri kure kwazvo, vanhu vakanzwa kudiwa kwekuyera, ndicho chikonzero vainetsekana nekugadzira zviridzwa zvechinangwa ichocho, pamwe nekusvika pachibvumirano pamashandisirwo angashandiswa zviyero izvi, chiitiko chaive. hazvisi nyore zvachose. Sezvineiwo, isu tava nehurongwa hwepasi rose hwemayuniti ekuyera.
Galileo Galilei akatotaura kuti akanga ari nyanzvi yokuItaly yenyeredzi, muzivi, nyanzvi yemasvomhu nefizikisi, ane pesvedzero pashanduko yesayenzi yemazuva ano hairambiki.” Akasvika pakutsinhira kuti zvakanga zvakakodzera kuyera izvo zvaigona kuyerwa uye kuedza kuyera izvo zvisati zvaitika. Iwe unongofanira kutarisa nhoroondo yefizikisi kuti vaone chishuwo chekuyera icho munhu agara aine.
Kana chiitiko chechisikigo chikaonekwa kazhinji, inofungidzirwa kuti data yakawanikwa haina kukwana, kunze kwekunge ruzivo rwehuwandu hwawanikwa, ndiko kuti, chiyero chinowirirana chakaitwa kune izvo zvinofanirwa kuziva. kuti mwaranzi inoyerwa sei. Kuti uwane ruzivo rwunonzi rwakavimbika, kuyerwa kwepfuma yemuviri kunodiwa.
Kuyera muitiro watinokwanisa kugovera nhamba kune pfuma yemuviri, iyo inogadzirwa semugumisiro wekufananidza pfuma yakataurwa neimwe yakafanana inotorwa sepateni, iyo yatichadana. chiyero chechiyero.
Tinoda kukuratidza kuburikidza nekuenzanisa kuti radiation inoyerwa sei. Kana imba ine pasi yakafukidzwa nematairi uye isu tinotora tile sechikamu chekuyera, nekuverenga nhamba yematairi, nekuwedzera zviyero zvavo, tichakwanisa kuziva kuti chii chiri pamusoro peimba iyoyo. Kuyerwa kwehukuru hwemuviri hwakafanana, kana kuti pamusoro, hunogona kupa kutaridzika kwezviyero zviviri zvakasiyana, nekuti zvikamu zvakasiyana zvekuyera zvinogona kushandiswa.
Nechikonzero ichi, zvinodikanwa kumisikidza kana kuona imwechete kuyerwa kweyuniti patani kune chero ukuru, kuitira kuti data rinobva kune chero kuyero rigone kunzwisiswa nevanhu vese.
Nekudaro, ionizing mwaranzi haisi kunze kwekudiwa kwekuyera, saka zvakakosha kutsanangura kuti ndeapi magitutu achashandiswa nenzira yakamisikidzwa uye kumisikidza mayuniti akasiyana kune imwe neimwe yambotaurwa.
Ionizing radiation haina kunhuwa, haina kunaka, yakanyarara, haina ruvara uye haioneki uye haigone kubatwa, saka zvechokwadi haigone kuonekwa neakajairika pfungwa dzevanhu. Nekudaro, zvinogoneka kuti ivo vanogona kuwonekwa uye kuyerwa nemaitiro akasiyana sezvakatsanangurwa mune inotevera chikamu cheichi positi.
Sezvo kusingabviri kuaona kupfurikidza nokunzwa kwedu kwomuzvarirwo, ikoku kungatungamirira kuti tifunge, nenzira isina kururama, kuti haako kana kuti haagoni kuunza tapuro ipi neipi yomuzvarirwo patiri. Nekudaro, zvakajairika kuti isu tigone kuziva kuvepo kwavo nekuda kwemhedzisiro yavanoburitsa, sezvo vaine hunyanzvi hwekuita ionize nyaya uye kubatwa nayo, saka zvakafanira kuziva ¿radiation inoyerwa sei?
Kubva ipapo kunomuka kuti zvinodiwa kuti vaverengerwe, izvo zvinobva pakuzadzikiswa kwehuwandu hwemhedzisiro inokuvadza kune zvipenyu. Izvo zvave zvichizivikanwa kwenguva refu kuti yakakwira dosi yeionizing mwaranzi inokwanisa kukuvadza matishu evanhu. Muchokwadi, mwedzi mitanhatu chete mushure mekuwanikwa kweX-rays naRoentgen muna 1895, mhedzisiro yekutanga inokuvadza yemwaranzi yeionizing yakanga yatotsanangurwa.
