Sezvo vanhu vakavamba muAfrica anenge makore ane mamiriyoni maviri apfuura, vakapararira nenzira inobudirira munyika yose, vachichinjira kumigariro yakasiana-siana, yakadai somugariro wokunze. Masangano akaparadzana akamuka papasi aive akasiyana zvakanyanya achigadzira Hunhu hwekusiyana kwetsika zvichiripo nanhasi.
Hunhu hwekusiyana kwetsika
Kusiyana kwetsika ndiko kusiyana kwetsika mukati medunhu rakati kana munyika yose. Huwandu hwekusiyana kwetsika mukati medunhu kana nzanga hunogona kutorwa kubva pachiyero chekuvapo kwevanhu vanobva kumarudzi akasiyana netsika dzakasiyana. Pamusoro pekusiyana kwetsika kuripo, kwakadai semutauro, mapfekero netsika, kune zvakare kusiyana kwakakura munzira iyo nzanga dzinozvironga, mukugovana kwavo tsika nemagariro, uye nenzira dzavanodyidzana nadzo. nharaunda..
Kusiyana kwetsika kwakaoma kuyera, asi nhamba yemitauro inotaurwa mune imwe dunhu kana pasirese inoonekwa sechiratidzo chakanaka. Nzira iyi inoratidza kuti panogona kuva nenguva yekuderera kwepasi rose mukusiyana kwetsika.
Nzvero yaDavid Crystal yakaratidza kuti, paavhareji, mutauro hauchashandiswi vhiki mbiri dziri dzose. Akaverenga kuti kana tsika iyi yekunyangarika kwemutauro ichienderera mberi, ne2100 kupfuura 90% yemitauro inotaurwa nhasi ichapera. Kuwanda kwevanhu, kutama uye imperialism zvikonzero zvinogona kutsanangura kuderera uku.
Chii chinonzi kusiyana kwetsika?
Kusiyana kwetsika zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinomiririrwa netsika dzakasiyana-siyana, semutauro, tsika, gastronomy, chitendero, tsika, muenzaniso wesangano remhuri, zvematongerwo enyika, pakati pemamwe maitiro eboka revanhu vanogara mune imwe nzvimbo.
Cultural diversity ipfungwa yakagadzirwa kuti tinzwisise maitiro ekusiyanisa pakati petsika dzakasiyana dziripo pasi rose. Tsika dzakawanda dzinoumba icho chinonzi chiziviso chetsika chevanhu kana chenzanga; "chinyorwa" chinofananidzira uye chinosiyanisa nhengo dzeimwe nzvimbo kubva kune vamwe vanhu vepasirese.
Kusiyana-siyana kunoreva kuwanda, kusiyana uye kusiyana, pfungwa inoonekwa seyakapesana zvachose nekufanana. Parizvino, nekuda kwemaitiro ekukoloni uye kusawirirana kwetsika pakati pemarudzi mazhinji epasi, dzinenge nyika dzese dzine tsika dzadzo dzakasiyana, ndiko kuti, "chidimbu" chetsika uye kushandiswa kwetsika dzakasiyana siyana.
Kune nharaunda dzakawanda dzakaparadzana munyika dzinosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mumwe nemumwe. Vazhinji vavo vakachengeta kusiyana uku kusvikira nhasi. Pane kusiyana kwetsika pakati pevanhu, zvakadai semutauro, zvipfeko, uye tsika. Kunyange sangano renzanga pacharo ringasiyana zvikuru, somuenzaniso maererano netsika kana kuti maererano nemhoteredzo. Musiyano wetsika unogona kutorwa seanofananidzwa nekusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu.
Vamwe vanhu vanorangarira kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose sengozi yokuchengetedzwa kwemavara etsika dzakasiyana-siyana, sezvo vachidavira kuti kunoreva kurasikirwa kwetsika dzechinyakare nedzakajairika dzenzanga imwe neimwe, kuchipa nzvimbo kuhunhu hwenyika yose uye husina munhu. Zvidzidzo zvevatsvakurudzi vakawanda zvinogumisa kuti kudyidzana kwepasi rose kunovhiringidza kusiyana kwetsika, sezvo kune kuchinjana kwakanyanya kwehupfumi netsika pakati penyika, idzo dzinowanzotsvaga homogeneity.
Pamberi pemaitiro ekumisikidzwa kwenzvimbo dzemagariro netsika dzakakonzerwa nekudyidzana kwepasi rose kwekutengeserana nekutengesa, kuchengetedzwa kwekusiyana kwetsika kuri kuratidza kuva nyaya yakakosha uye inokwana kufunga.
- kuti hapana chimiro chimwe chetsika asi kuti kusiyana kukuru kwetsika dzine ukoshi hwakaenzana uye dzinofanirwa kuremekedzwa zvakaenzana
- kuti kuzivikanwa kwekusiyana uku chinhu chakakosha parunyararo nekurukurirano pakati pevanhu.
"Kusiyana kwetsika kunomiririra [...] sekusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu, dura rakapfuma rezvinobvira." Naizvozvo, "masangano epasirese ari kuzvishongedza neanomira uye emutemo arsenal kusimudzira kusiyana kwetsika." (Mucheka Flipo)
Cultural Diversity Factors
Nekufananidza nekusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu, izvo zvinoonekwa sechikonzero chekuvapo kwenguva refu kwezvipenyu zvose pasi pano, zvinogona kupikisa kuti maitiro emarudzi akasiyana-siyana anokosha pakuvapo kwenguva refu kwevanhu; uye kuti kuchengetedzwa kwetsika dzechivanhu kunogona kuve kwakakosha sezvo kuchichengetedza kuvapo kwemarudzi nemhoteredzo yose zvayo.
Musangano Mukuru weUNESCO wakasvika pamhedziso iyi muna 2001 apo wakabvumidza zvirevo zvechinyorwa 1 cheUniversal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, icho chinoti “kusiyana kwetsika kwakakosha kumunhu sezvo zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakosha kune zvakasikwa”.
Vamwe vanhu vanopikisa chirevo ichi nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana. Chekutanga, sezvizhinji zvemhindumupindu muhunhu hwevanhu, kukosha kwekusiyana kwetsika kuti urambe uripo ifungidziro isina kuongororwa iyo isingagone kusimbiswa kana kurambwa. Chechipiri, zvinogona kukakavara kuti hazvina kunaka kuchengetedza "nharaunda dzisina kubudirira" sezvo inodzivisa vanhu vazhinji vari mukati mavo mabhenefiti ekutora mukana wehunyanzvi hutsva hwehunyanzvi uye hwekurapa hunoshandiswa nenyika "yakabudirira".
Sezvo kuchengetedza urombo munyika dzisina kubudirira se "tsika dzakasiyana-siyana" hazvina kunaka, hazvina kunaka kuchengetedza chero tsika yechitendero nekuda kwekuti inoonekwa sechikamu chemaitiro ekusiyana kwetsika. Mimwe miitiro yechitendero yakanzi inopesana netsika neWorld Health Organization neUnited Nations, kusanganisira kuchecheudzwa kwevanhukadzi, barika, kuroodzwa kwevana, uye kuzvipira kwevanhu.
Nekukura kuri kuita kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose, nyika dzakagara dziriko dzakapinda mudzvinyiriro inoshamisa. Munguva ino yekuvandudza tekinoroji, ruzivo nemari zviri kudarika miganhu yenzvimbo uye kugadzirisa hukama pakati pemisika, nyika nevanhu. Kunyanya, kusimukira kwenhepfenyuro kwave nemhedzisiro yakakura kuvanhu nenharaunda pasi rese.
Kana paine pundutso, kubuda pachena ikoko kunokanganisa kuzivikanwa kwenharaunda. Tichifunga nezve kukurumidza kupararira kweruzivo kutenderera pasirese, zvinoreva tsika, tsika tsika uye masitayera zviri panjodzi yekuve pakati. Somugumisiro, mwero wekuzviratidza kwemunhu uye nharaunda inogona kutanga kupera simba.
Vamwe vanhu, kunyanya avo vane zvitendero zvakasimba zvechitendero, vakatsigira pfungwa yokuti kune chido chevanhu vose uye vanhu vose kuchengetedza imwe muenzaniso yenharaunda uye zvimwe zvikamu zvemuenzaniso iwoyo. Pari zvino, kukurukurirana pakati penyika dzakasiyana-siyana kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. Vadzidzi vakawanda vari kusarudza kudzidza kunze kwenyika kuti vazvionere kusiyana kwetsika. Chinangwa chake ndechekuwedzera maonero ake uye kukudziridza hunhu hwake kuburikidza neruzivo rwehupenyu kune mamwe makondinendi.
Semuyenzaniso, maererano naFengling, Chen, Du Yanyun, naYu Ma, vanopokana kuti dzidzo muChina inovakwa zvakanyanya, senguva dzose, pakududzirwa kwakadzama kwezvinhu uye nemusoro wemechini. Iyo yechinyakare Chinese dzidzo sisitimu yakavakirwa pachishuwo chekuti vadzidzi vaone zvimwe zvakasimbiswa zviri mukati.
Mukirasi, vadzidzisi veChinese vatakuri veruzivo uye chiratidzo chesimba, vadzidzi muChina kazhinji vane ruremekedzo rukuru kune vadzidzisi vavo. Kune rumwe rutivi, mugadziriro yedzidzo yeUnited States of America, vadzidzi vokuAmerica vanoona mapurofesa amayunivhesiti sevezera ravo. Pamusoro pezvo, kukakavara nevadzidzisi kunokurudzirwa.
Hurukuro yemahara uye yakavhurika pane dzakasiyana siyana misoro hunhu hwemakoreji mazhinji eAmerica nemayunivhesiti. Gakava ndiro mutsauko mukuru pakati pehurongwa hwedzidzo hweChina neUnited States of America. Asi isu hatigone kutaura zvisina mubvunzo kuti ndeipi iri nani, nekuti imwe neimwe tsika ine zvayakanakira uye maitiro. Misiyano iyi uye kusiyana kwetsika ndiko kunoita kuti nyika yedu ive nemavara mazhinji.
Vadzidzi vanodzidza kune dzimwe nyika, chero bedzi vachibatanidza zvinhu zvakanaka zvetsika mbiri dzakasiyana mukukura kwavo, vanowana mukana wekukwikwidzana webasa ravo rose. Kunyanya, tichitarisa maitiro aripo ekudyidzana kwehupfumi hwenyika, vanhu vakatora ruzivo rwetsika dzakasiyana.
Cultural nhaka
The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, yakagamuchirwa neUNESCO muna 2001, igwaro remutemo rinocherechedza kusiyana kwetsika se "inhaka yemagariro evanhu" uye inotora kuchengetedzwa kwayo sekuzvipira kusingadzivisiki uye kwetsika, iyo inofambidzana nekuremekedza kune chimiro chemunhu.
Pamusoro peDeclaration of Principles yakagamuchirwa muna 2003 kuGeneva Session of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, yakagamuchirwa muna Gumiguru 2005, zvakare iri pamutemo. chinosunga chiridzwa chinoziva kuti:
- iyo yakakosha hunhu hwetsika zvinhu, masevhisi uye zviitiko ndiyo hwaro hwekuzivikanwa, hunhu uye semantic zvemukati;
- Nepo zvinhu zvetsika, masevhisi uye zviitiko zvakakosha mune zvehupfumi, hazvisi zvinhu zvevatengi zvinogona kubatwa sekutengesa.
Chiziviso chinotaura kuti "kune kudzvinyirira kuri kuwedzera kune nyika kuti dzisiye kodzero dzadzo dzekushandisa mitemo yetsika dzavo uye chero chikamu chechikamu chetsika panguva yekukurukurirana kwezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda." Parizvino, nyika dzenhengo dze116, pamwe neEuropean Union, dzakabvumidza Chibvumirano (kunze kweUS, Australia neIsrael).
Ichi chishandiso chemutemo chisingasungiri chakagadzirirwa kutonga kutengeserana kwenyika chave chiratidzo chechokwadi chesarudzo dzeEuropean policy. Muna 2009, Dare reJustice reEuropean Communities rakatsigira chiono chakakura chetsika, kunze kwemidziyo yetsika kuburikidza nekuchengetedzwa kwemafirimu kana chinangwa chekusimudzira kusiyana kwemitauro kwaimbozivikanwa.
Zvakakoshawo kurangarira Chibvumirano cheKuchengetedzwa kweNhaka yeTsika isingabatiki, yakasimbiswa muna Chikumi 20, 2007 nenyika makumi manomwe nesere, iyo inogadza: Nhaka yetsika isingabatike, inopfuudzwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe, inoramba ichigadzira patsva nharaunda nemapoka yakachengetedzwa pasi pesimba rezvakatipoteredza mukudyidzana nemasikirwo nenhoroondo, uye inovapa pfungwa yekuzivikanwa uye yekusingaperi, zvichipa rukudzo kune kusiyana kwetsika uye kugona kwevanhu.
Kusiyana kwetsika kunosimudzirwawo ne2007 Montreal Declaration uye European Union. Pfungwa yenhaka yakagovaniswa yetsika dzakawanda inosanganisa akati wandei mazano asina kusarudzika. Kunze kwokusiyana kwemitauro, kune misiyano yorudzidziso namagamuchidzanwa. Kunyanya, iyo Agenda 21 chirongwa cheCultural Development igwaro rekutanga repasi rose rinosimbisa kuzvipira kwevakuru venzvimbo nemaguta kusimudzira tsika nekusimudzira kuchengetedzwa kwehunhu hwekusiyana kwetsika.
Kudzivirirwa kwekusiyana kwetsika
Kudzivirirwa kwehunhu hwekusiyana kwetsika kunogona kuve nezvazvinoreva:
- Chiyero chinofanira kurohwa: ndiko kuti, pfungwa yekudzivirira kusiyana kwetsika kuburikidza nemabasa ekufarira hudiki husina kudzivirirwa;
- Kudzivirirwa kwevashoma vetsika vari munjodzi yekutsakatika;
- Zvimwe zviitiko pakutaura nezve "kuchengetedza tsika" zvichireva pfungwa ye "kusarudzika kwetsika". Izvi zvinogadzira hukama pakati pepfungwa yemagariro etsika uye pfungwa inowanikwa mukushambadzira kwayo. Kusarudzika kwetsika kunosimbisa kukosha kwezvinhu zvetsika nemasevhisi, kusanganisira izvo zvinozivikanwa neEuropean Union muDeclaration on Cultural Diversity.
Chinangwa ndechekudzivirira kunonzi 'commodification', iyo inoonekwa seinokanganisa tsika 'dzisina kuwana', kutsigira budiriro yavo kuburikidza nerubatsiro, zvinokurudzira, nezvimwewo, inozivikanwawo se'kuchengetedzeka kwetsika'. Dziviriro yakadaro inogona kuverengerwa kune "kodzero dzetsika" izvo zvakaedzwa muma1990 muEurope.
kufanana kwetsika
Hunhu hwekusiyana-siyana kwetsika hunoratidzwa sekupesana kwekufanana kwetsika. Vamwe, kusanganisira UNESCO, vanotya kuti kufanana kwetsika kuri kuunzwa. Vanopa humbowo hunotevera kutsigira iyi nharo:
- Kutsakatika kwemitauro yakawanda nemitauro, semuenzaniso muFrance, iyo isina chinzvimbo chepamutemo kana kuchengetedzwa kwenyika (Basque, Breton, Corsican, Occitan, Catalan, Alsatian, Flemish nevamwe)
- kukura kwehutongi hwetsika yeUnited States of America kuburikidza nekugoverwa kwezvigadzirwa zvayo mumhando yemamuvhi, zvirongwa zveterevhizheni, mimhanzi, zvipfeko uye chikafu, izvo zvinosimudzirwa kuburikidza neaudio uye vhidhiyo midhiya, zvinhu zvekushandiswa kwakabatana kwenyika. (pizzeria, maresitorendi, chikafu chinokurumidza, nezvimwewo).
Kune akati wandei masangano epasi rese ari kushanda kuchengetedza nharaunda netsika dziri mungozi, kunyanya Survival International uye UNESCO. The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, yakagamuchirwa neUNESCO uye yakatsigirwa nenyika zana nemakumi masere neshanu dziri kutora chikamu muna 185, ndicho chiridzwa chekutanga chinokurudzirwa pasi rose chakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza nekusimudzira kusiyana kwetsika nemagariro nenhaurirano.
European Commission's Sustainable Development in a Diverse World Network of Excellence (inozivikanwa seSUS DIV), maererano neUNESCO Declaration, ine chinangwa chekuongorora hukama pakati pekusiyana kwetsika nebudiriro inoenderera.
Thomas Bauer haaoni maitiro ekuwedzera kusiyana kwetsika munyika; semugumisiro wemaitiro epasi rose ekugadzirisa uye kusarurana, anoona kurasikirwa kwetsika dzakasiyana, mitauro uye mararamiro senzira huru. Kare kuma1920s, Stefan Zweig akanzwa "kutyisa kudiki kwenyika inotyisa." Akaona chikonzero chiri pamusoro pezvose mu "nzira dzekugadzirisa vanhu ... dzakatorwa kubva kuUnited States of America dzinopa mafaro pasina kuda kuedza."
Kumisikidzwa kwemafashoni, matambiro, bvudzi rebvudzi, mabhaisikopo, mitambo uye mafomu evaraidzo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kuburikidza iyo isu takava "makoloni ehupenyu hwako (muAmerica)", yakashanda sezviratidzo. Saizvozvowo, kunyange Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga isati yatanga, Walter Rathenau akaita nharo kuti unyanzvi uye kubviswa kwemashini enyika kwakanga kwaumba tsika dzevanhu dzepfungwa zvokuti nzvimbo dzose dzoupenyu dzakanga dzichiwedzera kusarudzwa nokufanana.
kusiyana kwetsika
Pane misiyano yakati wandei muhunhu hwekusiyana kwetsika zvisinei nekufanana kwetsika. Iyo ecological point yekuona inodzidzwa kuti inzwisise chokwadi chemisiyano iyi. Anthropologist, Marvin Harris, anotsanangura izvi:
Maonero eecological anoratidza kuti mamiriro ekunze, chikafu uye mvura inopa; uye kuvapo kana kusavapo kwevavengi vanotyisidzira kunokanganisa kushanduka kwetsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzinobatsira vanhu kuti vaenderane nemhoteredzo. Marvin Harris anoti nzira iyo vanhu vanogadzira nayo chikafu nezvimwe zvinodiwa inotsanangura matangiro nekuvandudzwa kwetsika. Hunhu hwekusiyana kwetsika uye zvinhu zvayo zvinotsanangurwa pazasi:
Mutauro
Anthropologists vanotsanangura ivo pachavo nezve akasiyana mafomu uye zviratidzo kuburikidza nekudyidzana munharaunda kunyangwe ari ese maHomo sapiens. ChiArabic chinotaurwa muSanskrit yekuArabia nemuIndia uye pane musiyano mukuru pakati pemaarufabheti avo. ChiChinese neChirungu muEngland zvine mavara akasiyana uye zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti vashandisi vemitauro iyi vakambotaura mutauro wakajairika.
Nguva dzinoita basa rinoshamisa mukushandura zvinodiwa munharaunda uye kugarisana kwevanhu vanotaura mitauro yakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, muIndian Pakistan, chiHindi kana kuti chiUrdu chinotaurwa, asi makore ane chiuru apfuura, pakanga pasina kana chitsama chemutauro uyu waivapo.
Pfeka
Kuchengetedza vanhu kubva mumamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze, kushandiswa kwembatya kunoitwa mutsika dzese. Kubva pakutanga, tsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzave dzichigara mumamiriro ekunze akasiyana-siyana uye nzvimbo dzemuviri, saka kune zvipfeko zvakasiyana-siyana. Uyezve, tsika nezvitendero zvinokanganisawo mapfekero maererano neruvara uye magadzirirwo.
MuIndia nePakistan, nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze anopisa uye zvitendero zveIslam, zvipfeko zvekotoni zvakapfava zvinopfekwa, zvinofukidza muviri wese. Shalwar uye shati yevarume, Shalwar sutu ine chifukidziro chemusoro (Dopatto) inopfekwa nevakadzi, nepo muSwitzerland nekuda kwekutonhora kwakanyanya, vanhu vanopfeka zvipfeko zvinorema zvemvere zvinosanganisira jasi, bhurugwa uye ngowani kana cap mvere.
hurongwa hwemhuri
Sekureva kweanthropologists, chimiro chemhuri chinotsamira pane zvehupfumi zvakaita sekuwanikwa kwechikafu uye zvimwe zvipenyu zvinodiwa. Kana manyuko akawanda, ukuru hwemhuri huru. Semuyenzaniso, madzinza echinyakare uye nzanga dzezvekurima dzainge dzakarebesa mhuri sechikamu chetsika, nepo munharaunda dzemazuvano dzemumaguta nemaindasitiri, chimiro chemhuri imwe chete ndiyo mhuri yemhuri.
Chitendero
Rudzidziso rutivi runokosha rwetsika nokuti tsigiro yamasimba masimba kuderedza ngozi yengwavaira dzomusikirwo rutivi runokosha rwomusikirwo womunhu. Chitendero ndechekuti, kuwana zororo pamweya nekutanga hukama nemusiki (Mwari). Nokudaro, tsika imwe neimwe yakasiyana ine zvitendero zvayo uye zvitendero.
Semuenzaniso, mutsika dzechitendero cheIslam, munhu munzanga anotenda mukubatana kwaMwari uye chiporofita cheMuporofita Muhammad chakasiyana. MuIndia, vanamwari vakasiyana-siyana nezvidhori zvinonamatwa. Rama inofungidzirwa kuva mupostori waMwari. MuJapan, Mahatma Buddha anotendwa kuva rudzikinuro rwevanhu uye anokumbirwa rubatsiro uye kutungamirirwa.
Kufambidzana
Tsika dzese dzinoshandisa dzidzo kupfuudza tsika kuchizvarwa chinotevera uye kuwiriranisa vanhu vari munharaunda nemhando yavo yetsika, asi chimiro ichi chakasiyana mutsika yega yega. Maererano naMead: "Kudzidziswa kwetsika kunodzidzisa vanhu utsinye kana kuzviisa pasi kana kukwikwidza uye kusiya basa." Ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana, zviitiko uye zvakacherechedzwa zvinoita basa rakakosha mukuita kuti mhedzisiro isiyane.
Tsika
Tsika imwe neimwe nekuda kwemhemberero nezvitendero zvayo zvine nzira yekupemberera miitiro yechitendero, inokanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze uye nzanga. Kuroorana, somuenzaniso, manyuko anokosha evaraidzo uye itsika dzakasiana-siana dzakawanda dzinotsamira patsika dzakasiana-siana.
Tsika dzemagariro
Hunhu hwemagariro evanhu hunodzorwa nehunhu, tsika nezvitendero zvetsika uye zvinoumbwa zvakasiyana nekuda kwezvimiro zvakasiyana uye zvinotarisirwa zvetsika dzakasiyana. Kuti Salam itsika yemagariro echiIslam, nepo mangwanani akanaka achishandiswa kuburitsa chirevo chimwe chete mutsika dzeEurope. Nenzira yakafanana, munzanga yechiIslam, kusanwa waini itsika, nepo mutsika dzeEurope zvinopesana. Kutyaira kuruboshwe zviri pamutemo muUK, asi muSaudi Arabia hazvisi pamutemo.
tsika nemitambo
Tsika nemitambo chinhu chakakosha chekufambiswa kwetsika uye zvinounza zororo kunzanga nekuti shungu dzekutora chikamu mazviri dzinorovedzera mhedzisiro yetsika mupfungwa. Kune miitiro yakasiyana-siyana nokuda kwekutenda pamusoro pechisikirwo nezviitiko zvechisikigo.Zvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana zvine mhemberero netsika dzakasiyana uye dzinotara nenzira dzakawanda mafambiro etsika dzeboka revanhu.
mabhuku nehunyanzvi
Zvinyorwa uye hunyanzvi inzvimbo yakakosha yekurangarira epic uye yerudo zviitiko zvinoitika mutsika uye zvakare kuzvipfuudza kuchizvarwa chinotevera. Art chiratidzo chekudada uye hunyanzvi hwevanhu munharaunda, asi tsika yega yega ine zviitiko zvakasiyana uye zvinoonekwa.
mitambo nekutandara
Mitambo nemitambo yekutandara inochengeta vanhu munzanga ine hutano uye yemanzwiro uye chikamu chetsika. Nekudaro, nekuda kwemaitiro aya evanhu munzanga uye musiyano wemhoteredzo, tsika dzakasiyana dzine mitambo nemitambo yakasiyana.
MuPakistan, kunze kweKabaddi, nhabvu, volleyball, kiriketi nemitambo, circus, cinema, terevhizheni uye theatre varaidzo yakakurumbira. Mutsika dzechiArab, mujaho webhiza, mujaho wengamera uye kupfura museve zvinoitwa, nepo mutsika dzeEurope, nhabvu, mijaho yemotokari, mitambo yemotokari, makirabhu nemabhaisikopo ndiyo yakajairika mitambo nenhandaro. .
Zviitiko zvehupfumi
Zvitubu zvehupfumi uye nharaunda yakasikwa inosarudza zviitiko zvehupfumi zvetsika yenzanga. Zviitwa zvevanhu zvinoenderana nehupfumi hwevanhu. Sosaiti inoenderana neupfumi hwekurima inodaidzwa kuti agrarian society. Sosaiti inoenderana nehupfumi hwemaindasitiri inonzi nzanga yemaindasitiri.
Hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika
Kupi kana kupi uko munhu ave ari (kubva munzanga inotama-tama kusvika kunzanga yeindasitiri), gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yave iri rutivi rwetsika yake. Vakarwa hondo vakaifira. Zvakadaro, hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika, huchipfuura nemumatanho ekushanduka-shanduka, hwave hwakasiyana muchimiro kubva kutsika dzakasiyana. MuSaudi Arabia humambo, muLibya udzvanyiriri; muGreat Britain neUnited States utungamiriri hwegutsaruzhinji huri kushanda.
Heano mamwe malink aunofarira: