Ziva nesu kuburikidza nechinyorwa chino chinonakidza, nezve Hunhu hweCommunism, tsananguro yaro, nyika dzakatora pfungwa iyi, nei iyi pfungwa yakakonzera shanduko yeparadigm nezvimwe zvakawanda. Usarega kuiverenga!
Ndeapi maitiro eCommunism?
Ipfungwa yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvoupfumi uye nzanga yakavakirwa papfungwa yaKarl Marx, muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, apo anorangarira mavara echiKomonisiti, nzanga isina mapoka enzanga.
Pamwe chete nenzira dzekugadzira, dzinofanirwa kunge dziri mumaoko eHurumende, dzichiwana kugovewa kwakaenzana kwezvinhu uye zvinhu kana masevhisi, pakati penhengo dzinoumba huwandu hwevanhu, pasina kuvepo kwemakambani ega.
Nokuti iyo ipfungwa yezvematongerwo enyika, iyo inobvumira kurongeka kwehutano hwemagariro evanhu, umo pfuma yega yega inotsiviwa nekutonga kwenharaunda yenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugadzira, kubvisa mukutanga kwekutanga mapoka evanhu kuitira kuti kugoverwa kwemari yemari kuenzane. pakati pemitezo yese yechiverengero chavagari vemo chiri chimwe chezvimiro zveCommunism.
Inobvumira mutungamiri kuti ajaire kuve muridzi wekutonga kwenzira dzekugadzira uye haibvumire vanhu kuti vave ivo vanoita sarudzo sechinhu chine mutoro.
Mavambo eCommunism
Inotanga mubasa revatsvakurudzi Karl Marx naFriederich Engels, kuburikidza nevafungi ava kuti maitiro eCommunism anotanga kuonekwa, kunyanya muMarx's Theory of Value.
Izvo zvinoenderana nekuti kukosha kwechigadzirwa kunoenderana nenguva inodiwa kuti igadziriswe, mumafekitori, asi kubva kune iyi purofiti vashandi vanowana diki, sezvo mari yakawanda inoramba iri mumaoko eanoshandira.
Iyi purofiti yakakura yakagamuchirwa nemuzvinabhizinesi, Marx inopa zita rekuwedzera kukosha, iro mumashoko emuongorori pachake, mugore ra1867, mubhuku rake Capital, Vhoriyamu II, rinotaura zvinotevera:
"... Muyero wehuwandu hwehuwandu, naizvozvo, kutaura chaiko kwekushandiswa kwevashandi nemari kana yemushandi ne capitalist..."
Izvi zvinoitika sezvo muzvinabhizimusi ari muridzi wekambani kunowanikwa nzira dzinobvumidza kugadzirwa, izvo zvinotangwa makirasi maviri munharaunda: macapitalist vanova varidzi vekambani kunowanikwa nzira dzinobvumidza kugadzirwa. .
Kuwedzera kune proletarian, avo vari vashandi vanobvumira hupfumi, kune capitalist, nekuti mushandi akadaro, anongogamuchira muhoro mudiki, izvi zvakadanwa naMarx kurwa kwekirasi.
Kuti nzanga iyi irambe ichienderera mberi pasina mutsauko wemapoka emagariro, zvinoda zvimiro zvechikomonisiti, zvakaita setsika dzemutemo, hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika nechitendero, zvichibvumira vatariri vehurumende kuti vazive nezvebasa rayo guru munzanga. .
Kubvisa capitalism, sezvo nzira dzekugadzira dzaisazove mumaoko emuridzi mumwechete, asi kuti dzave dzeruzhinji, dzichibvisa makirasi emagariro uye nekudaro kusaenzana.
Nechikonzero ichi, bato iri rakazvarwa kuti ripikise capitalism, ichibvumira pfuma yehurongwa hweveruzhinji, ichiva chimwe chehunhu hweCommunism, ichibvumira nzanga kuti izive kukosha kwayo kwebato rimwechete, ndiko kuti, mutemo umwechete, wehudzvinyiriri hwakavakirwa pa the proletariat.