Kuti uve neruzivo rwekugona kududzira chiyero chekuyera mwaranzi izvo zvingave zvine hukama nazvo, tinoratidza kuti ukuru uye mayuniti akaenzana anonyanya kushandiswa kuyera ionizing radiation uye radioactive makomisheni ndeaya:
Quantity Physical process yakayera maSI mayuniti
Chiitiko Nuclear kuora Becquerel (Bq)
Absorbed dose Simba rakaiswa Grey (Gy)
Equivalent dose Biological Effect Sievert (Sv)
Inoshanda Dose Ngozi Sievert (Sv)
Zvino pamusoro Ndeapi mayuniti anoyerwa nemwaranzi?, chikwata chega chega chine akawanda uye mashoma. Muchirongwa chepasi rose (SI) iwo masubmultiples atichashandisa zvakanyanya achave:
- milli(m) = 10-3
- micro(µ)= 10-6
- nano(n)=10-9
radioactive chiitiko
Inowanzo kuyerwa mumabecquerels (Bq), inova chiyero chinobva kuInternational System of Units, uye yakaenzana nekuparara kwenyukireya imwe pasekondi. Iwo ma becquerels anozotiudza kuti ndeipi kumhanya kweiyo radioactive chinhu chinoparara. Naizvozvo, iyo yakakura kuwanda kwema becquerels, ndiko kukurumidza kwechinhu kuparara kwenyukireya uye, saka, iyo inonyanya kushanda iyo chinhu chingave.
Nekudaro, chiitiko kana huwandu hwema becquerels hazvizotipe ruzivo nezve zvingangoitika zvingave nemwaranzi sosi pahutano hwedu. Tsime matinogona kuyera miriyoni zana Bq inogona kusakuvadza zvachose, kana yakadzivirirwa kana kure nemuviri wedu, kana inogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya kuhutano hwedu kana tikamedza icho chinhu netsaona.
Kukuvadza kunogona kukonzerwa nekufumurwa
Kuti tikwanise kuziva kuti ndezvipi zvingangoitika zvinozoonekwa muhutano hwedu, nekuda kwekuratidzwa kune ionizing radiation, zvinodikanwa kuti isu tizive pfungwa dzinotizivisa nezve chikamu chesimba chinotorwa nematishu. uye inotibvumira kuti tikwanise kuverenga kukuvara kwebiological kunogona kukonzerwa. Ndiko kuti, isu tinofanirwa kuziva nezve radiation dose yakagamuchirwa.
Ionizing radiation inokwanisa kupindirana nenyaya, ichisiya simba mairi, ichikonzera ionizations uye, nechikonzero ichocho, inoburitsa shanduko mumamorekuru emasero. Kukuvadzwa kwebiological kunoitwa nemwaranzi yeionizing kune hukama nehuwandu hwesimba rakaiswa pauniti misa, iyo inodaidzwa kuti magnitude inozivikanwa seyemushonga wakatorwa.
Sezvatinotoziva, simba muInternational System rinoyerwa muJoules (J) uye misa muKilograms (Kg), saka, iyo yakanyudzwa dhizi inofanira kuyerwa muJ/Kg, inova chikamu chinozivikanwa nezita reGrey unit (Gy). )
Chimwe chinhu chinofanirwa kuverengerwa ndechekuti kukuvadzwa kwebiological kunoitika nekuda kwemwaranzi hakunei chete nehuwandu hwesimba rakaiswa munyama kana nhengo, asi zvakare rinopesvedzera rudzi rwemwaranzi. . Haasi ese marudzi emwaranzi anoburitsa huwandu hwakafanana hweionization sezvaanopfuura nemuzvinhu zvipenyu.
Semuyenzaniso, ma alpha particles anokonzeresa kuwanda kweiyo ionization munhau yavanopfuura nemairi kupfuura gamma rays, pachiyero chakafanana chedosi yakabatwa. Zvinozivikanwa kuti radiations inokonzera yakakwira ionization density inokuvadza zvakanyanya kunyangwe madosi akaenzana.
Iyo Equivalent Dose ndiyo inotsanangurwa sehukuru hunoshandiswa kuratidza huwandu hwesimba hunogona kuiswa pachiyero cheyuniti, inova iyo yakanyungudutswa dose, uye rudzi rwemwaranzi inopa kure akati simba. Hukuru uhwu hunogona kuyerwawo muJ/Kg, asi hunonzi Sievert (Sv).
Chekupedzisira, zvinozivikanwa kuti kukuvadzwa kunoitwa nemwaranzi yeionizing mumunhu mupenyu, mukuwedzera pakuteerera kunyudzwa kwedosi uye rudzi rwemwaranzi, kwakabatana zvakare nenyama kana nhengo yakagamuchira irradiation.
Chikonzero cheizvi ndechekuti haasi ese matishu emuviri wemunhu ane kunzwisiswa kwakafanana kune radiation uye, nekudaro, havasi vese vanozopa zvakaenzana mukukuvadzwa kunozokonzeresa hutano hwedu. Kuti utore iyi data mundangariro, Hukuru hweDose Hunoshanda hwakagadzirwa, iyo, seyero yakaenzana, inoyerwa muSv (J/Kg).
Kuti tinzwisise ukuru hwose uhwu, tinokurudzira kuti ufunge kuti uri pasi pechimvuramabwe. Huwandu hwechimvuramabwe chadonha ndihwo huchamiririra basa reradioactive, asi hachisi chimvuramabwe chese chinonaya chichatikanganisa. Avo vakatirova ndivo vari kuzokonzera kukuvara, saka, nhamba yematombo echimvuramabwe akatirova anomiririra huwandu hwedosi yakanyungudutswa.
Zvino, kukuvadzwa kungaita chimvuramabwe hakungotsamiri pahuwandu hwechimvuramabwe chinotirova, asi kukura kwacho kunofanirawo kuverengerwa. Naizvozvo, kana chimvuramabwe chinotirova chikakura, chimvuramabwe chinowedzerawo kukuvadza kwacho. Huwandu hwematombo echimvuramabwe anosvika kwatiri uye saizi yawo ndiyo, yeionizing radiation, icharatidza kuti dosi yakaenzana ichavei.
Chekupedzisira, kana tichida chaizvo kuziva kukuvadza kuchaitwa nechimvuramabwe, pamwe nenhamba yematombo echimvuramabwe atirova nekukura kwawo, tinofanirawo kuongorora kuti ndeipi chikamu chemuviri wemunhu chakakanganiswa, sezvo isiri yese. vane manzwiro akafanana. Zvakanaka, izvi zvese zvinotariswa zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa kana tichitaura nezve ionizing radiation uye matishu emuviri wedu, uye nekuda kwechikonzero ichochi zvakakosha kushandisa chiyero cheiyo dhigirii inoshanda.
Ndiko kuti, hukuru hwakabatana nedosi yeionizing radiation ndeiyi:
- Mushonga wakatorwa: simba rinoiswa pachiyero chiyero, chinoyerwa muGrey (Gy)/(J/Kg).
- Equivalent dose: yakanyungudutswa dose yakawedzerwa neuremu chinhu icho chinotarisa mhando yeionizing mwaranzi inoburitsa kuratidzwa, iyo inoyerwa muSievert (Sv)/ (J/Kg).
- Inoshanda dose: huwandu hweiyo yakaenzana dhizi munhengo yega yega / chitunha, yakapetwa nehuremu chinhu chinotarisisa kunzwisiswa kwakasiyana kwenhengo nematishu kune ionizing radiation uye inoyerwa muSievert (Sv)/(J/Kg)
Pane hukuru hunozopesvedzerawo mhedzisiro iyo ionizing radiation ichaunza pahutano hwedu uye ndiyo Dose Rate, iyo inozoratidza iyo radiation dose yakagamuchirwa pachikamu chenguva. Zvinozivikanwa nesainzi kuti chipimo chemushonga chakatambirwa kwenguva yakareba hachina kukuvadza pane kana muyero mumwe chete wakagamuchirwa asi muchinguva chemasekonzi kana maminetsi.
Tinodziziva sei?
Sezvatakamboratidza kare, pfungwa dzedu hadzigoni kuona mwaranzi yeionizing. Nekudaro, parizvino kune akasiyana siyana emidziyo iyo ionizing radiation inogona kuonekwa uye kuyerwa, iyo iwe yaungangoziva se radioactivity counters uye dosimeters.
Asi, haasi ese madosimeters anoshandisa nzira imwechete yekuyera ionizing radiation dosi. Zvizhinji zvezviridzwa zvinoshandiswa ndezvi:
Pen dosimeter, yakatumidzwa chimiro chayo, iyo inoshandisa magetsi emagetsi uye voltage ye capacitor kuona uye kuyera ionizing radiation. Aya madosimeter anogona kurekodha gamma neX-ray mwaranzi pamwe nebeta radiation.
Firimu dosimeter, rinoshandisa bepa refirimu rinoita dema zvichienderana nekushomeka kana kukuru kwemwaranzi yarinokwanisa kuona.
Thermoluminescence dosimeters, iyo inoshandisa makristasi akakosha umo X-ray kana gamma ray mwaranzi inoburitsa shanduko diki, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nechiedza chinooneka kana yakabatwa nemwaranzi simba inoburitswa nekupisa kristaro.
Digital dosimeters dzinoshandisa masensa emagetsi uye kugadzirisa chiratidzo, ichiratidza pachiratidziro chiyero chemwaranzi yakagamuchirwa. Uye ivo vanogadzirika kuitira kuti vabudise ruzha kana mwero wemwaranzi wakagamuchirwa une njodzi.
