Dzidza nezve hunhu hweGothic architecture

Iine maonero ekushongedza uye fungidziro yakakosha, chimiro cheGothic chave chimwe cheakasarudzika ekuvaka mafambiro epasirese, ayo nanhasi anoramba achikwezva. Nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, tichaongorora nechinyorwa chino chimwe nechimwe che Hunhu hweGothic Architecture.

Iye CZvimiro zvegothic architecture

Chimiro cheGothic chinosanganisira mafomu eunyanzvi akawanda anosanganisira kuvezwa uye fenicha, asi hapana chirango chaive nehunyanzvi hwekuona kupfuura mavakirwo eGothic. The Gothic architectural movement yakatanga kuMiddle Ages, pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX, muFrance, uye kunyange zvazvo kufarira kwakatanga kupera pakati peItaly muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, dzimwe nzvimbo dzekuchamhembe kweEurope dzakaramba dzichitora maitiro, zvichiita kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvibudirire. kusvikira nhasi.

Gothic architecture, yakagadziridzwa kubva kuRomanesque architectural modhi inotsanangurwa ne semicircular arches, ine kukwirira kukuru, chiedza uye vhoriyamu. Inoratidza sezvikamu zvinomiririra:

• Chivharo chembabvu
• mabhureki anobhururuka
• The pointed arch

Mavari, aya ndiwo maumbirwo ezvivakwa zveGothic zvinonyanya kuoneka mune akati wandei ezvivakwa zveEurope zvakanakisa, seNotre Dame Cathedral muParis, France. Kazhinji, mabasa akanyanya kuurayiwa ane aya maitiro eGothic architecture aive macathedrals (pamwe nemakereke).

Mhando iyi yekuvaka yaionekwa seyakakwana yekugadzira zvivakwa uye magadzirirwo, zvekuti kazhinji zvinonetsa kuparadzanisa maviri. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvakakonzerwa nekuti vagadziri vaive nyanzvi dzemhizha, pamwe nenyanzvi mune zvese zveinjiniya uye masonry.

Kuvakwa kukuru uye "squareness" yeRomanesque yakapa nzira kune kureruka uye kuchinjika kweGothic, nekusimbisa kwayo pamitsetse yakatwasuka. Nepo kereke yeRomanesque yainzwa senhare, yakakomberedzwa nemadziro akakora, mahombe, vavaki veGothic (kazhinji Peripatetic uye vasingazivikanwe) vakaedza kuwana kuparara kwemadziro kusvika kwave kuda kuita diaphanous. Rusvingo nokudaro runova goko rakatetepa rebwe negirazi.

Mahwindo makuru egirazi ane mavara akapa nzira itsva yekusefa chiedza uye kukanganisa chiitiko chechitendero. Muchokwadi, chiGothic chakanyanya pamusoro pehunyanzvi hwekugadzira masonry sezvazviri pamusoro pekududzirwa kutsva kwechiedza chakashandiswa kuona chimiro chechivakwa chitsva. Huremu hwechivako hunoita sehuchanyungudika, hunobatsira muchidimbu nenzvimbo dzemahwindo makuru, hurongwa hwehurefu hwepasi uye mitsetse yakatwasuka inotungamira yakatarisa padenga rayo.

Gothic architecture yenguva

Kuti isu tigone kuziva kwakabva uye kusimukira kweGothic architecture, zvakakosha kuti tizive shanduko yerudzi urwu rwekuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi nekufamba kwenguva, pazasi:

Background

Kare kare maitiro eGothic asati atanga uye akasimbiswa, zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvayo zvakaonekwa muzvivako zvemagariro ekare. VaEgipita, vaAsiria, maIndia nePersia vedzinza reSassanian vakanga vatoshandisa nhongonya mumabasa avo okuvaka, ayo akanga asingashandiswi kakawanda panguva iyoyo.

Nenzira imwecheteyo, budiriro yeIslam yakazadzisa zvizere kushandiswa kwechinhu ichi chekuvaka mukuvaka kwavo, sezvinoonekwa mune zvinotevera zvivakwa zvekare:

• Iyo Dome yeDombo muJerusarema iyo yakavakwa pakati pe687 ne691.
• Iwo akanaka uye akakwana mamosque: Samarra iri muIraq neAmr muEgypt, ane mabasa ekuvaka akaitwa pakati peXNUMXth century.

Munguva dzakapfuura chivharo chine mbabvu chaionekwawo, ichi chaiwanzo shandiswa nevemaArabu aigara munzvimbo dzeSpanish dzakaita seCórdoba, zvivakwa zvenzvimbo iyi zvakaitwa nemaArabu muzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe neMozarabs muzana ramakore rechigumi, pamwe chete nematanho ediagonal. akaiswa mavari airatidza zvakajeka kushandiswa kwechinhu ichi chiri chemaitiro eGothic architecture.

Iwo mabhodhi, kune rumwe rutivi, anogona kuwanikwa seakakosha uye ekutanga maficha mumakota-barrel vaults, kuitira kuti ashande seanopikisa. Iyo yekare budiriro yeAsiria yakakwanisa kushandisa nekuvandudza zvakakosha uye zvinomiririra zvinhu zvinoratidzira ogival architecture.

Saka zvingangoita kuti hunyanzvi uhu kana zvinhu zvekuvaka zvakaunzwa kuSpain neEurope yese neVarwi veCrusader, kuburikidza nenzendo dzakaitwa kuJerusarema nenzvimbo dzeNorth Africa.

Kuiswa uye kubatanidza kwezvinhu izvi zvese zvakaunza kuumbwa kwemhando nyowani yekuvaka ine mativi akasiyana, ane nyasha zvakanyanya kana zvichienzaniswa neRomanesque zvivakwa uye nekupenya kukuru, uko pfungwa inogona kupihwa yekuti madziro ayo anogona kupotsa anyangarika pakati pechimiro uye. kujeka.

Mabviro - Early Gothic (1120-1200)

Kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvese zvekuvaka zvine hunhu hweGothic architecture muchimiro chakanyatsoenderana chakatanga kuitika muIle-de-France (dunhu riri padyo neParis), ine vagari vepamusoro-soro vane mari yakawanda yekuvaka macathedrals makuru ayo. epitomize zvivakwa zvemazuva ano.

Chimiro chekare cheGothic chiripo iAbbey yeSaint-Denis muParis, yakatanga kuma 1140, mushure mezvo macathedrals ane makamuri nemahwindo akafanana akatanga kuoneka pakarepo, kutanga neNotre-Dame de Paris (c. 1163-1345) neLaon Cathedral. (c. 1112-1215).

Saka nhevedzano yenhanho ina dzakasiyana dzakachinjika dzakakurumidza kusimukira: nhanho yepasi, tevere nhanho yegalari, tevere nhanho yegalari yevafundisi, pamusoro payo pakanga paine hwindo repamusoro rainzi clerestory.

Iyo pateni yemakoramu nemaarch, ayo aitsigira uye akagadzira aya akasiyana-siyana ekukwirira, akawedzera kune geometry uye kuwirirana kwemukati. Window tracery (inoshongedza hwindo dividers) yakagadziridzwa zvakare, pamwe nehombe sarudzo yegirazi yakasvibiswa.

Rutivi rwokumabvazuva rwechechi yeGothic yekare rwakanga rwuine chiratidziro chehafu denderedzwa chinonzi apse, chine atari yakakwirira yakaganhurwa nembavha. Rutivi rwokumavirira, uko kune suo guru rechivako chacho, rakanga rakawanda

zvakanyanya kutaridzika zvakanaka.

Yaiwanzova nefaçade yakafara yakakomberedzwa neshongwe huru mbiri, iyo mitsetse yakatwasuka yakaenzana nemitsara yakachinjika yemamonumental portals (pauriri hwepasi), pamusoro payo pakanga paine mitsetse yakachinjika yemahwindo, maberere, zvivezwa, uye mamwe matombo. .

Kazhinji, madziro ekunze akareba ekunze ekereke akatsigirwa nemitsetse yemakoramu akatwasuka ayo akabatanidzwa nechikamu chepamusoro chemadziro muchimiro chesemi-arch chinotsanangurwa sechitsigiro chinobhururuka. Iyi yekutanga modhi yeGothic architecture yakapararira muEurope yese mu:

• Alemania
• England
• The Netherlands
• Italia
• España
• Putugaro.

Kuzara nehafu Radiant Gothic - High Gothic (1200-80) "Rayonnant"

PaKondinendi, chikamu chinotevera cheGothic kuvaka chirongwa chinozivikanwa seRayonnant Gothic architecture, yakaenzana nayo inozivikanwa se 'yakashongedzwa Gothic'. Rayonnant Gothic architecture yairatidzwa nehurongwa hutsva hwekushongedza kwejometri iyo yakawedzera kuwedzera nekufamba kwenguva, asi pasina kana kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro.

Chokwadi, panguva yeRayonnant chikamu, vagadziri vecathedral uye masons vakabvisa pfungwa dzavo kure nebasa rekugadzirisa uremu hwekugovera uye kuvaka madziro akareba, panzvimbo pekunangana nekuvandudza 'kutaridzika' kwechivako.

Iyi nzira yakaita kuti pave nekuwedzera kweakawanda akasiyana ekushongedza zvinhu, kusanganisira matenga (akamira zvimiro, kazhinji ane shongwe, senge mbiru dzepamusoro, mabhuraketi anotsigira, kana zvimwe zvinhu zvekunze), moldings, uye kunyanya matiles emahwindo (akadai semullion).

Chinhu chinonyanya hunhu cheRayonnant Gothic iwindo redenderedzwa rerose rinoshongedza mativi ekumadokero emakereke mazhinji, akadai seStrasbourg Cathedral (1015-1439).

Zvimwe zvakakosha zveRayonnant architecture ine kutetepa kwemukati wakatwasuka zvitsigiro uye kubatanidzwa kweiyo clerestory gallery ine clerestory, kudzamara madziro acho achinyanya kugadzirwa nemahwindo egirazi ane mavara akatwasuka akakamura mahwindo muzvikamu. Mienzaniso yakakurumbira yeRayonnant style inosanganisira maFrench macathedrals e:

• Reims
• Amiens
• Bourges
• Beauvais

Half Radiant Gothic - Late Gothic (1280-1500) "Flamboyant"

Chimiro chechitatu cheGothic architectural design chakabuda makore akapoteredza 1280. Inozivikanwa seFlamboyant Gothic architecture, yakanga yakatonyanya kushongedza kupfuura Radiant uye yakaenderera mberi kusvika kuma 1500. Yakaenzana muChirungu Gothic architecture ndiyo "Perpendicular style." Chiratidzo cheFlamboyant Gothic architecture ndiko kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemurazvo wakaita S-curve (French: flambé) mune yedombo hwindo tracery.

Uyezve, madziro akashandurwa kuita girazi rinoenderera rinotsigirwa neskeletal rivets uye tracery. Iyo geometric logic yakagara yakadzivirirwa nekuvhara kunze ne tracery, kuvhara zvidhinha nemahwindo, inowedzerwa nemapoka akaomarara e pediments, mabheti, akasimudzwa porticoes uye mamwe ribbed nyeredzi mapatani pane vault.

Iko kukoshesa kwemufananidzo kwete kuumbwa kwezvinhu kunogona kunge kwakakonzerwa nezviitiko zvezvematongerwo enyika muFrance, zvichitevera kufa kwaMambo Charles IV the Fair muna 1328, pasina kusiya mugari wenhaka wechirume. Izvi zvakakurudzira zvirevo kubva kuhama yake yepedyo yechirume, muzukuru wake Edward III wekuEngland.

Pakadzoka kutevedzana kuna Felipe VI (1293-1350) weFrench House of Valois, zvakakonzera kutanga kweHondo Yemakore Mazana (1337), izvo zvaireva kudzikiswa kwezvivakwa zvechitendero uye kuwedzera kwekuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvehondo uye. zvehurumende, uyewo zvivakwa zvehumambo uye zveveruzhinji.

Nekuda kweizvozvo, madhizaini echigoti akawandisa anogona kuoneka muhoro zhinji dzemataundi, masangano, uye kunyange zvivakwa zvemafurati. Machechi mashoma kana macathedrals akagadzirwa akazara nemaitiro akawandisa, aine zvimwe zvinosiyana zvinoti:

• Notre-Dame d'Epine pedyo neChalons-sur-Marne.
• Saint Maclou weRouen.
• The North Tower of Chartres.
• Tour de Beurre muRouen.

MuFrance, Flamboyant (eccentric) chivakwa cheGothic chakazonyangarika, chichive chakashongedzwa zvakanyanya uye chakashata, uye chakawedzerwa nemhando dzekare dzeRenaissance architecture yakaunzwa kubva kuItaly muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

Tsanangudzo dzenhoroondo nezvekwakabva uye hunhu hweGothic

Art yeGothic kubvira XIX neXX yakagamuchira kududzira kwakawanda kwakanyudzwa mugakava rinogara riripo, chikonzero chakabva mukunambwa kweichi chiratidziro chehunyanzvi nhevedzano yeshanduko kana gadziridzo sechimiro. Pakati pezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndezvi:

Dudziro yechikoro cheGerman

Chikoro cheGermany chinosimbisa kuti unyanzvi hweGothic haisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwekutsanangura kunowanzotsvaga kuratidza hukama hwemweya, saka kuratidzwa kwayo kunomiririra izvo mweya weNordic pachawo, zvinopesana nekare uye Mediterranean imwe. Semutungamiri wepfungwa iyi munyori wenhoroondo weGerman uye theorist Wilhelm Worringer.

Iwo makuru ekutanga anopindirana nepfungwa iyi uye anopesana nehukuru hwechiFrench chimiro, anowanikwa zvakanyanya muvanyori vezana ramakore regumi nemasere, pamwe nekusangana pakati:

• Johann Gottfried Herder naJohann Wolfgang von Goethe pamberi peStrasbourg Cathedral muna 1770, apo muzivi uye mutsoropodzi Herder anoratidza hukuru hweunyanzvi hweGermany kune munyori wemabhuku uye musayendisiti Goethe.

Muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, nhamba yevanyori vezvakaitika kare vanoomerera kune iyi dudziro yeGermany yeunyanzvi uye maitiro eGothic architecture vakauyawo mberi, kusanganisira:

• Wilhelm Pinders
• Hans Sedlmayr
•  Max Dvorak

Izvo zvakakosha kuratidza kuti pfungwa yeGerman pamhando iyi yehunyanzvi yakavakirwa pamusimboti wekunyanya kufarira mazano uye kwete zvakanyanya museti yemaitiro ekuzadzisa kwavo. Naizvozvo, chimiro chinongonetseka chete maererano nemafungiro ayo epfungwa.

Dudziro yeChikoro cheFrench

Mufungo wechiFrench paunyanzvi hweGothic ndiwo wakapesana netsananguro yapfuura, iyi dzidziso inoshanda inoshanda. Nokudaro, vanofunga kuti zvakakosha zvikuru kusimbisa zviwanikwa zvose zvinoshandiswa pakuratidzwa kweunyanzvi uhwu, pamwe chete nemaitiro ekuvaka kwayo uye mamiriro ezvinhu akatosimbiswa mairi.

Pamusoro pezvo, vakatsanangura mavambo enzvimbo uye mafomu echimiro. Pfungwa iyi inotungamirwa naViollet le Duc, ane chiono chakaenderera mberi nekutsigirwa nevanyori venhoroondo kubva kuSchool of Archivists of the Country:

• Jules Quicherat
• Felix weVerneiuil
• Charles de Lasteyrie du Saillant
• charles enlart

Panofsky dudziro

Mubasa rake reGothic Architecture uye Scholastic Thought, munyori wenhau dzakaitika Erwin Panofsky anonongedza kuti zvivakwa zveGothic uye chikoro chepfungwa chepfungwa chine zvimwe zvakafanana kune imwe neimwe. Sekureva kwemunyori, chimiro chechechi yeGothic chinopa seti yeruzivo rwakakura runogona kududzirwa, kuverengeka uye kunzwisisika kune chero munhu anoda kuidzidza. Hwaro hwayo pachayo ipfungwa yeseti yezvinhu zvinoumba yese.

Economic nesocial nharaunda yeGothic

Gothic architecture yakavapo panguva yekuchinja kwakadzama kwemagariro nehupfumi muWestern Europe. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX uye muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, kutengeserana neindasitiri zvakamutsidzirwa, kunyanya kuchamhembe kweItaly uye muFlanders (Belgium), uye kutengeserana kunofadza kwakaita kuti zvibvire kuvandudza kurukurirano, kwete chete pakati pemaguta akavakidzana asiwo pakati pemaguta ari kure. matunhu.. Kubva pamaonero ezvematongerwo enyika, zana remakore rechigumi nembiri raivewo nguva yekuwedzera nekubatanidzwa kwehurumende.

Pamwe chete nokufambira mberi mune zvematongerwe enyika uye zvoupfumi, sangano idzva rine simba renyanzvi rakamuka rakakuchidzirwa neshanduro yevanyori vekare kubva muchiGiriki nechiArabic kuenda muchiLatin, uye bhuku idzva rakamuka.

Zvivakwa zveGothic zvakabatsira kune idzi shanduko uye zvakakanganiswawo nazvo. Chimiro cheGothic chaive chemudhorobha, uko macathedrals, hongu, aive ari mumaguta uye mamonastery mazhinji nezana ramakore rechi XNUMX aive ave nzvimbo dzenharaunda dzaive nemabasa mazhinji ehupenyu hweveruzhinji.

Cathedral kana chechi yeabbey yaive chivako umo vanhu vaiungana pamitambo yakakosha. Mhemberero dzakaisvonaka uye dzine mavara dzakavamba ndokugumira ipapo, uye mitambo yokutanga inoshamisa yakapembererwa.

Iyi yaive nzvimbo yakakosha kuguta rega rega, saka sarudzo dzekuvaka idzi dzaimboenderana nevezvematongerwo enyika, vechitendero kana vekanzuru.

Saka pakuita basa rakakura kudaro, paifanira kuve nezviwanikwa zvakanaka kwazvo, saka zvaive zvakajairika kuti mamwe acho aiwana mari kuburikidza nerubatsiro rwehupfumi rwakapihwa nerubatsiro rwehumambo, rwakabvumira budiriro yavo munguva pfupi. nekubatana kwemadzimambo.

Kazhinji, mari yacho haina kupihwa nehupfumi hwepachivande hwemabhishopi nemakanoni, avo vakapa chikamu chemari yavo, asi vaifanira kushandisa dzimwe nzira dzakadai sekuunganidza, mipiro kubva kumasangano, hupfumi hwekare, mitero pamisika nezvimwe.

Kuvepo kwezviwanikwa kwakagadzirisa kuvakwa kwemabasa anoenderera ane maitiro eGothic architecture, pakanga paine matembere mazhinji akavakwa panguva imwe chete, zvisinei, nhasi kwasara mienzaniso mishoma yavo.

Kwezana ramakore regumi nemana, nekuda kwemamiriro ehupfumi akakomba aive ari kuitika munguva idzodzo, kuzadzikiswa kweaya mabasa makuru kwakamira munzira yavo, mazhinji akamiswa zvachose. Nekune rimwe divi, rumutsiriro rwemumaguta rwakakonzerawo kusimuka kwemhando itsva dzezvivakwa zvisiri zvechitendero zvenharaunda se:

• Matura
• Shops
• Markets
• Makanzuru emudhorobha
• Zvipatara
• Vunivhesiti
• Mabhiriji
• Mavillas nedzimba dzehumambo, izvo zvakamira kuva zvevakuru chete.

gothic zvivakwa

Zvivako zvine maitiro eGothic architecture zvaive zvakasiyana maererano nechinhu chavo chekushanda, zvisinei, kushandiswa kwechimiro ichi kwainyanya kuenderana nezvivakwa zvechitendero zvakaita semacathedrals, machechi nezvimwe. Gare gare, nekufamba kwenguva, maitiro uye maitiro eGothic architecture akashandiswa zvishoma nezvishoma mune zvisiri zvechitendero zvehurumende zvakadai se: zvipatara, horo dzeguta, masunivhesiti nezvimwe.

Zvivakwa zvechitendero

Macathedrals ndeimwe yekuratidzira kukuru uko zvese zvinhu uye maitiro eGothic architecture anogona kuwanikwa, mukuwedzera pakuratidza kubatana kwese, verve uye mupiro weguta rose. Sezvo mukati mokuronga kwayo nokuvakwa kwebasa rayo, songaniro dzakasiana-siana neungano dzaishandisa batira pamwe, naizvozvo kazhinji kazhinji ine mumiriri weimwe neimwe mudzimba dzokunamatira dzomumativi.

Nenzira imwecheteyo, pakati pemhando iyi yezvivakwa zvechitendero, iyo Gothic architecture yemamongi inomira pachena, pakati pezvinotevera zvinogona kuonekwa:

• Dzimba dzemamongi nekushandiswa kweCistercian architecture, rudzi urwu rwekuvaka rwakanga rwuri rwemumaruwa, rwusina hukama nehupenyu hwemudhorobha, uye kuburikidza neizvi maitiro eproto-Gothic akagadzirwa ayo aizotora mukana wekuparadzira maitiro echiGothic munharaunda yese. Kunyangwe zvisiri zvese zvinhu zveiyi dhizaini zvichashanda sehwaro hwehunyanzvi uye hunhu hwekuvaka.
• Iyo Carthusian Order.
• MaDominicans uye maFranciscans.

Pakati pemienzaniso yakatanhamara, ine zvivakwa zvinosanganisira hunhu hwechitendero cheGothic architecture munyika, tinogona kutaura zvinotevera:

• Reims Cathedral.
• Sainte Chapelle muParis.
• Refectory yeSanta María de Huerta.
• Mutsvene Clare weAssisi.
• Saint Maclou.
• Basilica yeSan Francisco de Asís, ine chimiro chevaults isina kukwana nekuda kwekuparara ine zvinhu zverudzi urwu rwekuvaka.
• Notre Dame Cathedral.

Civil akitekicha

Pakupera kweMiddle Ages, zvivakwa zvevagari vemo zvakatanga kuratidza kusimba kwehupfumi hwaivepo panguva iyoyo, semhedzisiro yemazuva ano ekutengeserana nemhizha, kutangwa kwemigwagwa mitsva yekutengeserana uye kuwanikwa kweAmerica nekukurumidza. Apa ndipo panotanga kuoneka zvimiro zvakasimbiswa, zvakakwana uye zvakasimbiswa uye mabasa echiuto, sepanyaya ye:

• nhare nemadziro
• Mabhiriji ane magedhi ekuchengetedza kumativi ose uye rimwe riri pakati.

Pamusoro pezvo, mabasa makuru uye zvivakwa zvine basa rakabatana nekuve mahofisi makuru emasangano ekanzuru nehurumende zvinotanga kuratidzira, ndipo pano panosimbiswa zvivakwa zvemakanzuru zvichipesana nemasimba makuru kana echechi. Pakati pemaguta anonyanya kupenya nemhando iyi yezvivakwa, tinogona kutaura:

• Florence
• Sienna.
• Nzvimbo yeFlemish yeBelgium.
• Barcelona ine zvivakwa zvakaita seCasa de Ciudad uye Palacio de la Generalidad.

Pamusoro pezvo, zvivakwa zvine hunyanzvi zvakaitirwa chete vanokudzwa zvakatsiviwa kuti zvipe nzira kune zvivakwa zvitsva zvehurumende zvine hunhu hweGothic architecture senge:

• Markets
• mizinda yemaguta
• Vunivhesiti
• Makanzuru emudhorobha
• Dzimba dzepachivande dzenzanga itsva yakapfuma.
• Zvipatara

Munguva yekupedzisira yekudiwa kweGothic kutenderedza XNUMXth century, zvivakwa zvevagari zvine hunhu hweGothic architecture zvakave zvakanyanya kucherechedzwa mudunhu reFlanders.

zvinhu zvegothic architecture

Maitiro echiGothic, anotangira kubva kugumi nembiri kusvika kumazana gumi nematanhatu, yaive yakasarudzika dhizaini yenguva dzekare, inotungamirwa nenguva dzeRomanesque neRenaissance. Zvinoratidza kushanduka chaiko kubva kumakereke ekare eRomanesque kuenda kumakereke marefu, akareruka: kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze echitendero kwakakonzera kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zvechechi.

Zita rokuti "Gothic" rinotarisa shure; Vavaki veRenaissance vakaseka kuvakwa kwekufungidzira kusina kuenzanirana uye vakashandisa izwi iri sechirevo chekunyomba kumarudzi ehutsinye echiGerman akapamba Europe muzana ramakore rechitatu nerechina: maOstrogoths nemaVisigoths.

Zvivako zveGothic zvakanzwisiswa zvisizvo semhedzisiro yenguva isina kururama, yakavhiringidzika uye isina chitendero, nepo chokwadi chaive chakasiyana. Kubva ipapo, akasvika pakukosheswa somukuru mukuru wezvedzidzo, sangano raiedza kuwiriranisa umudzimu nechitendero nokunzwisisa.

Zvakadaro inozivikanwa nekuburitsa mashura matsva ezvimiro, zviratidziro zvemwenje zvinoshatisa, uye kusimudza bhawa rekuvakwa kwecathedral kwese kwese, kunyangwe nemaitiro emazuva ano. Izvi ndizvo zvimwe zvinhu zvinoumba hunhu hweGothic architecture:

misoro

Aya ndiwo magadzirirwo ezvivakwa ayo aigara achitsiva bhero shongwe kuti ape pfungwa yekuzvikudza. Machechi echiGoth anowanzova neshongwe dzakawanda dzinopa mufananidzo wemasvingo, chiratidzo chenhare yechitendero inodzivirira kutenda.

Openwork tsono ndiyo inonyanya kuwanda; iyi spire yakasarudzika yaisanganisira matombo ekutsvaga akabatanidzwa pamwechete nemasimbi esimbi. Aive nekwaniso yekusvika pakakwirira apa achipa pfungwa yekureruka kuburikidza nechimiro chake cheskeletal.

Mabhureki nemabhuruku anobhururuka

Muchitarisiko segumbo redandemutande, buttress ine matinji anobhururuka pakutanga yakaiswa sechishandiso chekunakisa. Gare gare, dzakava zvigadziridzo zveungwaru zvaitamisa zvinhu zvakafa kubva padenga rakavharika kuenda pasi. Kuti uwedzere dhigirii rekuomarara kune chimiro, ivo vakabviswa kubva pamadziro makuru uye akabatanidzwa kune sirin'i nearched zvitsigiro, aya arch anozivikanwa seanobhururuka buttresses.

The buttress zvino yakatakura vault, ichisunungura madziro kubva kubasa ravo rekutakura mitoro. Izvi zvakabvumira madziro kuita matete kana kupotsa atsiviwa nemahwindo egirazi, kusiyana neRomanesque uko madziro aive nyaya hombe nekupenya kushoma. Buttresses yakabvumira chivakwa cheGothic kuve chakareruka, kureba, uye chinopa hukuru hwekunakisa ruzivo kupfuura kare.

Pamusoro pezvo, zvinhu izvi zvakazara zvehunhu hweGothic architecture zvaishanda sezvo mune idzi mvura yaiwira padenga nekuda kwemvura yaifamba nemumagata, kuitira kuti irege kudzika nepafacade yemvura. chimiro..

Gargoyles

Gargoyle (rinobva paizwi rechiFrench rokuti gargouille, rinoreva kuti gurira) ishopu yemvura inovezwa, inoiswa kudzivirira mvura inonaya kuti isayerera nemadziro ematombo. Izvi zvidhori zvakawanda zvezvidhori zvakapatsanura kuyerera pakati pazvo, zvichideredza kukuvara kwemvura.

Gargoyles akavezwa muvhu uye akaiswa sezvo chivako chaida kupera. Saint Romano inowanzobatanidzwa ne gargoyle; ngano inotaura nezvake achiponesa Rouen kubva kushato yairira iyo yakarova zvinotyisa kunyange mumwoyo yemidzimu. Ichizivikanwa seLa Gargouille, chikara chakakundwa uye musoro wacho wakaiswa pachechi yakanga ichangobva kuvakwa, somuenzaniso uye nyevero.

Isu tinoziva kuti gargoyle yanga iri mucherechedzo wekubva kunguva dzeEjipita, asi kushandiswa kune muchero kwechinhu muEurope kunonzi kunguva yeGothic. Yakabatanidzwa zvakanyanya mumacathedrals akasiyana-siyana, inosimudzira pfungwa yedimikira uye inoshamisa.

pinnacles

Kusiyana nebhurosi rine bhurosi, pini yakatanga sechinhu chechimiro chakagadzirirwa kudzoreredza kumanikidza kubva kusirin'i yakavharidzirwa zvichidzika. Dzaive dzakazadzwa nemutobvu, zvichireva kuti 'immobilising' the lateral pressures of the vault, dzaishanda sezviyereso zvema gargoyles akarebesa uye tambo dzakarembera dzakadzikama uye mabhureshi anobhururuka.

Sezvo mikana yaro yekunaka yakazozivikanwa, mapini akarerutswa uye iyo inobhururuka buttress yakagadziridzwa yakarongeka kubata sirin'i yakavharidzirwa. Pinnacles anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kuputsa shanduko inongoerekana yaitika mukutetepa sezvo chivakwa chechechi chinopa nzira kune yakakwikwidzwa spire, ichipa chivakwa ichi chimiro chakasiyana cheGothic.

The pointed arch

Pakutanga ichionekwa panguva yekuitwa kwezvivakwa zvechiKristu munguva dzeGothic, iyo arch yakanongedza yakashandiswa kutungamira mutoro wesirin'i yakavharidzirwa pasi pasi parutivi rwembabvu dzayo.

Kusiyana nemachechi ekare eRomanesque, ayo aivimba chete nemadziro nechinangwa chekutsigira mutoro wakakura wedenga, madziro akanongedzwa aibatsira kusarudza kudzora uye kuendesa mutoro pamakoramu uye mamwe maberu ekutakura, nekudaro kusunungura madziro.

Zvakanga zvisisina basa kuti madziro acho akagadzirwa nei, sezvo (pakati penzvimbo inobhururuka neinobhururuka) akanga asingachatakuri mitoro, saka madziro echechi dzechiGoth akatanga kutsiviwa nemahwindo makuru ane mavara ane mavara.

Tracery

Tracery inoreva seti yemafuremu ematombo akatsetseka, akaiswa mumahwindo anotsvedza kutsigira girazi. Bhara tracery yakazviratidza munguva dzeGothic, ine lancet uye oculus pateni iyo yaiitirwa kuratidza hutete hwekugadzira uye kuwedzera huwandu hwemagirazi egirazi. Kusiyana neplate tracery, mabhiriyoni ematombo akanaka akashandiswa kupatsanura hwindo kuita marenzi maviri kana kupfuura.

Y-tracery yaive imwe mhando yedhizaini yemabhawa yaienda kure kure kubva pafafitera vachishandisa matombo matete, akatsemurwa muY-modhi. Aya madhizaini ewebhu-modhi akabatsira kukudza tsamba yegirazi kuenda kudombo, uye akashandurwa. mune maruva, gothic-kufanana ruzivo.

iyo oculus

Dhizaini mbiri dzemahwindo dzakagadzirwa panguva yeGothic: iyo yakamanikana-inonongedza lancet yakasimbiswa mukukwirira, nepo denderedzwa oculus yakatsigira girazi rakasvibiswa. Sezvo kureba kwakava kushoma kwechinangwa nevavaki veGothic, hafu yechipiri yeRayonnant's Gothic saw zvimiro zvakaderedzwa kuita inenge skeletal diaphanous framework.

Mahwindo akakurisa uye madziro akatsiviwa nemagirazi ane patani. Oculus yakakura kwazvo mumadziro evafundisi emakereke yakagadzira hwindo rerose, hombe paro riri paSt. Denis. Yakakamurwa nemamiriyoni nematanda ematombo, yaitsigira masipoki ematombo anopenya sevhiri uye yakamira pasi pechikona chakapinza.

Ribbed kana ribbed vault

Gothic architecture yakatsiva iyo Romanesque ribbed vaults nemavharivha ane mbabvu kurwisa kuoma kwekuvaka uye zvirambidzo zvaibvumira kuti iite chete masikweya ekugara. Zvakare inosiyaniswa seogival vault, ribbed vault yakamisikidzwa nechinodikanwa chekufambisa zvirinani huremu hwesirin'i, uku uchisiya madziro emukati akasununguka kune tracery uye girazi.

Imwe mbabvu yakawedzerwa kune yakakosha Romanesque barrel vault kuti iwedzere kutamiswa kwemitoro pasi. Sezvo nguva yeGothic yakasvika pakukwirira kwayo, masisitimu akaomarara ekuvharisa akagadzirwa, senge quadripartite uye sexpartite vaulting matekiniki. Kuvandudzwa kwembabvu vaults kwakaderedza kudiwa kwemukati-inotakura madziro, nekudaro kuvhura iyo yemukati nzvimbo uye kupa inoonekwa uye inoyevedza kubatana.

fan vault

Imwe yemisiyano iri pachena pakati pechiRungu neFrench Gothic masitaera, iyo fan vault yakashandiswa chete mumakereke echiRungu. Mbabvu dzevault ye fan dzakakomberedzwa zvakaenzana uye dzakapatsanurwa zvakaenzana, zvichipa kutaridzika kwe fan yakavhurika.

Iyo fan vault yakashandiswa zvakare panguva yekuvakwa patsva kwemakereke eNorman muEngland, kubvisa kudiwa kwezvitsigiro zvinobhururuka. Iyo fan vault yakashandiswa zvakanyanya muzvivakwa zvechechi uye chapel chapel.

mbiru dzezviumbwa

Early Gothic era inoratidza zvimwe zvezvivezwa zvakanyanya zvenguva yacho. Zvakanga zvisingashamisi kuwana zvidhori zve "structural" zvisikwa, zvakavezwa kubva padombo rimwechete sembiru yakatsigira denga. Kazhinji vachiratidzira madzitateguru, vaporofita nemadzimambo, vakaiswa mumaberere emakereke echiGothic akazotevera kuti vape chinhu chekumira.

Aya mapikicha akakura-kupfuura-hupenyu anogonawo kuonekwa mumamburenzi ari kumativi ese emusuwo wecathedral. MuFrance, zvidhori zvembiru zvaiwanzoratidza mitsara yevakuru vakapfeka zvakanaka, zvichiratidza kubudirira kwoumambo hwacho.

Chishongo

Munguva iyi vagadziri vezvivakwa vakatanga kukoshesa kugadzirwa kwekunze. Kare, machechi aimbova nekunze kwekunze, saka paizova nemari yakawanda yekushongedza mukati. Zvisinei, munguva yeGothic, zvivakwa zvakanga zvisisiri kushanda chete, zvakatanga kuva nekodzero uye zvinoreva. Vavaki vakatanga kugadzira madhizaini ekuda uye anoyevedza, vachishandisa matekiniki akasiyana uye masitayipi. Chimiro chakakurumbira chakanga chiri chimiro chinoshamisira chaipa macathedral chitarisiko chomoto.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti matunhu akasiyana anobata Gothic architecture nenzira dzakasiyana. MaItaly anozivikanwa nekuvenga maitiro egothic. Kunyange zvazvo vakapinda munguva iyi, "Gothic" yakasiyana zvikuru kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope. Ikoko, macathedrals anowanzoisa simbiso paruvara mukati nekunze. Kazhinji, maitiro manomwe ari pamusoro haashande kunguva yake yeGothic.

Facades nemagonhi

Facade yechechi yakapiwa kukosha kukuru panguva yekuvakwa. Rudzi urwu rwechivako rwaifanira kuratidza ukuru muchimiro chayo, nekuda kweichi chikonzero, pakuita kuuraya kwefacade, vavaki vakaita chokwadi chekuti yairatidzika kuva yakakosha. Izvi hazvina kungomiririra simba revavaki uye kusimba kwechitendero, asi zvakaratidzawo hupfumi hwesangano raizogara chivako mune ramangwana.

Pakati pe façade pane gonhi guru kana portal, kazhinji ine magonhi maviri emativi zvakare. Muchitsiko chemukova wepakati kazhinji pane chidimbu chakakosha chekuveza, kazhinji "Kristu muKukuru". Dzimwe nguva pane danda rebwe pakati pemukova pane chifananidzo che "Mhandara neMwana". Kune mamwe akawanda manhamba akavezwa mu niches akaiswa akatenderedza portal. Pane dzimwe nguva kune mazana emifananidzo yematombo yakavezwa pamberi pechivako chose.

mahwindo uye magirazi ane mavara

Mahwindo makuru egirazi ane mavara anowedzera hukuru uye hukuru kune maGothic-era macathedrals. Nekuwedzera kudzikama kwakawanikwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwezvitsigiro uye maarch akanongedza, mahwindo egirazi ane mavara enguva yeGothic akasimuka kubva pamapaneru akapfava egirazi reruvara kuenda kune yakadzama uye yakadzama yemifananidzo yemifananidzo mumhando inoshamisa yemavara anopenya.

Mazhinji emahwindo ecathedral akaiswa arched kuti akwane mune yakanongedza arch chimiro. Imwe hwindo recathedral rakajairika inzvimbo yakakura yakatenderedzwa inoumbwa nemakumi kana mazana emahwindo epahwindo, anozivikanwa serosi kana vhiri hwindo.

Yakasimudzwa

Gothic architecture yakasimbisa kukwirira kupfuura nzvimbo yakachinjika. Saka murudzi urwu rwekuvaka vaive nezvivakwa zvinokwirisa uye zvepamusoro-soro uye, zvinoshamisa, machechi aya nemacathedrals aimbove zvivakwa zvechiratidzo cheguta ravo, nekuda kwehurefu hwadzo. Chimwe chinhu chakawedzerwa kune zvivakwa izvi kuratidza kukwirira kwadzo yaive spier neshongwe dzakareba zvakanyanya.

Mukuwedzera, kukwidziridzwa kwemabasa aya kwakasimbisa kupararira kwechiedza mukati mechivako. Tsanangudzo yaigoneka nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemabhuruku anobhururuka ayo akashandiswa kutsigira madziro akareba kubva kunze, chimwe chinhu chakanyanya kufanana nehunhu hweGothic architecture.

Dyara

Makereke mahombe echiGothic akavakwa kune basilica floor plan, iyo yakatanga kugadzirwa nevaRoma vekare senzvimbo yekutonga uye yakatorwa nemaKristu ekutanga munguva yehushe hweRoma.

Basilica yeRoma chaive chivakwa chine rectangular chine nzvimbo huru, yakavhurika yepakati inozivikanwa senave. Kumativi ose echikepe kwakanga kune mikoto miviri. Mukova wacho wakavhurika mune narthex. Yakatarisana nenarthex paive neapse, imwe semicircular alcove yaive kumucheto kwechivako.

Zvose izvi zvakashandiswa muchechi yeGothic. MuRoma basilicas, iyo apse yaive nezvinhu zvaimiririra simba revamwari kana hurumende. Pakagamuchirwa magadzirirwo emakereke, apse yakava nzvimbo tsvene muchivako, yaive neatari yepamusoro, inomiririra huvepo nehutsvene hwaMwari. Nemhaka yokuti Mwari ane chokuita nokuberekwazve norumuko, apse kazhinji kazhinji anonongedzera kumabvazuva, kudivi rinobuda zuva.

Chechi yakawedzerawo chinhu chakakosha: the transept. Aya mawedzero kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba akashandura hurongwa hwerectangular kuita humwe muchimiro chemuchinjikwa wechiKristu. Izvi zvakasimbisazve utsvene hwenzvimbo yacho. Panosangana cruiser nechikepe ndiyo cruiser. Nhare huru yebhero yaiwanzovakwa pamusoro pekuyambuka. Iyo yakareba shongwe inodarika mamita 400 kureba, iyo yakaenzana nechivako chine nhurikidzwa makumi mana.

Dzimwe shongwe mbiri dzakawedzerwa kumigumo yenarthex. Idzo shongwe nhatu kazhinji dzaive nepamusoro dzakanongedza dzinonzi mawere. Iwaya akasimbisa urefu hwechivako, icho chakanga chiri chimwe chinangwa chinokosha, sezvo denga richiwanzofungidzirwa kuva pamusoro pechimwe chinhu chiri chose.

Kazhinji, shongwe dzinopindirana. Zvisinei, muchiitiko cheChartres Cathedral, inoratidzwa pano, imwe yeshongwe dzemabhero yakakuvadzwa nemheni muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX ndokutsiviwa neimwe yairatidzira chimiro chenguva yacho, icho chinotsanangura kushaikwa kwokuenzana.

Pakati pe transept neapse paiva nekwaya, iyo yaigara cantor, vaprista nemamongi echechi. Munhu wepakati aisabvumirwa kugara pano sezvo iri pedyo neatari yakakwirira muapse.

Chimwe chinhu chakawedzerwa neGothic architect yaive ambulatory. Iyi indima yakatenderedza apse. MaChapels, anowanzo kutsaurirwa kuvasande chaivo, kunyanya Mhandara Maria, anowanzo bvisa paambulatory. Saizvozvo, machapel anogona kuwanikwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzechechi.

urongwa hwemuchinjikwa

Urongwa hwemakereke ese echiGothic hwakaenderera mberi nekushandiswa kwechirongwa chemuchinjikwa, chaive chekufanana nemuchinjiko wechiKristu kubva mudenga. Zvivako izvi zvaiwanzova nehurefu hwakakura, zvine maumbirwo emakona uye kazhinji kacho zvine mikoto mitatu yakakamurwa nemitsara yemakoramu.

Zvinhu zvekuvaka

Zvivakwa zvakasiyana zvekuvaka zvakawanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeEurope, ichi ndicho chimwe chekusiyana kwezvivakwa pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana. MuFrance, makanga mune limestone. Yakanga yakanaka kugadzirwa nokuti yakanga yakapfava kucheka, asi yakawedzera kuoma payarohwa nemhepo nemvura. Kakawanda kacho kaiva kakaita grey color. France yaivewo neraimestone chena yakanaka kubva kuCaen yaive yakakwana pakugadzira mifananidzo yakanaka kwazvo.

England yakawana limestone yakakasharara, psamite dzvuku, uye rima regirini rePurbeck marble, raiwanzo shandiswa zvishongo zvekuvaka senge makoramu matete.

Kuchamhembe kweGermany, Netherlands, Denmark, nyika dzeBaltic uye kuchamhembe kwePoland kwakanga kusina dombo rakanaka rokuvaka, asi kwakanga kune ivhu rokukanya zvidhinha nematairi. Dzakawanda dzenyika idzi dzine zvidhinha machechi eGothic uye kunyange zvidhinha maGothic castles.

MuItaly, limestone yaishandiswa kugadzira madziro eguta nenhare, asi zvidhinha zvaishandiswa kune zvimwe zvivako. Nekuda kwekuti Italy yaive nemarble akanakisa mumavara mazhinji akasiyana, zvivakwa zvakawanda zvine kumberi kana "mafacade" akashongedzwa nemavara emarble. Mamwe machechi ane zvidhinha zvakakasharara nekuti marble haana kumboiswa. Florence Cathedral, semuenzaniso, haina kuwana marble façade yayo kusvika muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope, kwakanga kune miti mirefu, yakati twasu, yakanga yakanaka kugadzira matenga makuru zvikuru. Asi muEngland, pakasvika 1400, miti mirefu, yakati twasu yakanga yava kupera. Miti mizhinji yakashandiswa kugadzira zvikepe. Vagadziri vezvivakwa vaifanira kufunga nzira itsva yekugadzira denga rakafara nemapuranga mapfupi. Aya ndiwo magadzirirwo avakaita sirin'i dzehammerbeam, zvinova zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakanaka zvinoonekwa mumakereke mazhinji ekare echiRungu.

Gothic architecture muEurope

Europe ndiyo yaive epicenter yemabviro uye yakanyanya kuita sarudzo kwenguva yakareba, hunhu hweGothic architecture mumabasa ayo akasiyana siyana uye zvivakwa, zvingave zvechitendero kana zvehurumende. Nechikonzero ichi, isu ticharatidza zvakanyanya kushandiswa zvinhu zverudzi urwu rwekuvaka zvinoenderana nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope, pazasi:

German gothic

Chimiro cheGothic muGermany architecture, iyo yakanga yakanyatsobatanidzwa neRomanesque panguva iyoyo, yakatanga kuzviratidza nguva refu mushure meFrance neEngland. Pakutanga yaishandiswa mune zvimwe zvekuvakwa kweRomanesque. Chikamu chezvivakwa zveGerman Gothic zvivakwa zvakakura zvecathedral zvakafemerwa neFrench Gothic maitiro.

Mienzaniso inonyanya kukosha yeiyi macathedrals eCologne neStrasbourg, yekutanga chivakwa cheGothic chakazara. Yechipiri yeGothic maitiro inoonekwa mukati memukati yakasikwa ichitora semuenzaniso mirairo nekushongedzwa kwemakereke echiRungu evapemhi.

Spanish gothic

Spain ndiyo imwe yenyika dzine yekutanga kushandisa kweGothic dhizaini mushure meFrance. Iyi yekuvaka ikozvino, iyo kubudirira kwayo kwakawedzera zuva nezuva kuburikidza nerwendo rwekufamba uye mafambiro ekuvaka, yakapesvedzerwa neFrench Gothic dhizaini. Majestic cathedrals akavakirwa muchimiro ichi anogona kuonekwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika, kusanganisira dunhu reAndalusia. Iyo inonyanya kushamisa inogona kuwanikwa muguta reBarcelona.

Italian Gothic

Nekuda kwekunonoka kusvika kweGothic architectural elements muItari uye kubuda kwemafungiro ekutanga Renaissance anoenderana neizvi, mabasa echiGothic muItaly akasaririra kumashure kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope.

Zvisinei, hazvifaniri kukanganwa kuti "gothic" sezwi uye pfungwa yakatanga kuiswa muItaly naGiorgio Vasari. Basa rakakosha reGothic rakaitwa muItari panguva ino iMilan Cathedral, ine zvayo yakapfava uye yeRomanesque pesvedzero.

Gothic kuchamhembe kweGermany, kuchamhembe kwePoland, uye nyika dzeScandinavia

Urwu rudzi rwezvivakwa muCentral neEastern Europe rwakatevera muitiro wakasiana zvikuru nokuda kwezvikonzero zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Muna 1346, IV. Charles akaita Prague guta guru reHumambo Hutsvene hweRoma uye akaraira kedhedhi kubva kuvagadziri veFrance. Kusiyana nemienzaniso yekuFrance, macathedrals akakosha munharaunda iyi akatanga kugadzirwa nezvidhinha uye chimiro chinonzi Baltic Gothic chakabuda.

Chikonzero chikuru chekuchinja kubva padombo kuenda kune zvidhinha ndiko kusakwanisika kwekuwana dombo uyewo matambudziko ehupfumi. Nechikonzero ichi, kushongedzwa kwemadziro kazhinji haanyanyi kutsanangurwa mumabasa akaitwa mudunhu. Muzvivako iwe unogona kuona enamels ane mavara uye mienzaniso yakanaka kwazvo yevaults nyeredzi.

Mienzaniso

Kuburikidza nemaguta akasiyana-siyana anoumba kondinendi ino, pesvedzero yeiyi hunyanzvi ichaongororwa kuburikidza nemienzaniso yakasiyana-siyana ichiri kumira uye ichienderera mberi ichive yakanyanya kuvakwa ine hunhu hweGothic architecture, pakati payo zvakataurwa:

Vienna-Austria

Zvivako zveGothic zvakabata Austria zvakateerana panguva yekutanga uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakaitika munguva yeRomanesque muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Panguva iyoyo, Austria yainyatsopinda chechi yeRoma, izvo zvakaita kuti zvinhu zvifambire mberi nokukurumidza munyika yacho. Kunyange zvazvo mabasa makuru ekutanga echiGothic ekuvaka akabuda muLower Austria, chishamiso chechokwadi cheGothic cheAustria iSt. Stephen's Cathedral muVienna.

Yakavakwa pakati pe1304 na1340, chechi yakawedzera kakati wandei mukuvapo kwayo. Pasinei nehunhu hwayo hwakasimba, zvingangove mamwe mazana matatu emakore Diocese yeVienna isati yasimudzwa kuita bhishopu. Chechi inovakwa kubva kuraimu yenzvimbo uye inonyanya kuzivikanwa nekubatanidzwa kwayo kwekupedzisira Romanesque kumberi kwekumadokero uye Gothic edzedzero.

Mativi echivakwa akashongedzwa nemahwindo akanongedza arch, akasiyana enguva yeGothic. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha cheSt. Stephen, zvisinei, mararamiro ayo emarudzi ari padenga, akafukidzwa nematairi anopfuura 200.000 akapenya, denga racho rinoratidzira jasi rezvombo zveguta reVienna uye reRepublic of Austria kurutivi rwokumusoro. . Iyo yemukati inopenya mukubwinya kweGothic isina asingasviki maatari gumi nemasere, purupiti yematombo yakaoma kunzwisisa, machapel matanhatu epamutemo, uye chiratidzo chakakurumbira chaMaria Pötsch.

Vilnius - Lithuania

Pakapararira magadzirirwo echiGothic kuLithuania muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, nyika yakava nzvimbo yekumabvazuva kwechimiro. Zvinofadza kuti zvivako zvekutanga kuvakwa zvakagadzirirwa vatengesi veGermany, panzvimbo yevagari vemo, sezvo chitendero chikuru muLithuania chakanga chichiri chihedheni panguva iyoyo.

Somugumisiro, zvizhinji zvezvivako zveGothic zvinogona kuonekwa muLithuania nhasi zvakangogadzirwa mukupera kweXNUMXth uye kutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX.

Nzvimbo yeVilnius inonyanya kuzivikanwa yeGothic pasina kupokana iChechi yeSt Anne. Nekuda kwekunonoka kuvakwa kwayo mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, maGothic akange atove inozivikanwa seFlamboyant Gothic, zvichiita kuti chechi yeSanta Ana ive imwe yenzvimbo huru. mienzaniso yemaitiro munyika dzeBaltic. Mukuwedzera, zvidhinha zvemunharaunda zvakashandiswa, izvo zvinowedzerawo kune yakasarudzika runako rwechechi uye inoita kuti ive muenzaniso mupenyu weBrick Gothic.

Iyo yakasarudzika yechivako inonyatso kuratidzwa mune yayo façade. Akawedzeredza akanongedza arches anotonga pendi, inoyeuchidza nezvechinyakare Gothic maitiro, asi akaumbwa nerectangular zvinhu atypical yeakajairika Gothic mienzaniso. Ichi chimiro cheGothic chinoorora, icho maererano nedzimwe nhoroondo, apo Napoleon akashamiswa nechimiro ichocho angadai akafara "kuendesa chechi kuParis muchanza cheruoko rwake."

Prague - Czech Republic

Nekuda kwenzvimbo yepakati muEurope, maitiro eGothic akasvika muCzech Republic pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Chimiro chakakura zvishoma panguva yekuvapo kwayo, saka inowanzoiswa mumatatu madiki-maitiro:

• Premyslid Gothic (Early Gothic)
• Luxembourgish Gothic (High Gothic)
• Jagiellonian Gothic (Late Gothic)

Machechi echiGothic nedzimba dzemamongi akaoneka nokukurumidza uye akapararira kwose kwose, asi mumwe wemienzaniso inocherekedzwa zvikuru yechimiro ichi, chokwadika, St. Vitus’s Cathedral muguta guru, Prague.

Akatumwa naJohn weBohemia pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, muvaki wekutanga wechechi, Matthias weArras, akakurudzirwa zvakanyanya nePal Palace muAvignon. Iye ndiye ane mutoro wezvivakwa zvinoyevedza zvinobhururuka buttresses, chinhu chakakosha cheGothic architecture.

Mushure mekufa kwake, mugadziri Peter Parler ainyanya kutevedzera zvirongwa zvake zvepakutanga, asi akawedzerawo ake mabatiro akadai semambure evhavha, chinhu chakaita shanduko panguva iyoyo.

Vazhinji vagadziri vezvivakwa vakashanda pacathedral mukuvapo kwayo uye, kutaura zvazviri, yakapedzwa chete muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Pasinei nezvakawanda zvemazuva ano, zvakadai semamwe mahwindo emazuva ano. Chii chiri chokwadi ndechekuti St. Vitus Cathedral muPrague inoramba iri imwe yeakanakisa mienzaniso yekuvakwa kweGothic muEurope.

Milano, Itari

Zvivakwa zveGothic zvakatanga kuunzwa kuItaly muzana ramakore rechi 1386, mushure mekutengwa kubva kuBurgundy (iyo yava kumabvazuva kweFrance). Zvivako zvekutanga zvine maGothic architectural features muMilan (zvakadai seSanta Maria munharaunda yeBrera) zvaive zvakapfava, nekushongedzwa kushoma, uye kazhinji kugadzirwa nezvidhinha. Apo chivakwa cheGothic chakatanga kupararira muEurope yose, kuvakwa kweDuomo di Milano kwakatanga (muna XNUMX).

Milan Cathedral yakatora anodokusvika mazana matanhatu amakore kuti ipere uye zvino ndiyo chechi hurusa muItaly, yechitatu pakukura muEurope uye yechina pakukura pasi pano. Sezvo Milan Cathedral yakanonoka kupedzwa zvakanyanya, zvinocherechedzwa kuti nzvimbo dzekuvaka (kusanganisira uriri hwepasi, hwakavakwa muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX) dzakafemerwa zvakanyanya nedhizaini yeRenaissance.

Asi mutsara wedenga reDuomo di Milano unonyanya kuzivikanwa neyakajairwa Gothic dhizaini yemaspiers, pinnacles, gargoyles, uye anopfuura zviuru zvitatu nemazana mana mifananidzo. Iyo inonyanya kufarirwa pamifananidzo yese ndeye Mhandara yeGoridhe, iyo inomira yakakwirira kupfuura iyi yese uye inogona kuonwa kubva pamateru ari pamusoro pekathedhi.

Rouen - France

Imwe yemhando dzakanakisa dzine zvimiro zveGothic architecture muFrance iRouen Cathedral, iyo yakapedzwa muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX mukutanga kweGothic style. Kwemakore akawanda zvikamu zvakawedzerwa, zvakakuvadzwa, zvakagadziridzwa uye zvakachinjwa. Muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, yakakuvadzwa zvikuru munguva yehondo dzechitendero cheFrance uye Hondo Yenyika II yakasiyawo chiratidzo pachivako ichi chinoyevedza.

Iwe unogona kuyemura inoyevedza yeGothic dhizaini inoratidzwa mukati mehombe uye yakaoma kunzwisisa, ine sirin'i yakavharidzirwa iyo yaimbove yakakwirira kwazvo pasirese. Kune shongwe nhatu dzine mukurumbira, iyo Tour de Beurre (bhota tower), Tour Saint Romain, uye Tour Lantern, imwe neimwe yakakwirira pamusoro pekereke yese.

Iyo huru facade yecathedral muenzaniso wakanakisa weFlamboyant, yakanonoka maGothic maitiro akagadzirwa muFrance mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Nekudaro, iyo yekuruboshwe portal (Porte St-Jean) mupukunyuki akakosha kubva panguva yekutanga yeGothic yezana ramakore reXNUMX. Nave ine nhurikidzwa ina, kureba, uye zvivakwa zvinotarisa pasi, kwete kumatenga senge gare gare Gothic architecture.

Iyo Chapelle de la Vierge (Lady Chapel) yakashongedzwa nemakuva eRenaissance ehumambo hweFrance kubva ku900 AD Chisaririra chehumambo chine mukurumbira moyo waRichard the Lionheart wekuEngland. Kunze kwekukosha kwayo kwechitendero uye kwekuvaka, Rouen Cathedral yakachengeterawo anopfuura makumi matatu mabasa naClaude Monet ayo kubva aendeswa kuMusée d'Orsay.

Chartres – France

Chartres Cathedral inzvimbo yeUNESCO yenhaka yenyika yakanzi "kukwidziridzwa kweFrench Gothic art." Iyo inowanzoonekwa seyakanakisa muenzaniso weGothic architecture muFrance, kunyanya kupfuura Notre-Dame muParis.

Sezvo yekare Chartres Cathedral, iyo yakanga yakavakwa nenzira yeRomanesque, yakatsva pasi, kutsiva kwayo kwaisava hodgepodge yezvitaera zvekare, sezvazvinowanzoitika. Pane kudaro, yakavakwa zvachose muGothic style pakati pe1194 ne1250 uye inopindirana zvikuru.

Hunhu hweGothic architecture pano hahupikisike sezvo vaine mbabvu dzevhavha uye ekunze anobhururuka buttresses, ayo anoderedza mutoro pamadziro uye anobvumira kuwedzerwa kwemahwindo makuru ane mavara. Iyo Cathedral yakamira bvunzo yenguva uye yakachengetedzwa zvakanyanya. Zvinoshamisa kuti, 152 yepakutanga 176 mahwindo egirazi ane mavara achiri akasimba.

Iwe zvakare uchawana mazana emifananidzo yakavezwa, ese ari pafaçade yeCathedral uye mukati. Zvivezwa zvinorondedzerwa zveGothic paWest Portal zvakapararira pamusoro pemikova mitatu inoenda kuKathedral. Zvivezwa zvemusuwo wekutanga zvinomiririra hupenyu hwaJesu Kristu pasi pano, chechipiri chinoratidza kuuya kwake kwechipiri, nepo chechitatu chinoratidza nguva dzekupedzisira sezvakatsanangurwa mubhuku raZvakazarurwa.

Zvivezwa zvemukati zvechidzitiro chikuru chakatenderedza kwaya ndezvenguva yakazotevera uye hazvina kupedzwa kusvika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, asi hazvina kuderera kudarika vamwe vavo vechiGothic.

Barcelona, ​​Spain

Imwe yenzvimbo dzakanakisa dzinowanikwa dzakasvibiswa nehunhu hweGothic architecture, iBarcelona. Barcelona ine sikweya ine makore 2000 XNUMX ekare inonzi Gothic Quarter, inova mufananidzo mupenyu wekushanduka kweGothic art.

Masvingo eGothic quarter akavakwa nevaRoma uye akawedzerwa muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Nzvimbo zhinji muGothic Quarter dzakavakwa kana kugadziridzwa muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX nenzira yeNeo-Gothic, semuenzaniso chiratidzo cheBarcelona Cathedral. Nekudaro, iwe uchiri kukwanisa kuona mamwe maGothic chapel kubva muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX muGothic Quarter yeBarcelona.

Imwe yenzvimbo idzodzo iPlaza Ramón, inoyeuchidza nezveguta rakakomberedzwa nemadziro reBarcino munhoroondo yeRoma. Musanganiswa wekare wenguva nhatu dzenhoroondo yeCatalonia: madziro eRoma, Chapel yeSanta Ágata uye chifananidzo chekare cheChiverengero cheBarcelona, ​​​​Ramón Berenguer. Iyo Chapel yeSanta Ágata chiyeuchidzo cheGothic chakatanga muna 1302. Mamwe matombo eGothic anozivikanwa kubva muzana ramakore rechigumi nemana muBarcelona yekare iSanta María del Mar neSanta María del Pi.

Münster, Jerimani

Iri iguta reGerman iro chero anoda zveGothic architecture anogona kuwira murudo naro. Guta iri raive rakavakirwa paChechi yeKatorike, sehubhishopi weHumambo Hutsvene hweRoma munguva dzekare, uye zvimiro zvakawanda zveguta reGothic zvinobva mukufamba kwechechi kumisikidza nekuchengetedza simba muguta.

Kune 3 zvivakwa zvikuru zvinobata ziso muMünster, zvese zviri paPrinzipalmarkt, guta rekare reguta. Yokutanga iSt. Paulus Dom, dzimwe nguva inodaidzwa kuti Münster Cathedral, inova musanganiswa wezvitaera zveRomanesque neGothic. Mamwe maviri ichechi yeSaint Lambert neMünster Rathaus, kana kuti horo yetaundi. Zvakaoma kuti usarudze waunoda kubva pavatatu ava, asi Chechi yeSt. Lambert inogona kunge iine dhirowa huru.

St. Lambert's inorongedzerwa nehunyanzvi seLate Gothic, asi ine akati wandei emhando dzeGothic, inokwevera muoni mumativi ese. Imo mukati inoratidzira yakarebesa nave, yakavhenekerwa nerunyoro rwemahwindo egirazi anoyevedza uye anotsigirwa nevhavha yembabvu. Kunze kune tympanum yakaoma kunzwisisa uye zvakavezwa zvakanyatsotsanangurwa zvakatenderedza mahwindo, padenga remba, uye pamakoramu anotsigira.

Chechi inokwidziridzwa nemhepo ine hunyanzvi inotonga nzvimbo yeguta. Nekuda kwekukwirira kwayo nekuvapo, spire yakava nzvimbo yevarindi veshongwe. Kutanga muna 1379, murindi weshongwe aikwira kumusoro kwespire uye achitsvaga nzvimbo yakapoteredza zviratidzo zvemoto kana kusvika kune vavengi. Kana pasina akaonekwa, zvese zvakajeka zvaizoridzwa, nekuridza hwamanda mumativi matatu. Mhemberero iyi ichiri kuitwa manheru ega ega.

Ghent - Belgium

Ghent yaive nzvimbo yakakosha yekutengeserana machira pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX, panguva iyo Gothic yave kuita mukurumbira muEurope. Zvivako zvakawanda zvakavakwa muGhent panguva iyoyo.

Ndokusaka nzvimbo yese yeguta ine gothic kunzwa kwairi uye iri imwe yenzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa zvakanyanya muEurope dzakavakwa nenzira iyoyo. Iri guta rinogona kuda kutumidzwa zita rekuti "guta regothic towers". Nekudaro, iwo makuru matatu ndiBelfry, Chechi yeSaint Nicholas uye Cathedral yeSaint Bavo.

Ghent Cathedral ndechimwe chezvivakwa uko iwe unogona kunyatsonzwa maitiro eGothic. Yakatangwa sechechi yeRomanesque, yakavakwazve mukati mezana ramakore reXNUMX uye maGothic anonyanya kuoneka mukwaya yayo. Spire yayo yakavakwa muBrabanter Gothic mukati mezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Imhando yemhando yegothic yaive yakakurumbira muBelgium nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeNetherlands. Saint Bavo's Cathedral iri zvakare kumusha kune imwe yeatari dzeGothic dzakakurumbira panguva iyoyo: "Ghent Alter" naJan van Eyck.

Imwe chechi yakavakwa panguva imwe chete ndiyo Chechi yeSaint Nicholas. Uyu muenzaniso weGothic architecture yeSchelde. Madiki uye anoyevedza masipire pamafacade ayo ndiwo akajairika chimiro.

Kuve musha kune vatengesi vakawanda vakapfuma mukati meMiddle Ages, Ghent ine mienzaniso yakawanda yezvivakwa zvepanyika zveGothic, izvo zvisiri izvo kune mamwe maguta. Pedyo necathedral ndiyo Lakenhalle (Mucheka Hall) yakavakwa muna 1425. Mabheti ayo, dormers uye stepped pediments mienzaniso mikuru yemaitiro eGothic architecture. Iyo Town Hall inewo akawanda ezvayo maficha.

Chikamu chayo chekare ichivako chakavakwa muzana remakore rechi1518. Muna XNUMX Brabanter Gothic façade yakatanga paCouncillor's House der Keure. Iyo Metselaarshuis yakavakwa muchimiro chimwe chete panguva yeXNUMXth century.

Tatev – Armenia

Nhoroondo yakapfuma, tsika dzakasiyana, uye pamharadzano dzeAsia neEurope, Armenia ndiyo imwe yenyika idzo dzinoramba dzisinganzwisisike uye dzisina kujairika rwendo rwekuenda kune vakawanda. Inoonekwa serudzi rwekutanga kuita chiKristu chitendero chenyika muna 301 AD. Kusiyana nemakereke echiGothic nemamonasteri mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope, Armenia yaive neziso remachechi nedzimba dzemamongi idiki, dzakasvibira, uye dzakagadzirwa senzvimbo dzakavhurika. .

Vamwe vangataura kuti Armenia ndiyo yakatanga kushandisa mativi ezvivakwa zvechiGoth, uko zvimwe zvezviyeuchidzo zvakasara zvakaratidzirwa mukati menguva yapamberi pechiKristu, iyo yakanga ine pesvedzero yeAsiria neBhabhironi, yechiGiriki, kana kuti kunyange yeRoma.

Mumwe wemienzaniso yakanakisa yeiyi yakasarudzika dhizaini yekuvaka ndiyo Tatev monastery, iri muSyunik. Imba yemamongi yakavakwa muzana ramakore repfumbamwe uye inoshandawo seyunivhesiti, zvichiita kuti ive imwe yenzvimbo dzakanyanya kukosha dzekushanyira muArmenia.

Yayo Gothic yapfuura inonyanya kukosha kune Tatev bhero shongwe uye mabhero emhangura akawedzerwa muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Mukati munozoona kuti kune mahombe ekunze akaita sedome arches nemabas-reliefs ezviso zvevanhu zvine misoro yenyoka inopikisana.

Sezvo iwe uchiwedzera nzira yako mukati meimba yemamongi, nzira dzakatetepa dzinotungamira mumahoro akapamhama anoita seasina chinhu, asina chinhu, uye akasuwa. Rima, masitepisi ematombo uye mikova yakavharidzirwa inoita kuti iwedzere kushungurudza uye inomira sechiratidzo chenyika dzekare uye dzisina kuziviswa.

Bruges - Belgium

Iri nderimwe remaguta anoyevedza kushanyira muEurope ane ngano yepakati peguta. Chinonyanya kukosha cheBruges zvivakwa zveGothic-style, mazhinji acho akavakwa mukupera kweMiddle Ages. Chimiro chinogona kunyatsotsanangurwa seBrick Gothic, inofananidzira nyika dzeNorthern Europe. Iyo Old Town yese yeBruges inzvimbo yeUNESCO World Heritage Site.

Pakati pezvinotaridzika zvakanaka zveguta, unogona kuzvirega uchishamisika paBurg square ine matombo akanaka akati wandei, senge yakanyatsotsanangurwa façade yeTown Hall (yakavakwa muna 1376). Tenzi wechiDutch Jan van Eyck akapenda iyo yekutanga façade, uye kunyangwe yakaparadzwa muzana ramakore reXNUMX, yakagadziridzwa nerunako rwayo rwekutanga.

Muchokwadi, ndiyo imwe yekutanga kunonoka zvivakwa zveGothic muFlanders, chiratidzo chesimba rehupfumi iro Bruges aive naro muXNUMXth uye XNUMXth mazana emakore. Mukati mechivako chakakodzera kushanyirwa, kunyanya horo huru yeGothic ine mifananidzo mikuru yemadziro. Iyo ine zvakare yakabatana Historical Hall, uko kune akawanda mapendi uye zvivezwa zvinozorora zvinotaurira nezve kurwira simba munhoroondo yeBruges.

Oxford - UK

Kune maguta mazhinji muUK ane mienzaniso yakanaka yehunhu hweGothic architecture, asi mashoma acho anokwikwidza Oxford muhuwandu uye chiyero. Zvizhinji zveOxford (zvose yunivhesiti uye mberi) yakavakwa muChirungu Gothic style; Pamwe chete, zvivakwa zvegothic izvi zvinoumba musana weGuta reKurota Spiers.

Pakati peOxford idiki zvinoshamisa uye imusha kune zvimwe zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvivakwa zveGothic. Kune akawanda, asi mhando dzakanakisisa dzeChirungu Gothic muOxford ibhero tower yeMagdalen College, New College, St. Mary's Church, uye Divinity School mukati meBodleian Library.

Bell tower yeChechi yeSt. Mary's, uko masitepisi akatetepa anotenderera anoenda kumusoro kweshongwe, inobvumira chero munhu kuti anyatsotarisisa nyika yeGothic yemavakirwo eshongwe, pamwe neOxford.

Ndichiri mhiri kwemugwagwa kubva kuchechi iyi kune Bodleian Divinity Chikoro, chivakwa chekare-chakavakwa cheyunivhesiti chine sirin'i yakanaka yakavharidzirwa, chimwe chinhu chakanyatso hukama nehunhu hweGothic architecture.

Leon – Spain

Guta reLeón nderimwe remamira paCamino de Santiago, pamwe neKathedral yeBurgos uye Cathedral yeSantiago de Compostela. Guta iri rine León Cathedral, inova chechi inoratidza hunyanzvi hwakafemerwa nekuzvipira kuchitendero uye hongu ine hunhu hweGothic architecture. Yakavakwa muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX AD panzvimbo yekugezera yeRoma nedzimba dzeVisigothic, kathedral inoonekwa sehunyanzvi hwekuvakwa kweGothic.

Iine anenge 2.000 metres emahwindo egirazi ane mavara, mamwe acho anodzokera kuzana ramakore reXNUMX, kubudirira kunoshamisa kwekuchengetedza tsika. Imo mukati inoshamisa zvakaenzana. Atari huru inogara zvakasara zvemutendi weguta, San Friulano. Kune zvakare inonakidza museum ine art yechitendero kubva kuNeolithic kune dzimwe nguva dzichangobva kupfuura.

Dublin - Ireland

Rimwe remaguta akanakisa eEurope kuona maficha eGothic architecture iDublin, guta guru reIreland. Guta richine mativi akasiyana ekugadzira gothic eDublin, asi pane chivako chimwe chinokwezva zvakanyanya: Christ Church Cathedral.

Inowanikwa panzvimbo yakakwirira muchikamu chekare cheguta, mazana mashoma emamita kubva kuTrinity College, O'Connell Street, The GPO, Grafton Street uye St. Stephen's Green. Chikamu cheAnglican Church yeIreland, Christ Church Cathedral ndiyo mai chechi yeDiocese yeDublin neGlendalough.

Nhoroondo yechivako ichi yakadzokera mugore ra 1038. Munguva yake, mambo wekutanga weDanish wechiKristu, Mambo Sitric Barba Seda, akavaka chechi yemapuranga panzvimbo ino. Nekudaro, kuvakwa kwekasitiri yematombo ikozvino kwakatanga gare gare, muna 1172, mushure mekukundwa kweDublin naStrongbow, Norman baron.

Kuvaka kwakaenderera mberi kusvika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX uye kwakafemerwa nekuvakwa kweChirungu Western Chikoro cheGothic. Nhasi ndiyo imwe yemakereke akanakisa uye anoyevedza munyika.

Paris France

Paris inosiyaniswa nekuvakwa kwayo kwakanaka, kubva kuHumambo hweChipiri paChamps-Élysées kusvika kune yekutanga chimiro chemazuva ano cheMontmartre. Notre-Dame Cathedral haisi imwe chete yezvivakwa zvinoshamisa muguta, asi zvakare ndeimwe yeakanakisa mienzaniso yehunhu hweGothic architecture munyika.

Notre-Dame Cathedral yakafadza vashanyi kubva payakavakwa pakati pe1163-1345. Inomira pachena seimwe yezvivakwa zvekutanga kushandisa chinobhururuka chinobhururuka, arch inokura kubva pamadziro ekunze kusvika kune masonry tower. Chinhu chakakosha cheGothic architecture, iyo inobhururuka buttress inobatsira kugovera huremu hwemadziro makuru, ichibvumira mahwindo makuru egirazi akaiswa.

Notre Dame's façade ine simba ine shongwe mbiri uye zvidhori zvevanhu vechitendero nenhoroondo. Pakati pane hwindo rakatenderera, rinowanikwa mune mamwe machechi eGothic muParis, akadai seBasilica yeSainte-Clotilde, Sainte-Chapelle, uye Saint-Séverin. Notre-Dame inowanzo zivikanwa neiyo gargoyles, grotesques, uye chimeras, izvo zvakaratidzwa mumabhuku akakurumbira nemamuvhi.

Kunyange kazhinji akaiswa mumapoka se "gargoyles," gargoyles ari kushanda jets dzemvura (rinobva pashoko rekuti "gargle" nekuda kweruzha rwekuyerera kwemvura), iyo grotesques ndiyo yakavezwa matombo akasiyana-siyana ari kutenderedza kunze, uye chimeras zvisikwa zvemifananidzo bhero tower mabhakoni. Uchifamba kuburikidza neNotre-Dame, unogona kuona kunaka kwezvipembenene zvinobhururuka, zvinyorwa mumasonry, spire yakaisvonaka, uye unonakidzwa neminda uye zvivanze zvakatarisana neSeine River.

Anopfuura makore 700 uye nevaenzi vanosvika mamirioni gumi nematatu pagore, kuchengetedza chinhu chinonyanya kunetsa kuNotre-Dame, uye masangano akaita seFriends of Notre Dame ari kukumbira zvipo zvekubatsira kuchengetedza hupenyu hurefu hwechechi. Paris ine dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda dzine hunhu hweGothic architecture seyekutanga, 13rd, 1th, 3th uye 4th arrondissement.

Kuderera kweGothic style

Nechokunopera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, maartist mazhinji eFlemish akatamira kuFrance uye manyorerwo eFranco-Flemish akagadzirwa, achiratidza runako uye kufarira kweminiti zvakadzama; kupararira kwazvo zvokuti yakasvika pakuzivikanwa seMutauro Wemarudzi Akawanda.

Panenge panguva ino pendi yependi, pasi pehutungamiriri hweMatunhu eFlanders neItaly, yakakwira mukurumbira pamusoro pemamwe marudzi ese ekupenda. Muzana remakore rechigumi neshanu. mapendi ega ega, akadai se:

• Stephan Lochner
• Martin Schonguer
• Mathias Grunewald

Vakamaka muGermany, kuguma kweGothic art. Vamwe, vakaita saJean Fouquet muFrance naVan Eycks muFlanders, vakanongedzera nzira yeKumutsidzira vachichengeta mweya weGothic wakawanda. MuItaly yezana ramakore rechigumi neshanu, uko maitiro eGothic akanga asina kumbobvira anyatsobata, Renaissance yekutanga yakanga yatove nemaruva akazara.

Kumutsiridza kwegothic architecture

Kufanana nehunyanzvi hwese, hunhu hweGothic architecture yanga isiri iyo yakamira fomula, asi yakashanduka nekufamba kwemakore uye yakaona kuvandudzwa uye hunyanzvi sevavaki vezvivakwa vakasiyana uye vavaki vakagadzira pfungwa itsva nekudzishandisa.

Zvishongo zvakakura, zvine zvivezwa zvakawanda uye zvakanyanyisa, zvakashandura zvivakwa zvakawanda zveGothic kuita maberere echokwadi asina tsoka imwe yakafukunurwa neboka revanhu vechitendero, vasande nemadhimoni. Sirin'i dzakavharidzirwa, mabhoti anobhururuka uye mahwindo egirazi ane mavara ese akaona shanduko yakafanana uye yakawedzera kutsanangurwa uye inoshanda nekufamba kwenguva.

Nekudaro, zvivakwa zveGothic zvakazotadza kufarirwa mushure mezana ramakore rechi XNUMX uye zvakatsiviwa nemhando dzekare dzezvivakwa zvakaunzwa neRenaissance. Kunyange zvazvo nzira dzeGothic dzakapera kusvika apo, pakazosvika zana remakore rechiXNUMX, vagadziri vakawanda vakaiwana yakashongedza uye isingafadzi, yakave nerumutsiriro pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX uye simba rayo rinoramba richikurudzira zvivakwa kusvika nhasi.

Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi nezve maitiro eGothic architecture anonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nevamwe izvi:

• Zvivakwa zveRoma
• egyptian architecture
• Mesopotamian architecture