Iyi pfungwa yepfungwa inopikisa capitalism, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya munyika dzine tekinoroji yepamusoro, nepo humwe hwehunhu hweCommunism huri huzhinji hwakanaka pasina kusiyana kwemapoka; iyo inowanikwa apo nzira dzekugadzira dziri midziyo yeruzhinji, nokudaro zvichidzivirira kuvapo kweboka revaridzi vari mabhunu uye boka rinoshandiswa rinova vatariri.
Izvi zvinounza semugumisiro kuratidzwa uye kuziva kweboka revanhu seboka, chimwe chezvimiro zvecommunism uye kwete mumwe nomumwe, sezvinoita capitalism uye liberalism, izvo zvinobvumira kugadzwa kwehutongi hwehutongi.
Kunocherekedzwa kuti munyika dzine mufungo wechikomonisiti, rusununguko rwomunhu runokosheswa, sezvo munhu mutsva aizofunga nezvokukosha kworusununguko rwavanhu vose, mumhoteredzo yenzanga, yezvemari neyezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwezvakanaka zvavose; kuratidza maitiro eCommunism.
Vamiriri vedzidziso yeCommunism
Carl Marx, wemavambo echiJudha akanga ari muzivi uye nyanzvi yezveupfumi, akaberekerwa muguta reTrier, nhasi ari worudzi rweGermany, mugore ra1818, anorangarirwa kuva baba veKomonisiti, uko anobatanidza socialism yesayenzi neyemazuva ano, yake huru. Iro basa rine musoro weCommunist Manifesto mugore ra1848 uye The Capital rakagadziridzwa mugore ra1867.
Friedrich Engels, anobva kuGermany, akanga ari muzivi, mutori wenhau uye nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu, akaberekwa muna 1820, muguta reBarmen, shamwari huru uye mushandirwi waKarl Marx, iyo yaakaita kuenderera kwechikamu chechipiri nechetatu chekubudiswa kwebhuku. Capital mabasa.
Pashure pokunge Marx afa, akabatira pamwe paCommunist Manifesto, uko pfungwa yechiMarxist yakavakirwa, chimwe chezvimiro zvikuru zvekomonisiti.
Vladimir Lenin, aiva mumwe wevanhu veRussia Revolution muna 1917, akashanda sePurezidhendi Wenguva yeRussian Republic muna 1917, kusvikira anyangarika mumuviri muna 1924, akasika Union of Soviet Socialist Republics mugore ra1922, akakurudzirwa necommunism yaMarx, ichibatsira. pfungwa dzake pachake achibvumira kusikwa kweLeninism.
Mukubatana kwevamwe vatungamiri veBolshevik vakadai saStalin naTrotsky, vakagadzirisa pfungwa dzeMarx's communist pfungwa maererano nekureruka kwavo.
Leon Trotsky, wemavambo echiRussia, kubvira achiri muduku zvikuru akanga ari mukuru weWorkers’ League of the South of Russia, akarwisana noutongi hwoumambo hwaCzars, muratidziri mukuru weChimurenga chaOctober.
Apo Lenin akafa, akanga achipesana nemafungiro aStalin, izvo zvakamuita kuti ave akakodzera kutapwa, zvichitungamirira kurufu rwake, asi pasinei neizvi akaumba mafungiro echimurenga chechigarire chinonzi Trotskyism.
Joseph Stalin, mumiriri weCommunism muUSSR muzana remakore rechi1922, akashanda seMunyori Mukuru, muCentral Committee yeCommunist Party, kubva muna 1952 kusvika muna XNUMX, aitungamirira kutungamira zvematongerwo enyika munyika yeRussia, kubva pakutanga kweRepublic, kuburikidza. udzvanyiriri.
Zvakanaka Trotsky akanga achizotora hutongi hweHurumende yeRussia, imbwa Stalin yakatungamirira chimurenga ichiwana simba rakakwana chinangwa chake chaiva chokuwedzera kufamba kwecommunism; asi chido chake chesimba chakamuita mudzvinyiriri, akapinda muHondo Yenyika II, achibvumira kutanga kweyakazozivikanwa seHondo Yemashoko.
Mao Zedong, mutungamiri mukuru weCommunist Party yenyika yeChina, ndiye zvakare muvambi wePeople's Republic of China, muna 1949, achigadza hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri kusvika parufu rwake muna 1976.
Akatora pfungwa kubva kuMarxism neLeninism, iyo yaakashandura maererano nekufarira kwake, achiwana pesvedzero yevarimi, vaive chikamu chaimubvumira kutungamira shanduko munyika yeChina.
Fidel Castro, mumwe mumiriri wemuzana remakore rechi1959 wemakominisiti muenzaniso, ndiye akatungamirira Chimurenga cheCuban muna 2016, pamusoro pekushanda seMutungamiriri wenyika yeCuba kubva mukukunda kweChimurenga cheCuba kusvika pakunyangarika kwake mugore raXNUMX, apo akanga achitungamirira chitsuwa chacho, rudzi rwacho haruna kurega kuva Marxist.
Ernesto Che Guevara, wemuArgentina mabviro uye nyanzvi yezvokurapa, akawana mukana wekutora chikamu muCuban Revolution, pamusoro pekurongeka patsva kweNyika yeCuba, aida kuendesa hondo yechimurenga yecommunism kune dzimwe nyika asi kufa kwake nguva isati yakwana, ari CIA ine mutoro. , akamuita mutungamiriri wecommunism yerudo muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Dolores Ibarruri, vakamupa zita remanyepo reLa Pasionaria, wekuSpain, aive mumiriri wezvematongerwo enyika, uye akabata chinzvimbo cheGeneral Secretariat yeCommunist Party yeSpain, inozivikanwa zviri nani neacronym yayo PCE.
Aive pachinzvimbo cheMutevedzeri anomiririra dunhu reAsturias munguva yeChipiri Republic, achikwanisa kukwira kuCongress musarudzo dza1977, mukushandurwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kweSpain.
Vanomiririra Nyika dzehunhu hweCommunism muNhoroondo yese
Mukuru pakati penyika idzi akave URSS Kubva 1917, nekuda kwehunhu hweCommunism, yakapararira nekukurumidza kune dzimwe nzvimbo muEurope, Latin America, Asia neAfrica, iyo mapato ezvematongerwo enyika echikomunisti akarongwa nekuda kwesangano renyika dzechiKomonisiti rinozivikanwa seComintern.
Mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakaitika, maitiro eCommunism akaita huvepo hukuru muSoviet Union sesimba guru, ukuwo United States yakatungamira zvakapesana neCapitalism, zvichikonzera nguva yemakore makumi mana nemana apo Hondo Yemashoko pakati peMasimba maviri aya yakaramba iripo. .economics, kubva mugore ra1945 kusvika mugore ra1989.
Gore rino, tichitenda nguva yeruzivo rwemichina uye nezvinonzwika zvinonzwika, kuwa kweRusvingo rweBerlin kwakaratidzwa pasi rose, kubatanidza rudzi rumwe; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR yakaratidza hurongwa hweMarxist neLeninist kubva kwayakabva muna 1922 kusvika pakupera kwayo muna 1991, mukati memakore gumi nemapfumbamwe aya kwaive kuratidzwa kwehunhu hweCommunism.
Yakakwanisa kukunda Nazism, yakaratidzawo budiriro yakanakisa mumaoko eHurumende, iyo yakabvumira hupfumi hune simba uye hunofambira mberi hwakabvumira mutemo wemagariro kune zvakanaka, kuve humwe hwehunhu hweCommunism, ikava simba guru remakumi maviri. zana remakore, vaviri veUnited States vane pfungwa ye capitalist.
Akanga ari mumiriri wepamusoro-soro wemutsara wemakomunisiti muCold War, kwemakore gumi emakumi masere, yakaedzwa pakati pezvipingamupinyi zvakasiyana-siyana zvemari kuedza kuita zvakatevedzana zvekugadzirisa kuchengetedza maitiro eCommunism.
Asi ivo vaive vasingakwanisi uye mutungamiriri wekupedzisira weazvino, Mikhail Gorbachev, haana kukwanisa kuburitsa kuparara kweMubatanidzwa muna Zvita 1991.
People's Republic of China, kwegore ra1949, pashure pekurwisana kunonetesa kwevagari vomunyika yeChina, Chimurenga chechiKomonisiti cheChinese, ndicho chakakunda ichi.
Kwakabva People's Republic of China, kuve mumiriri wayo mukuru Mao Zedong, bato rezvematongerwo enyika rinorimiririra iChinese Communist Party, ichiratidza maitiro eCommunism.
Mushure memakore makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe, shanduko dzakasiyana siyana dzemari dzakamuka murudzi urwu rwekuMabvazuva rwunoshandura hurongwa hwemacommunist kuita hupfumi hwakasanganiswa, huchibva pahunhu hweCommunism kupinda munzvimbo yakasununguka.
Kuratidzira kukura kukuru kwehupfumi uye bhizinesi, kunyangwe iyo yedemocracy ichiri nezvimwe zvipingamupinyi maererano nekukosha kwekodzero dzevanhu nevashandi, mukuwedzera kune rusununguko rwekurongeka kwevanhu, asi zvisinei neizvi kuchine nyika dzinomiririra hunhu hweCommunism. pasi rose.
Pakati penyika idzi tinogona kutaura nezvenyika dzakaita seAlgeria, Libya, Afghanistan, China, Mongolia neNicaragua, nhasi kwave nenyika shanu chete uko maitiro eCommunism achiri kushanda, ndizvo zvakaita Cuba, North Korea, Laos neVietnam. .
Kiyuba, nekuda kweKumukira kweCuban, muna 1959, simba rehudzvanyiriri raFulgencio Batista rakabviswa, iro hurongwa hwehutongi hwemagariro evanhu hwakatangwa, hwakavakirwa pakutorwa kwemakambani akasiyana-siyana kuti gare gare aite nyika senzira dzekugadzira, iri imwe ye maitiro eCommunism pamwe neshanduko yakakosha munharaunda yekurima kuitira kubatsira kwemubatanidzwa serudzi.
Ichi chimiro chitsva chehurumende chakamisa hutongi hwejekerere kuburikidza nekugadzira bato rimwe chete, uko vanopikisa pfungwa idzi vanotambudzwa, uyezve, shanduko yakazara yedzidzo yakaitwa, uko vatungamiriri veChimurenga vanokwidziridzwa, kuti simba rirambe riripo.Kuburikidza netsika nemagariro. yemubatanidzwa, parizvino nyika yeCuba inoramba ichichengetedza hunhu hwecommunism kuburikidza nehudzvanyiriri.
North Korea, yakatanga muna 1948, iyo Republic of Laos, iyo yazvino yeCommunism inoumbwa muna 1975, muVietnam, iyi yemakomunisti ikozvino kubvira 1976.
Hunhu Hukuru hweCommunism
Iyi pfungwa yepfungwa yemagariro, ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehupfumi kurongeka kunopa semutakuri wayo mukuru kuenzana kwemapoka ehurongwa hwemagariro, kuburikidza nekubvisa pfuma yega, zvichibvumira kuenzana kwenzira dzekugadzira kune imwe neimwe yenhengo dzenzanga.
Humwe hunhu hweCommunism, sezvauri kuona muchinyorwa chino, hwunobva papfungwa dzepfungwa dzaKarl Marx naFriedrich Engels, sezvo vaongorori vese vari vaviri vaive nebasa rekuita chikomunisiti chavakaburitsa muna 1848, pasi pe. musoro weCommunist Manifesto. Dzinotsanangurwa zvakadzama mubhuku rake rinotevera, rine musoro unoti El Capital, rakabudiswa kekutanga mugore ra1867; Nekuda kwezviratidzwa zvakasimudzwa, mumabhuku maviri aya, maitiro eCommunism akatsanangurwa.
Zvinoenderana nemafungiro akasiyana-siyana ehurongwa hweMarxist, huchigadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzezvematongerwo enyika dzenharaunda yemakomunisti, mienzaniso yave iri USSR, nyika yeCuba, People's Republic of China, North Korea, pakati pevamwe. Imwe yehunhu hweCommunism, iyo inobvumidza iwe kujekesa chinyorwa ichi, ndiko kuzvarwa kweiyi pfungwa sekuchinja kune capitalist modhi, yakaitika kuEuropean continent.
Kubva kuIndustrial Revolution, kubvumira shanduko yenzira dzekugadzira uye nekudaro kubvisa mutsauko mumakirasi emagariro. Kuratidza kushanduka kwevanhu vega kune nzanga yehutano hwemagariro evanhu, apo mari inogadzirwa nenzira yekugadzira inoparadzaniswa zvakaenzana pakati penhengo dzekambani kuti zvive zvakanaka; kubvisa bourgeoisie uye proletariat, chiri chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zveCommunism.
Hwaro hwaKarl Marx naFriedrich Engels, maererano nehunhu hweCommunism, vanotipa chimiro umo nzanga uye zvigadzirwa zvinogadzira zvakabatanidzwa, pamwe neiyo superstructure apo masangano anouya pamwechete. Kubvumira kukura kwekufungidzira kwakabatana nemamiriro emagariro, kururamisa kusaenzana kuburikidza nezvinhu zvedzidzo uye chitendero, izvo zvinowanzoitika mune capitalist ikozvino.
Inotsvaga kubvisa makirasi emagariro evanhu kuburikidza nekuenzana kwehupfumi, chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zveCommunism, nokuti mukufunga kwe capitalist bourgeoisie ine makambani anobvumira nzira dzekugadzira uye proletariat ndiyo yevashandi, ndiyo inobvumira kuti basa racho inogadzirwa asi iri pasi pemirairo yemabhunu.
Ichi ndicho chikonzero mukufunga kwecapitalist, proletariat haigone kushandisa hutongi maererano nenzira dzekugadzira, zvakanyanya mukutsanangurwa kana purofiti yezvigadzirwa zvinoratidzwa.
Kuratidza kuti mune ino capitalist yazvino, hudzvanyiriri nekushandiswa kweproletariat kunoratidzwa, asi kuti inogona kusunungurwa nekuda kwehunhu hweCommunism inobvumira shanduko uye paradigm shanduko yehurongwa hutsva hwemagariro.
Capitalism inobvumira kuparadzaniswa kwevanhu kunobatsira kusaenzana kuburikidza nekushandiswa uye kudzvanyirirwa kwevashandi kuitira kuti pave nepurofiti mukufarira mabhunu.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mukufunga kwemakomunisti, inosimudzira tsika mukufarira proletariat, inova inoziva basa rayo rinokosha sevashandi, kuitira kuti kushandurwa kwekuchinja kwetsika kunobvumirwa, kuumba hana yevanhu, chimwe chezvimiro zveCommunism. .
Inoonekwa seimwe yehunhu hweCommunism, kubviswa kwezvivakwa zvepachivande, kuitira kuti pave nekuenzana kwemakirasi, kupedzisa kushandiswa kwevashandi, kupa vashandi kutonga kwenzira dzekugadzira kuburikidza nekuedza senge mubatanidzwa pamwe neboka rehuswa. masangano.
Ikoko munhu wese ane mutoro wezvisarudzo zvinoitwa, sezvo pasina muridzi, saka kushandiswa uye kusaenzana muvashandi vanobata nzira dzekugadzira kunodzvinyirirwa.
Imwe yehunhu hweCommunism inogona kuratidzwa kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi inopesana nemafungiro ega ega asingatenderi kufambira mberi kwezvakanaka zvakafanana, kubva mukumiririrwa kwekuenzana kwevanhu uko kuunganidzwa kunokunda pane zvinodiwa nemunhu.
Kupikisa kwakakura kunoitwa kupikisa mabhunu, sezvo varidzi venzira dzekugadzira hazvigone kuvapo mucommunism mune chero mhando yemanera, iyo inocherechedzwa muzvikamu zvekuumbwa kwemafungiro ayo anoratidzwa sehunhu hweCommunism maererano nedzidzo, tsika uye. chitendero.
Vavariro yekutanga ndeye kunaka kwemubatanidzwa, kuburikidza neiyo superstructure inoumbwa neHurumende, dzidzo, tsika, chitendero uye masangano ehunyanzvi.
Humwe hunhu hweCommunism kubvumira nzanga kuti ifambire mberi pasina rubatsiro rweHurumende kana yeumwe munhu anoitungamira, asi yehana yemagariro ezvakanaka zvesangano rayo, asi kusvika zvino utopia iyi haisati yaonekwa mune chero nyika dzinobhururuka communism semureza wavo.
Kuti Hurumende isimudzirwe nenzanga inoziva zvakanakira vose, inoda kuti Hurumende idzidzise kukosha kwekugoverwa kwakaenzana kwemhindu, hunova humwe hwohunhu hwechiKomonisiti, sezvo hana dzavanhu dziri iyo inobvumira. kugoverwa kwehupfumi, izvo zvinoshandura mudzidzo yakanakisa uye hurongwa hwehutano hwakanaka.
Kuti izvi zviitike, Hurumende inofanira kusimudzira gadziriro yebato rimwe, humwe hwounhu hwechiKomonisiti, kusimudzira dzidziso yacho seyakasiyana uye ndeyechokwadi, ichiodza mwoyo vaya vanoedza kufunga zvakasiyana uye kunyange kutambudza nokudzingirira pfungwa iyoyo kuti vadaro. kwete kukanganisa kufunga kwakabatana.
Sezvinoratidzwa munyika umo pfungwa dzechikomunisti dzakatanga, iHurumende ndiyo ine masimba enzira dzekugadzira kuburikidza nekutarisisa mibatanidzwa, inova hunhu hweCommunism, ichikurudzira kuvharirwa kwemidziyo yekugadzira.
Naizvozvo, chimwe chehunhu hweCommunism ndechekupinda munzvimbo dzese dzehupenyu hwemagariro, uko boka rinokura kuti rikurudzire zvakanaka, kudzvanyirira ruzivo rwunogona kufambiswa nevezvenhau vakasiyana-siyana mukuwedzera kune dzidzo.
Vanoenderera mberi kuti Hurumende ndiyo inosarudza nguva dzose pamusoro pezviito zveMhuri mubasa rayo rekuchinja apo panofanira kuva nebato rimwe chete, chitendero chimwe chete, nzira dzekugadzira uye kubhengi zvinodzorwa neHurumende chete.
Kubvumira vatungamiriri vehurongwa uhu kuti varambe vari musimba uye chero shanduko mune idzi hunhu hweCommunism, inotorwa semhosva yakakomba yezvakanaka zvehana yemagariro, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira masangano anoutora semureza kuti atambudzwe nehurumende yemakominisiti. .
Humwe hunhu hweCommunism kusatendera pfungwa dzinopesana nedzakasimbiswa mufungidziro yebato rimwe chete, hupfumi hunodzorwa neHurumende kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugadzira, iyo Hurumende pachayo ndiyo inoona nezvekutonga midziyo yeruzhinji, muhoro wakapihwa. kune imwe neimwe yenhengo dzayo uye mutengo wezvinhu zvinogadzirwa.
Kana iwe wakaona zvichinakidza, chinyorwa ichi che "Unhu hweCommunism uye Chii?" Ndinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire anotevera malink: