Tichaona kuti mawhale anotaurirana sei uye nehunyanzvi hwaanopa paanenge achidyidzana. Zvidzidzo uye tsvakiridzo zvakabatsira kuwana idzi mhuka huru dzemugungwa dzinonakidza. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve yayo yekutaurirana system, ramba uchiverenga chinyorwa ichi kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.
Mawhale anotaurirana sei?
Sezvo nzira yega yega yekukurukurirana ichipa munhu anotumira-message-anogamuchira, nenzira imwechete iyo inoitika nekutaurirana kwemawhale pavanenge vachitaurirana, vanoshandisa nzira inonzi echolocation iyo inobvumira mawhale kuona madaro ari pakati pavo nenzvimbo yavo. kana vari muchirongwa chekupfimbana kana kuti pane ngozi iri pedyo.
Mutsindo unobudiswa newhale unofamba mumvura sesaisai. Kudzokororwa kwayo uye kuwedzera kuchasiyana sezvo inowana zvipingamupinyi zvakati munzira yayo uye ivo vanodzokera shure vachipa ruzivo rwakakosha kune anopa.
Chii chinonzi echolocation?
Whales haina nzeve yakagadziridzwa, saka iyi nzira yekukurukurirana inobatsira zvikuru kwavari, sezvo inoona kudengenyeka kunoitwa neruzha mumvura paganda rayo, kana ichinge ichiwana inopindura kuburikidza nemasaisai anonzwika anobudiswa pamusoro. iyo inzwi rinorovera.
Iyi sisitimu inokutendera kuti urambe uchisangana, tsvaga nezve njodzi dzinogona kuitika kana nzvimbo yemapoka akarasika kana nhengo, inoshandawo sereferensi yekutsvaga mapoka chaiwo sezvo mazhinji achisiyaniswa nerwiyo rwavo.
Mhuka imwe neimwe ine manzwi kana manzwi akasiyana uye imwe neimwe ine chinangwa chakasiyana, kusanganisira iyo inoshandiswa pakukurukurirana uye kushamwaridzana, inoshandiswawo panguva yekubereka kutsvaga mudiwa uye kutanga kupfimbana kana kurwisana pakati pevarume.
Mamwe mabhenefiti ehunyanzvi uhu ndiko kurongeka kana uchitsvaga mhuka uye uchinanga kwairi kana, pane kudaro, kutsvaga chikara kana njodzi inogona kuitika uye kutiza kubva pairi, nekuva nedaro chairo ravari.
Chii chinonzi whale song?
Rwiyo runonzwisiswa seti yezvinzwi zvinofambiswa nemawhale kuti zvikurukure, zvinogona kunzwisiswa sechirongwa chezvinofungwa uye zvinonzwika zvinonzwika izvo mamwe marudzi anoburitsa akafanana nerwiyo rwemunhu.
Kushandisa Rwiyo
Kukurukurirana uye organic nzira dzinoshandiswa kuburitsa kwekurira shanduko mumhuri yega yega yeese macetaceans uye baleen whale, asi mamiriro akagadzirwa ekuburitsa kwavo akafanana kune ese. Mumvura, chiedza chezuva hachina kunyura nekuti zvidimbu zvaro zvinononoka mumvura zvichienzaniswa nemhepo.
Kusavhenekerwa kwemwenje kunounza dambudziko rakakura sezvo kuchidzivirira kutaurirana kwekuona kwechinhambwe chakati wandei, pfungwa yekunhuwidza inokanganisika, saka mhuka dzemugungwa idzi dzinovimba neruzha kuratidza manzwiro adzo uye zvavanoda.
Zvikonzero zvinoita kuti kutaurirana kwekunzwa kubudirire imhaka yekuti ruzha rwuri mumvura, ruchirema, runowedzera nekumhanya kupfuura 1.500 m / s mumvura kana ichienzaniswa ne340 m / s mumhepo, sezvo mumhepo nekuwanda kwayo kunopararira. faster. Kuve ruzha rwayo rwakasimba, harusiyane nesimba nekuda kwekumanikidza. Whales dzinokwanisa kutaurirana pamadaro akakura.
Nyeredzi dzine pfungwa dzakadzama dzekunzwa, kunyanya maodontocetes. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti kunze kwekutaurirana uye kushamwaridzana, zvinokutendera kuti utore chaizvo uye kuverenga chinhambwe uye nzvimbo yedzimwe mhuka uye zvinhu zvakakukomberedza, ruzivo rwunoita kuti zvive nyore kwauri kuti utarise iwe pachako mugungwa rekuzorora paunenge uchiburitsa rwiyo kana ruzha. .
kugadzirwa kwezwi
Tichaita kuenzanisa pakati pemisiyano yakaratidzwa muzvose zviri zviviri munhu nemawhale mukugadzirwa kwenzwi. Vanhu vanoburitsa ruzha nekuburitsa mweya nemudokoriro. Tambo dzezwi dzinovhurika kana kuvhara sezvinodiwa, kupatsanura mweya wemhepo kuita tusumbu tudiki tunozoumbwa nehuro, rurimi nemiromo kuitira kubuda kweruzha rwaunoda.
Mune cetaceans, hurongwa hwavo hwakasiyana zvachose kubva kune yakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, kugadzirwa kwezwi kwemhuka idzi kunopa mutsauko wakajeka pakati peodontocetes uye baleen whales.
Kugadzirwa Kwekurira muToothed Whales
Mutsindo unogadzirwa nekupfuura kwemhepo kuburikidza nematatu-dimensional maumbirwo mumusoro anotaura nezvemhino dzevanhu uye anonzi "phonic lips". Anenge ese mawhale ane mazino ane maviri aya emiromo anoabvumira kuumba manzwi maviri panguva imwe chete. Kana kufamba uku kuchiitwa, masaisai anotumirwa mumusoro kuti abudise ruzha, rwunofamba munzira yakaratidzwa ichibvumira kutarisisa kwayo nekufungisisa (echo nzvimbo).
Mutsindo unoburitswa nemazino whales unongoridza muridzo wepamusoro-frequency, asi maitiro ayo haasanganisire rwiyo rwewhale, rune ruzha rurefu. Iyo inoburitsa mitsindo mipfupi (tiki), iyo inoshandiswa kune nzvimbo (echo nzvimbo), nenzira yetonal kutevedzana kwekutaurirana kwavo, ruzivo rudiki runowanikwa pane iyi maitiro.
Toothed whale ruzha mazinga anosiyana mukudzokorora kubva pa40 Hz kusvika 325 kHz. Tinogona kutaura nezveSperm Whale Click ine huwandu hwe163 Hz kusvika 223 kHz, iyo Beluga Dzvanya ine huwandu hwe206 Hz kusvika 225 kHz.
Kugadzirwa Kwemunzwi muBaleen Whales
Baleen whales vane larynx isina tambo dzezwi, havana miromo yephonic. Yayo inonzwika chizvarwa system yakasiyana chaizvo neyemunhu sezvo isingakodzeri kuita yekufemesa inodiwa kuburitsa ruzha. Kusvika parizvino hapana ruzivo chairwo rwemabudiro avanoita manzwi. Empty cranial sinus kuvhurika iri mucranial mapfupa inofungidzirwa kuita basa muzwi.
Nziyo dzewhale whale dzine frequency iri pakati pe10 Hz ne31 Hz. Kutaurwa kunoitwa whale iyo maererano nenyanzvi inonzi baleen whale, ine rwiyo rune frequency radius ye52 Hz. mhuka makore gumi nemaviri apfuura, zvakadaro. haisati yamboonekwa uye hapana ruzivo kana iri mhuka inozivikanwa kana kwete.
Baleen whale ruzha mazinga anosiyana mukudzokorora kubva pa10 Hz kusvika 31 kHz. Tinogona kutaura kugomera kwefin whale huwandu hwayo hunobva pa155 Hz kusvika 186 kHz, moan yeblue whale ine huwandu hwe155 Hz kusvika 188 kHz, kuchema kwegrey whale ine huwandu hwe142 Hz kusvika 185 kHz. , toni, kuungudza uye nziyo dze bowhead whale dzine huwandu hwe128 Hz kusvika 189 kHz.
Misiyano pakati pemazino uye baleen whale mukuburitswa kwemanzwi
Mazino whale (kusanganisira mhondi whale) anoshandisa ultrasonic emission yemasaisai eruzha (echolocation), izvo zvinovatendera kuti vaone ukuru uye chimiro chezvinhu. Baleen whales havana hunhu uhwu, zvaitendwa kuti kuburitswa kwenziyo dzadzo kana ruzha rwaive rwekushandisa chete kusarudza wekuroora, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakabvumira kukudziridzwa kwemazano ekuti kuburikidza nerwiyo rwavo vanogona kutaura zvimwe zvinodiwa.
Baleen whales vane dambudziko richienzaniswa nemamwe marudzi emugungwa sezvo vasina maonero akanaka uye kunhuhwirira munzvimbo yegungwa uye nyore nyore iyo inzwi remhepo rinoyambuka mvura rinoita basa rinokosha zvikuru muupenyu hwemhuka iyi, inzwi rayo rakasimba rinobvumira. kuti muzivise kure kure nokudzika.
Chimiro Cherwiyo
Mitsindo inobudiswa nemhuka idzi inopa sangano remhando dzemhando. Zvaari manotsi chikamu chikuru cherwiyo, iwo kupatsanurwa kwemanzwi anoenderera emunhu ane nguva yemasekonzi mashoma. Yayo frequency range iri pakati pe20 Hz ne10 kHz.
Iyo yuniti yefrequency inogona kuverengerwa zvichienderana nekuwanda kwayo kugovera kwakagadziriswa nekudzokorora kwekurira (inzwi rinokwanisa kuwedzera, kuderera kana kuramba rakafanana panguva yenoti) uye amplitude inogadziriswa nekuwedzera kwechord (inogona kuwedzera kana kuderera. huwandu hwayo).
Repertoire yezvikamu zvina kusvika ku4 inonzi subphrase, nguva yaro iri pedyo nemasekonzi gumi. Kubatanidzwa kwezvirevo zviviri zvinogadzira mutsara. Izwi rekuti kubereka kakawanda uye pakati pemaminitsi maviri kusvika mana maitiro aya anonzi dingindira. Theme repertoire inogadzira rwiyo. Uhwu hutungamiri hwakabata pfungwa dzesainzi.
Whale inogona kudzokorora mutsara iwoyo kwenguva yemaminetsi maviri kusvika ku2 uye kana rwiyo rwacho rwaitika, inoruimba kwenguva isingazivikanwi, sezvo inogona kubva pamaminitsi makumi maviri kusvika kumaawa kana kunyange mazuva.
Nziyo dzeWhale dzinokura zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwenguva, dzichigadzira shanduko mukusimba kana kukura kwezwi. Mapoka akapa mutsauko mumanotsi avo anogona kucherechedzwa, kubva pakuwedzera kwenhamba kusvika pakuderera zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika pakuva chinyorwa chenguva dzose. Mitinhimira yavo inoratidzawo shanduko nekufamba kwenguva.
Kuunganidzwa kwemawhale nenzvimbo dzenzvimbo kunobvumira kuti vatore hunhu hwakafanana nekusiyana kwakajeka pakati pawo, zvikasadaro nemapoka kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo rwiyo rwakasiyana zvachose.
Nziyo dzinoshandura nekufamba kwenguva, hadzirambe misanganiswa yekare yenziyo uye zvidzidzo zvakasimbisa kuti vanogona kuwana zvirongwa zvakajairika murwiyo, asi musanganiswa haudzokororwe.
Kunyanya, mahumpback ane hunhu hwakanyanya uye nziyo dzawo dzinokwezva kutarisa sezvo dzichisiyanisa rwiyo rwavanoburitsa zvinoenderana nezvavanoda, vanogona kuburitsa ruzha pasina kuve chikamu cherwiyo. Kunze kwezvikonzero zvinozivikanwa (courtship, socialization) inoburitsawo ruzha rwekudyisa pavanenge vachigadzira mambure, vanoshandisa rwiyo rwavo kushamisa nyama yavo. Inzwi rakareba uye rinogara riripo rine nguva yemasekonzi mashanu kusvika gumi.
Hukama nemurume nemhedzisiro
Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemahydrophones, masayendisiti akakwanisa kunyatso kumisa nzira yeiyi ruzha, pamwe nekutarisa kuti ruzha urwu runogona kufamba sei uye kuti sei mugungwa.
Kucherechedzwa kwakaitwa neCornell University kwakakwanisa kuratidza kuti manzwi emawhale anofamba mugungwa kusvika kumakiromita 3.000 uye akapa ruzivo rwenzira yekutama yemawhale uye kukwira kuburikidza nerwiyo rwavo.
Zvakasarudzwa kuti kusvibiswa kwemhoteredzo uye sonic kunogadzirwa nemunhu kwakachinja mhoteredzo yemawhale nedzimwe mhuka dzinogara mugungwa, kuderedza nzvimbo dzadzo. Aya masayendisiti anodavira kuti munhu asati atanga kusvibisa uku, ruzha rwaifamba kubva kuno rumwe rutivi kuenda kuno rumwe rutivi mugungwa.
Ruzha rwunobudiswa nemagwa runowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichikonzera kusvibiswa kweruzha.Izvi zvine mugumisiro wokuti nzvimbo kana kuti mwero umo makunzwa anganzwika kunoderedzwa, sezvo rwiyo rwawo ruchikosha zvikuru nokuda kwegarikano yavagari vemo.
Kuwedzera kwekufamba mugungwa kwakaita kuti mawhale akawanda achinje kudzokorora uye kuwedzera kudzika kwemanzwi awo mukuedza kunzwika. Inofungidzirwa kuti mabasa ose aya ari mugungwa ari kukonzera kushungurudzika mumhuka uye kuoma mukukura kwadzo, sezvo dzisingakwanisi kutaurirana, zvichiita kunetseka pakati pemasayendisiti pamusoro pekukosha kwerwiyo rwewhale muhutano hwehuwandu hwevanhu.
Kudzidza pamusoro pekutaurirana kwemawhale
Iyo yakanyanyisa acoustic sampu inogadzirwa nemawhale, makuru uye akaomarara mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinozivikanwa nekuve nehunyanzvi hwekuita echolocation uye kugona kutaura zvavanoda kuburikidza nenziyo dzine simba.
Humpback whales
Rudzi urwu rwakaonekwa nekubuda kwenziyo dzenguva refu, dzine simba uye dzakaoma dzinobuda kana mweya wapfuura nepamhino dzayo. Vese varume nevakadzi vanogona kugadzira nziyo, asi varume ndivo vanoita ruzha rwakanyanya uye rwakareba.
Whale imwe neimwe inopa ruzha rwakasiyana, kutevedzana kunosiyana mukudzika uye kudzokororwa uye kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwenguva, kusambodzokorora nhevedzano kana rwiyo rwakatoimbwa. Vanokwanisa kuimba nguva dzose kusvika kuzuva rose munguva dzemaminitsi gumi kusvika makumi maviri.
Mutambo wekutaura wekutaura wakafanana nechero chero ipi zvayo, rwiyo rwemawhale runomiririra nzira yakakosha yetsika. Ese mawhale anogona kutaurirana nekuzviratidza kuburikidza nezwi, kazhinji vane nzira imwechete yekutaura, asi zvichienderana nenzvimbo iyo icharatidza chimiro chechimiro chenzvimbo yavanogara.
Nziyo dzacho dzakarongwa nemadingindira, mitsara nehafu-zvirevo. Iyo subphrase ine kuenderera kwemasekondi uye inogadzirwa neakaderera frequency ruzha (kazhinji pazasi 1500 Hz).
Humwe hunhu hunofanira kujekeswa ndehwokuti makudo ari munzvimbo imwe chete anoimba rwiyo rumwe chete uye kuti ose anoshandura nziyo dzacho nokumhanya kwakafanana nedzimwe shamwari dzadzo dzose. Nokudaro, zvinoita sokuti munhu wose anodzidza nziyo dzose.
Kusiyana uye kusimba kwerwiyo rwake kuchava kwakaoma munguva yechando iyo inenge ichipisa. Pakuvhima chikafu vanoita kurira kwakasiyana kushandisa mambure. Boka rimwe nerimwe rinopa rwiyo rwakati rwakasiyana nemamwe mapoka ari mune mamwe mativi, inzwi rinochinja zvishoma nezvishoma uye ravasingazoshandisizve.
Ongororo dzinoratidza kuti varume vachiimba panguva imwe chete vakatenderedza mukadzi kunokurudzira kubuda kwake, mukadzi kuburikidza nerwiyo anoudzwa murume semabviro ake, chinzvimbo muboka, ari kuratidza kuve akagadzirira kukwira uye kukwikwidza nevamwe varume.
Muchidimbu, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti inzira yekukurukurirana apo mapoka akawanda emhando imwe chete anogona kupindirana uye kuratidza nzvimbo, kana vane mudiwa, ukama hwaamai nemwana. Vanogona kuita ruzha rwakafanana nemhere, kurira uye kuhukura.
Ruzha runogona kukamurwa kuita Wops, ruzha rwunoitwa pakati paamai nemwana, uye thwomps, kufonerana kune dzimwe nhengo kunze kwehukama hwaamai nemwana. Rwiyo rwayo rwunonzwika kusvika makiromita zana kubva kure
White Whales
Mhuka iyi inocherechedzwa nekupa imwe yepamusoro hurongwa pakati pecetaceans ye echolocation iyo inosanganisira kuberekana kweruzha kutsvaga zvinhu zvese nemitumbi munzvimbo yayo yegungwa.
White whales inoburitsa ruzha kuitira kuti itaurirane neboka radzo uye inobvumira echolocation nekuona uye kuderedza madaro munzvimbo yaanogara, kuita uku kunoitwa nekuburitsa ruzha rwunoitwa maungira anoibvumira kuona kureba kwayo uye kuona zvinangwa.
Kuburikidza nemapoinzi maviri ari muhurongwa hwemanzwi ayo anoita nenzira yakawiriraniswa, zvinomubvumira kukudziridza zvakanyanya kugona kwake kudzora kuburitswa kwemanzwi. Kuburikidza navo unogona kuratidza mamiriro ako uye nzvimbo yevamwe.
Mukuongorora kwakaitwa kuwhite whale, marudzi 32 akasiyana-siyana emitinhiro anobudiswa pakati pevanhu vaviri vemarudzi mamwe chete akawanikwa, zvichibvumira kunzwisisa kuri nani pakati pemarudzi.
Chimwe chizaruro chinokosha chinoratidza kuti pwere inogona kubudisa manzwi eunhu ayo vanhu vakuru vasingagoni kutevedzera, kuumba chisungo uye kufambisa batano pakati paamai nomwana, kurukurirano inozova inobudirira kwenguva yose iyo inopfuurira mukuchengetwa kwaamai.
Vane ruzivo rwepamusoro-soro rwekunzwa, nekunzwa kukuru kune ruzha muhuwandu hwakasiyana-siyana uye hwemaitiro ekutungamira, izvo zvinovaita kuti vanyanye kubatwa nekusvibiswa kweruzha.
Kugara kuine ma<em>whale anogara achibatwa kunokonzera migumisiro yakaipa mukuchengetedzwa kwemhuka idzi. Sezvineiwo vanobhombwa nemafungu anogara akakwira-frequency anogadzirwa nengarava dzevatengesi, kuputika kubva kupfuti dzemhepo kubva mukuferefeta kwekudengenyeka kwenyika, zvese izvi zviitiko zvinokonzeresa kusvibiswa kweruzha.
Bhuruu whale
Hurongwa hwayo hwekutaurirana huri kuburikidza nekusiyana-siyana kwemanzwi ayo inoburitsa inozivikanwa senziyo, inosanganisira kurira, kurira uye resonates kutaurirana kune mumwe nemumwe. Pane imwe neimwe nhanho yehupenyu hwavo, kunyanya panguva yekubereka. Ruzha rwunoburitswa neblue whale runokatyamadza, rwakasimba uye nevhoriyamu inodarika zana nemakumi masere emadhora, inozivikanwa pakuburitsa ruzha rwakanyanya pakati pezvisikwa zvese zviri panyika.
Kukurukurirana kuburikidza nemutauro wemuviri mumawhale
Whales zvakare anotaurirana kuburikidza nemutauro wemuviri manzwiro akasiyana kana maitiro kune zvimwe zviitiko, nekubudisa kuputika kusingatarisirwi kuburikidza nespiracle (A spiracle inzvimbo yakazaruka iri kumusoro kwemusoro wemhuka inoyamwisa) inogona kuratidza yambiro kune imwe, pound nepectoral fins kana muswe kutaridza kunakirwa kana kukasira.
Muhumpback whale, hono dzinokwikwidzana dzichirovana misoro kuti dzikunde hadzi. Kana whale yasvetuka kubva mumvura ichinyura zvakare inoshandiswa kuratidza simba kana kutumira meseji iri kure, inogona zvakare kusvetuka kutyisa kana kuvhundutsa hove kana kuratidza shanduko yeganda.
Manzwiro ekuona anokosha zvikuru kubva mumvura, kukurudzirwa kwekuona kunokosha zvikuru panguva yepedyo kana kusiyanisa zvepabonde. Kungwarira pakuratidza rudo kunhengo dzemhuri kunokoshawo zvikuru.
Sperm Whale
Masperm whale nekudzvanya kwayakaita yave ichifadza zvikuru kune vesainzi vakadzidza chaizvo mabudisiro anoita ruzha. Kazhinji kudzvanya kwavo kunoshandiswa kune echolocation uye kugadzira iyo codas iyo yavanonyanya kushandisa kuchengetedza magariro sangano revakadzi whale.
Mhepo inoshandiswa kugadzira kudzvanya ishoma, kunyangwe pakadzika 2000 metres, uko huwandu hwemhepo hwakadzvanywa zvakanyanya, mawhale anogona kuenzanisa, nekubudirira. Maitiro avo ekuburitsa manzwi anosarudza kune akasiyana marudzi ekukurukurirana.
Chaizvoizvo mutsauko unoitika pakati peaya marudzi maviri ekutaurirana ndiwo musiyano mumhepo mukati memhino yakaoma. Nyeredzi dzinogona kutaurirana.
Usabva usina kutanga waverenga zvinyorwa zvinotevera: