Shiri dzinotama chinhu chinowanzoitika muzvisikwa uye nekuda kwekugona kwadzo kubhururuka dzinokwanisa kufamba nzendo dzakakura dziine zvishoma kana kusamira kuti dziwedzere uye kuzadza simba. Mhedzisiro inovatungamira kuti vapinde muzviitiko izvi ndeyekunzvenga chando, kutsvaga chikafu kana kubudirira kwemurume uye kubereka kunotevera.
shiri dzinotama
Kunonzi kutama kweshiri kune nzira iyo inosanganisira nzendo dzinoitwa nemarudzi akawanda eshiri mumwaka wega wega uye nguva nenguva. Pamusoro pekutama, shiri dzinoita mamwe mafambiro ekuchinja kuvepo kwechikafu, pekugara kana mamiriro ekunze, ayo anowanzo kunge asina kurongeka kana kuti angori munzira imwe chete uye anodaidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana senge nomadism, kupinda, kuparadzira kana kupinda. Kusiyana neizvi, shiri dzisingatami dzinonzi shiri dzinogara.
General Pateni
Kutama kunotariswa nekuitika kwayo mumwaka mumwe chete gore negore. Shiri zhinji dzomunyika dzinotama kure kure. Maitiro anowanzoitika anosanganisira kutamira kuchamhembe kunoberekana muchirimo munzvimbo dzinodziya kana kuti arctic uye kudzokera kunzvimbo dzechando munzvimbo dzinodziya dzekumaodzanyemba.
Mamiriro ezvinhu ekutanga anonyanya kufarirwa nekutama isimba. Mazuva akareba echirimo kuchamhembe anopa mikana yakawanda yekuberekesa shiri kuti dzidyise nhiyo dzadzo. Kurebeswa kwemaawa echiedza chemasikati kunoita kuti shiri dzinodyana dzibereke shiri dzakakura kudarika dzemarudzi akasiyana-siyana asingatami anoramba ari munzvimbo dzinopisa gore rose. Sezvo mazuva anongopfupika muchirimo, shiri dzinodzokera kunzvimbo dzinodziya uko zvokudya zviripo zvinochinja zvishoma nemwaka.
Aya mabhenefiti anodarika njodzi dzekushushikana kwakanyanya, mutengo wesimba, uye dzimwe njodzi dzekutama. Predation inogona kunge yakakwira panguva yekutama. Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae), iyo inobereka pazvitsuwa zveMediterranean, ine nguva yakanonoka kubereka, inofananidzwa nemugero wematsutso weshiri dzinoenda kumaodzanyemba, iyo inodyisa nhiyo dzayo. Nzira yakafanana inotorwa neremwaremwa Nyctalus lasiopterus, ane zvokudya shiri dzinotama.
Kuwanda kweshiri dzinotama pakumbomira kwenguva pfupi kunoitawo kuti dzisangane nemaparasite uye utachiona, zvichiita kuti dzivirirwe nepamusoro-soro. Mukati merudzi rwakapiwa, havasi vanhu vose vanofanira kutama, uko kunonzi kutama zvishoma. Kutama kwechikamu kunowanzoitika mumakondinendi ekumaodzanyemba; muAustralia, 44% yevasina-passerine uye 32% yemhando dzeshiri dzinofamba zvishoma.
Mune mamwe marudzi, huwandu hwenzvimbo dzakakwirira hunowanzo tama uye hunowanzo rara munzvimbo dzakaderera pane idzo dzine mamwe marudzi emhando dzakafanana dzinogara uye, saka, dzakatogara dzakagara iyo yakakodzera nzvimbo yechando, sezvo iyi inonzi " matatya-hopping migration".
Muchiverengero chavagari vapasi, panogonawo kuve neimwe nzira yakasarudzika yekuverenga nguva uye kutama kunoenderana nezera nemapoka epabonde. Chete vanhukadzi Fringilla coelebs (Chaffinches) muScandinavia vanotama uye varume vanoramba vari vagari (izvi zvakapa zita rekuti coelebs, zvichireva kuroora). Kutama kwakawanda kunotanga neshiri dzinosimuka dziri mberi kukuru. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kutama kunosanganisira mabhandi matete ekutama ayo anotangwa senzira dzechinyakare dzinonzi nzira dzekubhururuka nendege.
Izvi zvinowanzo tevera makomo nemahombekombe, uye zvinogona kutora mukana wemhepo uye mamwe mafambiro emhepo kana kunzvenga zvipingamupinyi zvenzvimbo zvakaita semvura mikuru yemvura. Kunyanya nzira dzinogona kurongwa mumajeni avo kana kudzidzwa kune madhigirii akasiyana. Nzira dzavanotora munzira imwe nedzodzo dzinowanzosiyana.
Shiri zhinji huru dzinobhururuka dziri mapoka. Rudzi urwu rwekubhururuka runovabatsira kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Vazhinji vavo vanobhururuka muV maitiro uye ega ega ekuchengetedza simba akafungidzirwa pa12-20%.Sandpiper Calidris canutus (fat sandpiper) uye Calidris alpina (sandpiper) akateverwa neradar kudzidza umo yakatemwa kuti yakabhururuka 5. makiromita paawa nokukurumidza mumapoka kupfuura apo vaizviita vari voga.
Kukwirira uko shiri dzinofamba dzichitama kunosiyana-siyana. Kuenda kuMount Everest kwakaburitsa marangwanda eAnas acuta (dhadha remuswe rekuchamhembe) uye Limosa limosa (muswe mutsvuku) mamita 5.000 pamusoro peKhumbu Glacier. Geese Anser indicus akaonekwa achibhururuka pamusoro pepamusoro pepamusoro pemakomo eHimalaya pamusoro pe8.000 metres, kunyangwe nzvimbo dzakaderera dze3.000 metres dzaive pedyo.
Shiri dzemugungwa dzinobhururuka dzakadzika pamusoro pemvura asi dzinowana kureba nekuyambuka pasi uye maitiro akadzokera kumashure anogona kuonekwa pashiri dzepanyika.Zvisinei, shiri zhinji dzinotama dzinoitika mumamita 150. pa600 metres. Zvinyorwa zvekurova kweshiri muUnited States zvakawana kuti kurohwa kuzhinji kunoitika munzvimbo dziri pasi pe600 metres uye hapana kana imwe pamusoro pe1.800 metres.
Mhando dzakawanda dzepenguin dzinogara dzichitama nekushambira. Nzira idzi dzinogona kufamba makiromita anopfuura 1.000. The Cock of the Rockies (Dendragapus obscurus) inoita kusimuka kwepamusoro zvakanyanya nekufamba. Emus muAustralia akaonekwa achifamba nzendo refu munguva dzekusanaya kwemvura.
Historical Vision
Maonero ekutanga akanyoresa kutama kweshiri anobva makore angangoita 3.000 apfuura, akarehwa naHesiod, Homer, Herodotus, Aristotle nevamwe. Bhaibheri rinodudzawo kutama, sezviri muBhuku raJobho ( 39:26 ), umo mubvunzo unobvunzwa: “Imhaka yetarenda rako here kuti rukodzi runozvifukidza neminhenga nokutambanudza mapapiro arwo kurutivi rwezasi here? Muporofita Jeremia (8:7) anoshuma, kuti: “Kunyange zimudo, riri kudenga, rinoziva nguva yaro yakatarwa; nenjiva, nenyenganyenga nekondo zvinoziva nguva yokutama".
Aristotle anorondedzera kuti ma<em>crane anofamba kubva mubani reSitiya achienda kumachakwi ari panotangira rwizi rwaNire.” Pliny Mukuru mubhuku rake rinonzi “Naturalis Historia” anodzokorora zvakaonekwa naAristotle. Ukuwo, Aristotle akapikisa kuti nyenganyenga nedzimwe shiri dzakarara. Kutongwa uku kwakaramba kuchichengetwa kusvika muna 1878, zuva iro Elliott Coues akaita runyorwa rweanosvika zana nemakumi masere nemaviri emabasa maererano nekunyura kwemhere.
Pakanga pangova pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX apo kutama kwakabvumirwa sechikonzero chekutsakatika kweshiri mumwaka wechando mumamiriro ekunze ekuchamhembe. Kuwanikwa kweshuramurove chena muGermany, idzo dzakakuvadzwa nemiseve yemuAfrica, zvakapa ruzivo nezve kutama. Imwe yemhando dzekare dzakaiswa museve yaive pedyo nemusha weGerman weKlütz mudunhu reMecklenburg-Vorpommern.
Kutama Kureba
Mufananijo wechinyakare wekutama unoumbwa neshiri dzepanyika dzekuchamhembe dzakaita senyenganyenga neshiri dzinodya dzinoita nzendo refu dzichienda kunzvimbo dzinopisa. Madhadha akawanda, hanzi, uye madhadha anoberekera kuchamhembe nawowo anofamba nzendo refu, asi anozofanira kuenda kumaodzanyemba chete pazvinodiwa kudzivirira mvura kutanga kugwamba munzvimbo dzavanoberekera arctic.
Mazhinji emhando dzeHolarctic dzeAnatidae dzinoramba dziri kuchamhembe kwehemisphere, asi munyika dzine mamiriro ekunze anodziya. Semuenzaniso, Anser brachyrhynchus (short-billed goose) inoita kutama kwayo kubva kuIceland kuenda kuGreat Britain nenyika dziri pedyo. Nzira dzekutama uye nzvimbo dzechando dzakajairwa uye dzinodzidzwa nevadiki kuburikidza nekutama kwavo kwekutanga pamwe nevabereki vavo. Mamwe madhadha, akadai saAnas querquedula (carretota teal), anoenda zvachose kana kuti zvishoma kunzvimbo dzinopisa.
Mafungiro akafanana pamusoro pezvipingamupinyi uye kutsauka kunoshanda kune shiri dzepanyika dzinofamba madaro marefu, dzinofananidzira shiri dzemvura, asi zvinopesana: nzvimbo huru yenyika isina aquariums inopa nzvimbo yekudyisa imhinganidzo kune shiri yemvura. Gungwa rakashama ndirowo chipingamupinyi cheshiri ine chikafu chinowanikwa mumvura yemahombekombe.
Mamiriro anoitwa kunzvenga zvipingamupinyi izvi: semuenzaniso, Branta bernicla (collared goose) inofamba kubva kuTaimir Peninsula kuenda kuWadden Sea (Holland, Germany neDenmark) inofamba ichitevedza Gungwa Dzvuku neGungwa reBaltic nzira yemarara pane kuyambuka Arctic Ocean zvakananga. uye kuchamhembe kweScandinavia.
Mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana anoitika kune shiri dzinobhururuka (Charadriiformes). Zvisikwa zvakawanda zvakaita seCalidris alpina (common sandpiper) uye Calidris mauri (Alaskan sandpiper) vanoita nzendo refu kubva kunzvimbo dzavanoberekera muArctic kuenda kunzvimbo dzinodziya munzvimbo imwe chete yehemisphere, asi dzimwe dzakadai seCalidris pusilla (semipalmated sandpiper) dzinofamba nzendo dzakakura kuenda kugungwa. dzinopisa.
Kufanana nemadhadha makuru, ane simba nehanzi (Anseriformes), madhadha anobhururuka zvinoshamisa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti shiri dzinogara muchando munzvimbo dzakadzikama dzinokwanisa kuita mafambiro mapfupi kana mamiriro ekunze asina kunaka.
Kune mamwe mawaders, kutama kunobudirira kuchaenderana nekuwanikwa kwezvekudya zvakakosha panzvimbo dzekumira padivi penzira yese yekubhururuka. Izvi zvinopa vanotama mukana wekuwedzera mafuta pachikamu chinotevera cherwendo. Mimwe mienzaniso yenzvimbo dzakakosha dzekuvharirwa vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika iBay yeFundy neDelaware Bay.
Mimwe mienzaniso yeLimosa lapponica (snipe kana Bar-tailed Woodpecker) inobata rekodhi yekubhururuka kwakarebesa isina kumbomira yakamborekodhwa kune shiri inotama, inofamba makiromita gumi nerimwe kubva kuAlaska kuenda kumwaka yavo isingabereke muNew Zealand. kutama, 11.000 muzana uremu hwemuviri wako mafuta awakachengeta kuti ugone rwendo urwu rusina kumira.
Kutama kweshiri dzegungwa kwakafanana patani kune yeCharadriiformes uye Anseriformes. Mamwe, seCepphus grylle (white-winged guillemot) nemamwe makudo, anogara akanyarara, nepo mamwe, sematern mazhinji nemarazorbill anoberekera munzvimbo dzine mwero dzekuchamhembe kwehemisphere, anofamba madaro akasiyana-siyana kumaodzanyemba.
Nzira refu yeshiri dzose dzinofamba-famba inoitwa neSterna paradisaea (Arctic tern) uye inogara masikati machena kupfuura dzimwe shiri dzose, ichifamba kubva kwainoberekera muArctic kuenda kunharaunda yeAntarctic mumwaka wose. Imwe arctic tern, iyo yakapiwa mhete yokuzivikanwa sehuku muFarne Islands, iri kure nemhenderekedzo yegungwa yokumabvazuva yeBritain, yakasvika muMelbourne, Australia, mumwedzi mitatu chete pashure pokunge yatiza; rwendo rwegungwa rwemakiromita 22.000.
Dzimwe shiri dzemugungwa, dzakadai seOceanites oceanicus (Wilson's pamperito) nePuffinus gravis (Capirotada shearwater), dzinoberekera kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere uye dzinoenda kuchamhembe munguva yechando yeAustralia. Shiri dzemugungwa dzine mukana wekuwedzera wekukwanisa kuwana chikafu mukati mekufamba kwadzo pamusoro pemvura yakashama.
Iwo akawanda pelagic marudzi, kunyanya maProcellariiformes, makuru vagrants, uye maodzanyemba ocean albatrosses anogona kubhururuka kutenderera pasirese mumwaka usiri wekubereka. Procellariiformes shiri dzakapararira munzvimbo dzakawanda dzegungwa rakashama, asi dzinoungana kana chikafu chiripo.
Vazhinji vanowanikwawo pakati pevanotama nzendo refu; Puffinus griseus (shearwater kana dark pamperito) iyo dendere muMalvinas Islands inobhururuka makiromita 14.000 pakati penzvimbo yekuberekesa neNorth Atlantic Ocean kubva kuNorway. Vamwe Puffinus puffinus (Manx Shearwater) vanoita rwendo rumwechete urwu vachidzokera kumashure. Sezvo dziri shiri dzinorarama kwenguva refu, dzinogona kuunganidza madaro marefu afambwa, ayo mumuenzaniso mumwe anofungidzirwa kuva anenge makiromita mamiriyoni 8 muupenyu hwayo hwose hwakasimbiswa hweanopfuura makore 50.
Dzimwe shiri huru, dzine mapapiro dzinobhururuka dzinotsamira pakukwira kwemhepo inodziya kuti dzikwanise kusenerera. Izvi zvinosanganisira shiri dzakawanda dzinodya nyama dzakadai semagora, makondo neshiripiti, pamwe chete neshuramurove. Shiri idzi dzinofamba-famba masikati.
Kwakaomera shiri dzinotama dzeaya mapoka kuyambuka mirwi mikuru yemvura, sezvo mbiru dzinopisa dzichingoumbwa bedzi panyika, uye idzi shiri hadzigoni kupfuurira kubhururuka nokushingaira madaro marefu. Gungwa reMediterranean nemamwe makungwa naizvozvo zvipingamupinyi zvakakosha zveshiri dzinobhururuka, idzo dzinomanikidzwa kuyambuka nepakamanikana.
Mhomho yeshiri huru dzinodya nyama uye shuramurove dzinoyambuka munzvimbo dzakaita seGibraltar, Falsterbo neBosphorus mumwaka wekutama. Mhuka dzinowanzogara dzichiitika, dzakadai sePernis apivorus (Honey Buzzard), dzinosvika mumazana ezviuru mumatsutso. Zvimwe zvipingamupinyi, senge makomo, zvinogonawo kukonzera kuwanda kwakakura, kunyanya kwevanotama zuva nezuva. Ichi chinhu chine mukurumbira mubhodhoro rekutama kubva kuCentral America.
Shiri dzakawanda dzine mwero dzinodya zvipembenene, dzinosanganisira warbler, hummingbird, uye flycatcher, dzinotama madaro marefu, kazhinji usiku. Vanozorora mangwanani uye vanodya kwemazuva mashoma vasati vaenderera mberi nekutama kwavo. Shiri idzi dzinonzi “mukufamba” munzvimbo idzo dzinooneka kwechinguvana mukugara kupfupi murwendo rwose rwokutama.
Nokufamba usiku, vanotama usiku vanoderedza ngozi yezvikara, uye vanodzivisa kupisa kunogona kukonzerwa nesimba rinopedzwa mukufamba kwendege madaro marefu kudaro. Izvi zvakare zvinoita kuti vakwanise kudya masikati kudzorera simba rehusiku. Kutama usiku kunouya nemutengo wekurasika kurara. Vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika vanofanira kukwanisa kurara kwehutano hwakakanganiswa mukati mekufamba kwendege kutsiva kurasikirwa uku.
Pfupi Kutama
Vazhinji vevanoenda kure-kure muchikamu chakapfuura vanonyatso kurongeka mumajeni avo kuti vatore kushanduka kwehurefu hwezuva. Zvisinei, mhuka dzakawanda dzinofamba madaro mapfupi, asi dzinoita izvi chete maererano nemamiriro okunze akaoma.
Nenzira yokuti vaya vane kuberekana kwavo munhongonya nemakomo, zvakadai seTichodroma muraria (wallcreeper) uye Cinclus cinclus (dipper), vanotadza kufamba mukukwirira kuti vadzivise nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzinotonhora. Mamwe marudzi akadai saFalco columbarius (merlin) neAlauda arvensis (skylark) anoenda mberi zvishoma, akananga kumahombekombe kana kune imwe nzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba. Zvisikwa zvakadai seFringilla coelebs (Chaffinches) hazvibviri kutama muBritain, asi zvichaenda kumaodzanyemba kana kuti kuIreland kana kunze kuchitonhora zvikuru.
Vafambi vanofamba nzendo pfupi vane mavambo maviri ekushanduka-shanduka. Avo vane hama dzinotama nzendo refu mukati memhuri imwe chete, dzakadai sePhylloscopus collybita (Chiffchaff), idzo dziri zvizvarwa zvekumaodzanyemba kwenyika dzakapfupisa zvishoma nezvishoma rwendo rwavo rwekudzoka kuti dzigare kuchamhembe kwehemisphere.
Mhuka dzisina hama dzakakura dzinotama mumhuri yavo, seBombycilla, dzinofamba chete mukupindura mumwaka wechando, pane kuwedzera mikana yavo yekubereka. Munyika dzinopisa mune misiyano mishoma pakureba kwechiedza chegore rose, uye inogara ichidziya zvakakwana kuti pave nezvokudya zvakakodzera. Kunze kwekufamba kwemwaka yemhando dzechando dzekuchamhembe kwehemisphere, chikamu chikuru chezvipenyu zvinofamba madaro akasiyana zvichienderana nekunaya kwemvura.
Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinopisa dzine mwaka yemvura neyakaoma, maIndia mamonsoon zvichida ndiwo muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikurusa. Mucherechedzo weshiri uyo kugoverwa kunoenderana nekunaya kwemvura ndeye arboreal kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis (Senegalese Kingfisher) kubva kuWest Africa. Kune marudzi mashoma, kunyanya macuckoos, ayo ari echokwadi vanobva kure-kure mukati menzvimbo dzinopisa. Imwe mhando iCuculus poliocephalus (cuckoo kana kuti lesser cuckoo), inoberekera kuIndia uye inopedza mwaka usiri wekuberekesa muAfrica.
Mumakomo marefu, akadai seHimalayas neAndes, munewo mwaka uno kuchinja kwepamusoro kwemarudzi akawanda, uye mamwe anogona kutamira kure kure. Ficedula subrubra (Kashmir flycatcher) neZoothera wardii (Ward's thrush), ese ari maviri anobva kuHimalayas anosvika kure kumaodzanyemba sezvikomo zveSri Lanka.
Kukanganiswa uye Kupararira
Dzimwe nguva kubatanidza kwakadai semwaka wakanaka wokuberekesa uchiteverwa nokushaikwa kwezvokudya mugore rinotevera zvinotungamirira kubudiriro, uko nhamba huru dzemhuka dzinofamba zvikuru kupfuura nduramo yadzo yenguva dzose. Bombycilla garrulus (European Waxwing), Carduelis spinus (Sispon), uye Loxia curvirostra (Common Crossbill) ndiwo marudzi anoratidza kuchinja kusingafungidziriki muhuwandu hwawo gore negore.
Nzvimbo dzakadzikama dzemaodzanyemba makondinendi dzine nzvimbo dzakakura dzakaoma, kunyanya muAustralia uye kumadokero kweAfrica yekumaodzanyemba, uye shanduko inofambiswa nemamiriro ekunze inowanzoitika asi isingatarisike nguva dzose. Masvondo mashoma emvura zhinji munzvimbo imwe kana imwe yepakati peAustralia inogara yakaoma, semuenzaniso, inokonzeresa kukura kwechirimwa uye invertebrate, zvichikwezva shiri kubva kure nekure.
Izvi zvinogona kuitika mumwaka chero upi zvawo wegore, uye, munzvimbo ipi neipi yakatsanangurwa, zvingasaitika zvakare kwemakore gumi kana kupfuura, sezvo zvichienderana nekuwanda kwenhambo dze“El Niño” uye “La Niña”. Kutama kweshiri chiitiko chinoitika zvakanyanya, kunyangwe zvisiri zvachose, kubva kuNorthern Hemisphere. Kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, kutama kwemwaka kunowanzo kuderera zvakanyanya, uye kune izvo kune zvikonzero zvakasiyana.
Pakutanga, nyika huru kana makungwa, pasina zvipingamupinyi zvakakura, kazhinji hazvinyanyi kuisa kutama kuburikidza nemigwagwa yakamanikana uye yakajeka, uye naizvozvo, mucherechedzi wevanhu haazivi nezvazvo.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kunyanya kushiri dzepanyika, nzvimbo dzekunze dzinowanzoparara kune imwe kune imwe kune imwe nzvimbo yakakura pane kuti iparadzanise zvachose: izvi zvinoreva kuti panzvimbo yekufamba rwendo rurefu pamusoro penzvimbo isina kukodzera kuti usvike kune imwe nzvimbo, marudzi anotama anogona kazhinji kufamba. zvishoma nezvishoma uye nokutandara, vachitsvaka zvokudya sezvavanoenda.
Pasina zvidzidzo zvebhandi zvakakwana, hazvisi pachena munyaya idzi kuti shiri dzinofungwa mune imwe nzvimbo maererano nekuchinja kwemwaka ichokwadi inhengo dzakasiyana dzemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinopfuura zvishoma nezvishoma dzichienderera mberi nenzira yadzo kuchamhembe kana kumaodzanyemba.
Zvechokwadi, marudzi mazhinji anoberekera munzvimbo dzine mwero dzezasi uye chando chiri kuchamhembe munzvimbo dzinopisa. MuAfrica, Hirundo cucullata (Large Barred Swallow), uye muAustralia, Myiagra cyanoleuca (Satin Flycatcher), Eurystomus orientalis (Dollar Green Roller) uye Merops ornatus (Rainbow Bee-eater), semuenzaniso, nguva yechando kure kuchamhembe kwerudzi rwavo.
Physiology uye Kudzora
Kudzora kwekutama, kutsunga kwavo nekufamba kwenguva uye mhinduro kwavari inodzorwa nemajini uye sezviri pachena iwo maitiro echinyakare anowanikwa kunyangwe mumarudzi akawanda asingafambi. Iko kugona kufamba wakazvimiririra uye kutungamira kuburikidza nekutama chiitiko chakanyanya kuoma icho chinosanganisira ese endogenous zvirongwa uye dzidziso.
Physiological Basis
Iyo physiological nheyo yekutama inosanganisira endogenous maitiro, anogadzirwa nekunze kwekunze, ayo anogamuchirwa nepakati tsinga system (CNS). (Gwinner 1986; Ketterson naNolan 1990; Healy et al. 1996; Birgman 1998).
Se "nhume" dzemaitiro aya ndeye neuroendocrine uye endocrine mahomoni anoburitswa kuburikidza ne hypothalamus-pituitary gland. Kutama kunoda kune simba genetic factor: kune zviedzo zvine yellow wagtails (Motacilla alba) umo vanhu vakasiyana-siyana munzvimbo dzakafanana dzenzvimbo dzine maitiro asina kuenzana ekufambisa (Curry-Lindahl, K. 1958).
Kutama-tama kunokonzera shanduko dzakakodzera mufiziology yemhuka, uko hyperphagia, kuwedzera kweropa hematocrit uye dzimwe shanduko dzehunhu senge gregariousness dzinomira pachena.
Shanduko dzinoitika muShiri
Muchikamu chekutanga shiri inonyanya kuwedzera lipid level (Blem 1990). Mafuta ndiwo anonyanya kukosha emasimba mune iyi nzira, anochengetwa kunyanya muadipose tissue, mhasuru uye nhengo dzomukati (George naBerger 1966). Pakati penzvimbo dzinonyanya kukosha dzekuchengetedza mafuta ndeidzi: clavicle, iyo coracoid, mativi, dumbu, pelvis uye buttock nzvimbo (King and Farner 1965).
Mafuta ane maasidhi anodyiwa panguva yekutama (preponderance yeunsaturated fatty acids) haasi ayo anoshandiswa panguva yekugara (saturated fatty acids inokunda) (Conway et al. 1994). Sezvambotaurwa, mafuta anochengetwa mumhasuru, asi kwete mumwoyo. Kuchengetwa kwemafuta muchikamu chekutanga kwave kuchizivikanwa kwemakore akawanda nemagourmets anosarudza avo vanotama panguva ino nokuti nyama yavo yakanyanyisa uye yakawanda mumafuta.
Maererano nedaro rekufamba panguva yose yokutama, shiri iyi inochengeta nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa. Mafuta, kunze kwekupa simba kune tsandanyama, anoita kuti shiri iwedzere kupisa mukati mekuita. Panguva yekufamba, shiri inowedzerawo mapuroteni uye carbohydrate kushandiswa. Mune pre-migratory stage shiri inotambura ne hyperphagic process: zvakaratidzwa kuti zvakare muchikamu ichi shiri ine simba guru rekudzorera zvakachengetwa.
Neural Bases uye Hormones Inobatanidzwa muKutama Kwekufamba
Boka rema endocrine glands rinobatsira kutsanangura kutama. Iyo pituitary inoonekwa munzvimbo ine mukurumbira, inomiririra chinzvimbo chekutonga kwechisikwa, uye zvakare nekuda kwekunzwa kwayo kune mwenje zvinhu. Pamusoro pepituitary, kukosha kwethyroid (inodzora kufambiswa kwemafuta mu thermoregulation) uye gonads zvakaratidzwa (Rowan, W.1939, kubva muongororo yake kuti kukura kwegonadal yepakati chaive chinhu chakakosha pakufamba. process).
- Zvinhu zvezvakatipoteredza mamiriro ekufambisa basa, achikanganisa zvakananga magland ambotaurwa, semuenzaniso:
- Panyaya yethyroid, kune zviitiko zvakawanda zveshiri dzinotama nzendo dzakakura "dzichitungamirirwa" nemafungu ane simba anotonhora.
- Iyo pituitary inofurirwa pachena neiyo photoperiod (nguva yakavhenekerwa masikati), imwe neimwe mhando inobereka uye inotama zvinoenderana neyakakodzera photoperiod miganho. Ongororo dzakaitwa neshiri dzakatapwa umo zvaigoneka kusimbisa kuti chete nekukurudzira kwephotoperiod shiri dzakaratidza kushushikana kwakanangana nenzvimbo dzadzo dzekutama.
Prolactin, kukura kwehomoni, pancreatic hormone, pituitary hormone, catecholamines, uye insulini inoita mabasa anokosha mukuchengetedza mafuta, muscle hypertrophy, uye kuwedzera hematocrit (Ramenofsky naBoswell 1994).
- Macatecholamines, kukura kwehomoni, uye corticosterone inotora chikamu mukufambiswa kwemafuta (Ramenofsky 1990).
- Corticosterone uye testosterone zvakakosha zvikuru mukutama kweshiri usiku (Gwinner 1975).
- Melatonin ine basa rakakura mukurongeka kwekufamba uye kutungamira (Beldhuis et al. 1988; Schnneider et al. 1994).
Kukonzera Chronological Factor
Iyo yakakosha physiological kukurudzira kwekutama ndeyekusiyana kwehurefu hwezuva. Kuchinja uku kwakabatana nekuchinja kwehomoni mushiri. Mukati menguva isati yatama, shiri dzakawanda dzinoratidza kuwedzera kwekuita kana "Zugunruhe" (chiGermany: kuvhiringidza kutama) pamwe chete nekuchinja kwehupenyu sekuwedzera kwekuchengetedza mafuta.
Kuonekwa kwechiitiko ichi, kunyangwe mushiri dzakatapwa dzisina kukonzeresa kwezvakatipoteredza (semuenzaniso, mazuva mapfupi kana kudzikiswa kwekushisa), inopa zviratidzo zvebasa rezvirongwa zvekupedzisira nekugara kwegore mukutonga kwekutama kweshiri.
Shiri idzi dzakavharirwa dzinoratidza kwadzinoda kubhururuka kwadziri kunoenderana nekwadzingadai dzakabva kwadzingadai dzaenda kudai dzakanga dzakasununguka, kunyange kuchinja nzira dzadzo dzadzinoda pamwe chete nemhuka dzomusango dzemarudzi adzo dzichichinja nzira yadzo. Mumhando umo polygyny uye yakacherechedzwa yepabonde dimorphism iripo, pane hunhu hwekuti varume vadzokere kunzvimbo dzekuberekesa nekukurumidza kupfuura vakadzi, iyo inonzi protoandry.
Oriental uye Navigation
Shiri dzinotungamirirwa nemasensor akasiyana-siyana. Muzvipenyu zvakawanda kushandiswa kwekambasi yezuva kwakatemwa. Kushandisa zuva kuwana nzira zvinoreva kuita muripo mukusiyana kwenzvimbo yaro zvichienderana nenguva yezuva. Kufamba kwakatemerwawo kuve kwakavakirwa pamusanganiswa wehumwe hunyanzvi hunosanganisira nzvimbo yemagineti, mashandisirwo ekuona mareferenzi mamaki pamwe nemakwara ekunhuwa.
Shiri dzinoenda kure-kure dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzinopararira dzichiri pwere uye dzinobatanidzwa kune dzinogona kuberekera nzvimbo uye dzinofarira nzvimbo dzechando. Kana iyo yekunamatira kune iyo nzvimbo yagadzirwa, vanoratidza kuvimbika kwakanyanya kune saiti, sezvo vachiishanyira gore negore.
Kugona kweshiri kufamba kuburikidza nekutama hakugone kutsanangurwa zvizere pahwaro hwe endogenous programming, kunyangwe nemupiro wemhinduro kune zvakatipoteredza zvinokurudzira. Kukwanisa kutama nekufamba nzendo refu kunogona kunzwisiswa chete kana hunhu hwenjere hweshiri hwekucherechedzwa kwenzvimbo uye mepu yepfungwa ukatariswa.
Kutariswa kweSatellite kwemareptor ari kufamba masikati akadai sePandion haliaetus (Osprey) uye Pernis apivorus (House-hawk) yaona kuti zvidzidzo zvechikuru zvinobudirira pakugadzirisa nzira pane kukukurwa nemhepo. Sezvinoratidzwa nemamodheru ane rhythms yegore, kune yakasimba genetic chikamu chekutama zvichienderana nenguva uye nzira yekumisikidza, asi izvi zvinogona kuchinjwa nemamiriro ekunze.
Muenzaniso unonakidza wekuchinja kwenzira yekufamba kunokonzerwa nezvipingamupinyi zvenzvimbo ndiko kusimba kweimwe Central European Sylvia atricapilla (blackcaps) kutamira kumadokero nechando muGreat Britain pane kuyambuka Alps. Shiri dzinotama dzinogona kushandisa maturusi maviri emagetsi kuti awane kwadzinoenda: imwe yakanyatsozvarwa (magnetoreception) uye imwe inotsamira pane ruzivo.
Shiri mudiki payanotanga kubhururuka inotora nzira kwayo zvinoenderana negeomagnetic field asi haizive kuti inosvika papi. Inoita izvi kuburikidza ne "dual radical mechanism" inotsamira pachiedza uye magineti umo kemikari inoitwa, kunyanya mafotopigment anoona chiedza cherefu-wavelength, anokanganiswa nemagnetic field.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kunyangwe izvi zvinoshanda chete panguva yemasikati, hazvishandisi nzvimbo yezuva chero nzira. Panguva iyi shiri inoita semwana ari kufamba nekambasi asi isina mepu, kutozosvikira yagadzirisa nzira uye yokwanisa kushandisa humwe unyanzvi hwayo. Nokuedza, anodzidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvemashoko; iyi "mapping" inoitwa nemagnetite-based receptors mu trigeminal system, iyo inoudza shiri kuti simba remagineti rakasimba sei.
Shiri padzinofamba pakati penzvimbo dziri muNorthern Hemisphere neSouthern Hemisphere, kusimba kwemagnetic field munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kunoita kuti dzikwanise kuziva 'dual root mechanism' nemazvo, uye kuziva kana dzasvika kwadzinoenda. Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakawana kubatana kwetsinga pakati peziso ne "N cluster," chikamu chebrain chemberi chinoshanda kuburikidza nekufamba-famba, zvichiratidza kuti shiri dzingakwanisa "kuona" magnetic field.
Kudzungaira
Shiri padzinenge dzichitama dzinogona kurasika dzoita kuti dzitaridzike kunze kwenzvimbo yadzo yenguva dzose. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvakakonzerwa nekudarika nzvimbo yavo yavanovavarira, semuenzaniso kubhururuka kuenda kuchamhembe kupfuura kwakajairika nzvimbo yekuberekera. Iyi ndiyo nzira inogona kukonzeresa kusanyanyowanda, shiri diki dzichidzokera shure dzichirasika mazana emakiromita kubva pane imwe nzvimbo. Inopihwa zita rekudzoka reverse migration, izvo zvinoreva kuti mushiri dzakadaro kuita kwakakodzera kweiyo genetic program kunokundikana.
Dzimwe nzvimbo dzave nemukurumbira senzvimbo dzekuona shiri nekuda kwenzvimbo yadzo. Semuenzaniso Point Pelee National Park muCanada, uye Cape Spurn muEngland. Kutsauka mukutama kweshiri dziri kure nekuda kwemhepo kunogona kuzviratidza mu "arribazón" yenhamba huru yevanotama munzvimbo dzemahombekombe.
Mamiriro eKutama Kwepfungwa
Zvave zvichibvira kudzidzisa nzira yekutama kune boka reshiri, somuenzaniso, sechikamu chezvirongwa zvekudzorera. Zvichitevera kutongwa neBranta canadensis (Canada goose), ndege dzakajeka zvikuru dzakashandiswa muUnited States kudzidzisa yakadzoserwa Grus americana (whooping crane) munzira dzakachengeteka dzekutama.
Evolutionary uye Ecological Factors
Kuti shiri dzakasiyana-siyana dzinotama dzinobva pane zvakati wandei. Mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo yekuberekesa akakodzera, uye marudzi mashoma anogona kushivirira kutonhora kwechando chemukati meCanada kana kuchamhembe kweEurasia. Nenzira iyi tine kuti Turdus merula (Eurasian blackbird) inofamba zvishoma, iyo inotama zvakakwana muScandinavia, asi kwete nekudziya kwakanyanya kwekumaodzanyemba kweEurope. Hunhu hwechikafu chepakutanga hwakakoshawo.
Vakawanda veavo vanonyanya kudya zvipembenene kunze kwenzvimbo dzinopisa vanotamira kure kure, vasina zvavanogona kuita kunze kwokunanga kumaodzanyemba kuchando. Dzimwe nguva zvinhu zvacho zvakadzikama. Stonechat Saxicola rubetra (iyo yekuchamhembe) kubva kuEurope uye Saxicola maura (iyo yekuSiberia) kubva kuAsia ishiri dzinoenda kure kure dzinogara munguva yechando munzvimbo dzinopisa, nepo hama yadzo yepedyo Saxicola rubicola (yeEurope kana yakajairika) ishiri inogara pamusoro pehukuru hwayo, ichingofamba zvinhambwe zvipfupi kubva kunotonhorera kuchamhembe nekumabvazuva.
Chinhu chinogona kuitika apa ndechekuti marudzi ekugara anogona kazhinji kuwana imwe clutch. Ongororo dzichangoburwa dzinoratidza kuti vafambi vanofamba nzendo refu ndevekuSouth America neAfrica evolutionary promeance pane kuti vabva kuNorthern Hemisphere. Idzo chaizvoizvo mhuka dzekumaodzanyemba dzinoenda kuchamhembe kunoberekana panzvimbo pemarudzi ekuchamhembe anoenda kumaodzanyemba kuchando.
Zvidzidzo zvemaoretical zvinoratidza kuti kutsauka nekumisikidza munzira dzavo dzekubhururuka izvo zvinowedzera nhambwe yekubhururuka kusvika pa20% kazhinji inochinja kubva pakuona kweaerodynamic, shiri inozvitakura nechikafu kuti iyambuke chipingamupinyi chakafara inobhururuka zvisinganyanyi kuita. Zvakadaro, mamwe marudzi anoratidza masekete enzira dzekufambisa dzinoratidza kuwedzera kwenhoroondo yehuwandu hwekugovera uye dziri kure nekuve dzakanyatsoenderana ne ecology.
Muenzaniso muitiro wokutama kwevagari vekondinendi yose veCatharus ustulatus (Swainson's thrush), vachifamba nechekumabvazuva vachiyambuka North America vasati vakweverwa kumaodzanyemba vachipfuura neFlorida kuti vasvike kuchamhembe kweSouth America. Iyi nzira inofungidzirwa kuve mugumisiro wekuwedzera kwehuwandu kwakaitika makore angangoita 10.000 apfuura. Roundups inogonawo kukonzerwa nemamiriro akasiyana emhepo, njodzi yekudzvinyirirwa, uye zvimwe zvinhu.
Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwakakura kunotarisirwa kukanganisa nguva yekutama, uye kuongorora kwakaratidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira kusiyanisa panguva yekutama, mumwaka wekubereka, pamwe nekuderera kwevanhu.
Ecological Migumisiro
Kutama kweshiri kunobatsirawo mukutakurwa kwedzimwe mhando, kusanganisira dzeectoparasites sezvikwekwe nenda, izvo zvinogona panguva imwe chete kutakura tupukanana zvinosanganisira vamiririri vanogadzira zvirwere zvevanhu. Pave paine kufarira kukuru kupararira kwefuruu yeshiri pasi rose, zvisinei kuti shiri dzinotama hadzisi tyisidziro huru.Mamwe mavhairasi anochengetwa mushiri pasina mhedzisiro inouraya, akadai sehutachiona hweWest Nile, anogona, zvisinei, kupararira nekutama kweshiri..
Shiri dzinogonawo kuita basa mukuwanda kwezvinomera propagules uye plankton. Zvimwe zvikara zvinotora mukana wekuungana kweshiri panguva yose yavanenge vachifamba. Chiremwaremwa chinonzi Nyctalus lasiopterus (greater noctule) chinodya shiri dzinotama usiku.
Maitiro ekudzidza
Kutama-tama kweshiri kwakaongororwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, iyo kurira ndiyo yekare. Kumaka nemavara, kushandiswa kweradar, satellite monitoring uye kuongorora yakagadzikana isotopes yeHydrogen (kana Strontium) mamwe maitiro anoshandiswa pakudzidza nezvekutama. Imwe nzira yekuratidza kutama kwezvipfuyo inoshandisa maikorofoni anonongedza kumusoro kurekodha nhare dzehusiku dzemapoka ari kupfuura achibhururuka. Izvi zvinozoongororwa murabhoritari kuti zviverenge nguva, mafambiro nemhando dzeshiri.
Chiitiko chekare chekuverenga kutama chinosanganisira kutarisa mwedzi wakazara uye kuverenga masikirwo emapoka eshiri padzinobhururuka usiku. Zvidzidzo zvemaitiro ekutarisa zvakagara zvichiitwa pachishandiswa akasiyana emidziyo inonzi Emlen's funnel, iyo inoumbwa nekeji yedenderedzwa yakachengetedzwa pamusoro negirazi kana mesh yewaya kuitira kuti denga rionekwe pamusoro. planetarium kana nezvimwe zvinodzoreka zvakatipoteredza zvinokurudzira.
Maonero eshiri ari mukati memudziyo uyu anoongororwa uwandu pachishandiswa nzira dzinosiya shiri pamadziro ekeji inonzi.Mimwe nzira inoshandiswa pakuongorora njiva dzinouya kumba dzinoshandisa nzira iyo shiri inodzima nayo kumhepo.
Kutyisidzirwa uye Kuchengetedza
Zvinoitwa nevanhu zvatyisidzira marudzi akawanda eshiri dzinotama. Nzira dzinobatanidzwa mukutama kwavo dzinoratidza kuti vanowanzoyambuka miganhu yenyika uye matanho ekuchengetedza kwavo anoda kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzakawanda. Zvibvumirano zvakasiyana-siyana zvepasi rose zvakasainwa kuitira kuchengetedza mhuka dzinotama, zvinosanganisira Migratory Bird Treaty Act ya1918 yeUnited States (chibvumirano neCanada, Mexico, Japan neRussia) neAfrican-Eurasian Migratory Water Shird Agreement.
Kuungana kweshiri dziri munzira dzinotama kunogona kuisa mhuka dzacho munjodzi. Mamwe emhando dzinoshamisa dzekutama dzakatonyangarika, inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye Ectopistes migratorius (njiva inofambisa). Mukufamba kwavo kwose makwai akanga akafara makiromita 1,6 uye kureba makiromita 500, achitora mazuva mashomanana kupfuura uye aine shiri dzinosvika bhiriyoni.
Dzimwe nzvimbo dzakakosha zvikuru dzinosanganisira nzvimbo dzekuvharirwa kwenguva pfupi pakati penzvimbo dzekuberekesa uye dzechando. Ongororo yekutora-kutorazve kwevafambi vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika vane kuvimbika kwakanyanya kunzvimbo dzavanoberekera uye dzechando havana kuratidza kubatana kwakaoma kwakafanana nenzvimbo dzekugara kwenguva pfupi.
Mabasa ekuvhima munzira dzekutama anogona kukonzera kufa kwakanyanya. Huwandu hwevanhu veGrus leucogeranus (Siberian Crane) muchando muIndia vakaderera nekuda kwekuvhima munzira dzekufambisa, kunyanya muAfghanistan neCentral Asia. Kekupedzisira shiri idzi dzakaonekwa muna 2002 panzvimbo yadzinofarira muchando muKeoladeo National Park.
Kutama kweshiri kwakakanganisika nekuda kwekusimudzwa kwezvinhu zvakaita setambo dzemagetsi, zvigayo zvemhepo uye mapuratifomu emafuta ekumahombekombe. Kuparara kwenzvimbo yechisikigo nekuchinja kushandiswa kwevhu, zvisinei, dambudziko guru uye nzvimbo dzakadzika dzepasi, idzo dzinomira kwenguva yechando dzeshiri dzinotama, dziri kutyisidzirwa pamusoro pezvese nekuda kwemvura uye zvirevo zvekushandiswa kwevanhu.
Nhoroondo Yekuverenga Shiri Dzinotama
Kubva makarekare chiitiko chekutama chakaburitsa kukwezva, mibvunzo uye kufunga mumarudzi ese evanhu. Yakava manyuko ekurudziro kuvadetembi, n’anga navasvikiro, avo vaifungidzira remangwana mukubhururuka kweshiri, kushatiswa kwezvimwe zvipenyu kwakanga kuri kuziviswa kwehondo kana kuti kusvika kwerimwe denda. Mune mamwe maguta eSpain nekubhururuka kweshiri, kunyanya kumedza uye swifts, zvaikwanisika kufanotaura kuti kuchanaya here kana kuti kwete.
Vadetembi vakanzwa vachiyemura marudzi ane mavara akasiyana-siyana uye anoimba akadai senyenganyenga, shuramurove, nzungu, nezvimwewo... Zvichakadaro, vavhimi vakaratidza kufarira marudzi ane uwandu hwezvokudya uye kunakirwa kwakanga kwakakura, panguva imwe cheteyo tsumo yedu izere nezvinorehwa neshiri dzinotama dzakadai. se "KuSan Blas uchatarisa shuramurove" kana "MuSant Frances tora chinongedzo uende" kana iri nyaya yekuvhima thrush.
Chiitiko ichi chakakwezvawo pfungwa dzevanofunga nemasayendisiti chero nguva, sezvo vazhinji vavo vakaedza kutsanangura kuvapo uye kutsakatika kweshiri mumwaka chaiwo wegore, chiitiko chaidzokororwa gore negore. Aya ndiwo mafambiro anomuka muMagwaro Matsvene, pamusoro pekufamba kweshiri dzakaita seshuramurove, njiva, nyenganyenga nekondo.
MuGreece iri kure, muzivi Aristotle muchinyorwa chake “History of Animals” akahwirudzura chiitiko ichi nokutaura kuti nemhaka yokunaya kwechando, mamwe marudzi aipindura nokutamira kunzvimbo dzinodziya, dzakadai se<em>crane ne<em>pelican, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuburuka kubva kugungwa. makomo, nepo dzimwe dzinopinda murudzi rwekukatyamara uye dzinogara mumakomba kuti dzivhare, nenzira yokuti nyenganyenga dzinovanda mumakomba umo dzinorasikirwa neminhenga yadzo, kubva mairi dzinobuda muchirimo dzakapfeka minhenga mitsva.
Kune mamwe marudzi, akabvuma kuchinja, achinyora kuti robin (Erithacus rubecula) muchando aichinja kuva redstarts (Phoenicurus sp.) muzhizha. Kwemazana emakore dzidziso idzi dzakatorwa sedzechokwadi mumatunhu makuru esainzi, zvisinganyanyi kuwedzera mupiro wokusvika nenguva wakadai sowaOlaus Magnus muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, uyo akaonesa kuti nyenganyenga dzamarudzi okuchamhembe dzakanyura mumapoka mumvura dzemigero. , vachirayira varedzi vehove vaduku vomunharaunda yacho kuti vavasiye munzvimbo imwe cheteyo kana vakazovabata mumambure avo, sezvakaita vabati vehove vomunguva yakapfuura.
Makanga muri muzana ramakore rimwe chetero apo nyanzvi yemhuka Pierre Belon akatanga kuzviona zvakajeka zvikuru, ichitaura kuti chimwe chinhu chakaitika kushiri dzokumusha kwake France apo dzakapera muchando, uye zvakadaro dzakabuda muNorth Africa, panzvimbo chaipo apo shiri dzokumusha kwake France dzakapera. akanga asipo mumwedzi yakanga yapfuura. Uku kufunga kwakashoropodzwa zvikuru nenyanzvi dzenguva iyoyo dzaitsigira dzidziso yokurara muchando.
Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi 1.770, nyanzvi yomuzvarirwo inokosha Linnaeus yakatsigira dzidziso yaAristotle pamusoro pokurara kwechimedza mudura ( Hirundo rustica ), uyo akataura kuti dzinogara pasi pedenga redzimba muEurope, dzinonyura muchando uye dzinoonekazve muchirimo. Muna XNUMX, Buffon akaramba dzidziso iyi, achiratidza mubhuku rake rinonzi "Natural History of Birds" kuti shiri dzose dzinotonhora, kure nekukundwa nekuneta, dzakafa zvechokwadi. Shiri imwe chete ine magwaro anoratidza kunyura iCaprimulgus vociferus, shiri yekuUnited States.
Muna 1.950, musayendisiti J. Marshall akabata mienzaniso mitatu muTexas, iyo yaakaenderera mberi kuratidza kuti shiri dzaidya nguva dzose dzakaramba dzichishanda munguva yose yechando, asi dzakapinda muhubernation apo dzakatsanya kwezuva rimwe kana maviri. Hibernation yakatora kubva maawa gumi nemaviri kusvika kumazuva mana. Tembiricha yemuviri yakadzika kusvika pa12º C uye havana kuratidza zviratidzo zvekunze zvekufema.
Kubva ipapo, masayendisiti mazhinji anobvuma chokwadi chekufamba kweshiri, asi ichiri kufarirwa nevakawanda kuti cuckoos (Cuculus canorus), iyo inozivisa chitubu, inoshanduka kuita shiri duku (Accipiter nisus) kana matsutso asvika, kana semataundi eCastilla ( Spain) vanofunga kuti mahoopoe (Upupa epop) anohwanda mumakomba panosvika chando, achidya tsvina yawo. Nhasi zvinobvumirwa kuti kutama hakusi kwega, kune zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvakawedzera kuoma kwayo, zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kupa tsanangudzo imwe chete.
Chiitiko chekufambisa hachina kunyanya kushiri, kuwanikwa kutama kwakakura uye nzendo refu mucetaceans, mune zvimwe zviremwaremwa, zvisimbiso, reindeer, antelopes, turtle dzegungwa, butterflies, lobster, hove uye kunyangwe mumakonye emugungwa, izvi zvinofambisa mafambiro semusikirwo. , yakapihwa hunhu hwayo hunoshamisa, nekuda kwemaitiro ayo epfungwa-yemuviri.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti munguva yeTertiary shiri dzainge dziripo dzakatofamba dzichitama, sezvo pakanga paine misiyano pakati penzvimbo dzakanaka uye dzisina kunaka zvichienderana nenguva yegore, zvisinei nekuti nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti nzvimbo yekutanga yekutama yakaitika glaciations yeQuaternary era, nekuda kwekuchinja kwakanyanya kwemamiriro ekunze panguva iyoyo. Kusvika kweaizi iyo yakafukidza chikamu chikuru chemakondinendi hakuna kukonzera kubhururuka kukuru kweshiri, asi chikamu chikuru chadzo chakafa nechando uye nzara.
Vanhu vashomanana chete mukudzungaira kwavo vakasvika kunzvimbo dzakanaka vachibatana nevanhu veko. Gare gare, uye inowirirana nokudzokera shure kweaizi, idzo dzakawedzera zvakare kuchamhembe, uko dzaimanikidzirwa kubva muchando choga choga, dzichidzidzira kusarudzwa kwakakomba kwomusikirwo kwaifarira shiri dzine simba guru rokutama.
Mukuwedzera kune shiri idzi, shiri dzinogara kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba dzakaungana, izvo, maererano nekudzoka kwechando, zvakapinda munzvimbo dzisina vanhu muchirimo-zhizha, kuti dzivasiye dzakamanikidzwa nechando uye nzara munguva yechando.
Huwandu hwezvipenyu hunotama hwakanyanya, hunogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti marudzi ese anoita mafambiro akakosha pane imwe mwaka wegore, semuenzaniso, mukati meshiri dzinodya tinowana mhando kana subspecies dzine nzvimbo dzadzo dzekuberekesa kuchamhembe. hemisphere, nehuwandu hwevanhu vanoenda kumaodzanyemba munguva yechando (migrant marudzi) kudzoka gore rinotevera.
Pakati pemamwe marudzi makumi mana nembiri, vanhu chete vanogara kuchamhembe kana kumaodzanyemba kwemhando dzekumaodzanyemba vanotama kuti vawane chikafu chakawanda, uye vanhu vakuru vanowanzosara kuchamhembe kana kumaodzanyemba kupfuura vadiki (vashoma vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika). Pakati pezvipenyu makumi mana nembiri, 42 dendere muNorth America uye 42 chete muSouth America. MuEurasia mune makumi masere emhando dze raptor dzinenge dzichitama uye 16 muEast Asia. MuAustralia kune marudzi matatu uye mana muSouth Africa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chikamu chimwe muzvina cheshiri dzinodya nyama dzichiriko dzinoita kutama kunokosha dzisati dzaroora.
MuNorth America pamhando 650 dzeshiri, 332 dzadzo dzinotama uye 227 dzadzo imhando dzesango nemabhurasho. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pakati pe500 ne1.000 mamiriyoni evanhu vemarudzi aya vanoenda kunzvimbo dzinopisa dzeAmerica, kwavanorarama kwemwedzi 7-8. Zvinoenderana nemafambiro atinoita takananga kumaodzanyemba kweAmerica, nhamba yeshiri ishoma, saka, 51% yemarudzi anotama ari mumasango eMexico uye kuchamhembe kweCaribbean zvitsuwa. 30% muYucatan peninsula uye muzvitsuwa zvakawanda zveCaribbean. 10-20% muCosta Rica, 13% muPanama, 6-12% muColombia uye 4-6% muAmazon yeEcuador, Peru neBolivia.
Kutama kweShiri dzehusiku
Mhando dzeshiri dzinofamba-famba dzehusiku dzinoita kunge dziri kumira kare kupfuura zvadzaive makumi maviri emakore apfuura, izvo zvinonzi zvakakonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Zvinoenderana nezvakadhindwa mujenari 'Nature Climate Change', zvakave zvichisimbiswa kuti tembiricha uye nguva yekutanga yekutama kwakanyatso kurongeka, uye shanduko huru yekutanga kwaro yakaitika mumatunhu akadziya nekukurumidza. Zvisinei, kuchinja uku kwakanga kusinganyanyi kuoneka mumatsutso.
Kyle Horton, anobva kuColorado State University (CSU); naArtificial Intelligence nyanzvi Dan Sheldon wekuYunivhesiti yeMassachusetts Amherst naAndrew Farnsworth weCornell Laboratory yeOrnithology vakatsanangura maongorori avakaita makore makumi maviri nemana e data radar kubva kuNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). kutama kweshiri usiku.
Horton anoongorora huwandu hwetsvagiridzo, iyo yakateedzera mafambiro ehusiku emazana emarudzi anomiririra mabhiriyoni eshiri, se "zvakakosha" pakunzwisisa nekudzidza zvakawanda nezvemafambiro akasiyana.
“Kuona kusiyana kwekufamba kwenguva kwezvikero zvekondinendi kunofadza zvechokwadi, kunyanya kana tichifunga nezvemaitiro akasiyana-siyana uye nzira dzinoshandiswa nemarudzi akawanda anonhongwa neradar,” anodaro, achiwedzera kuti kuchinja kwakaonekwa hakurevi hako kuti vanotama vafambirane. nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Farnsworth anoti tsvakiridzo yeboka inopindura, kekutanga, mibvunzo yakakosha pamusoro peshiri uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
“Kutama kweshiri kwakachinja zvikuru semabatirwo emamiriro ekunze. Chiitiko chepasi rose chinosanganisira mabhiriyoni eshiri gore negore. Uye hazvishamisi kuti kufamba kweshiri kunoenderera mberi nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Asi kuti mapoka eshiri akaita sei munguva yokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze nokukurumidza uye akanyanyisa akaonekwa sechienzi. Kubata zviyero uye hukuru hwekuita kwekutama munzvimbo uye nguva kwave kusingagoneki kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika ", anosimbisa.
Horton anocherekedza kuti kukwanisa kuwana iyo data uye cloud computing kwakawedzera zvikuru kugona kweboka kupfupisa zvakawanikwa. "Pakugadziriswa kwedata rese iri, pasina cloud computing zvingatora rinopfuura gore rinoenderera rekugadzirisa data," anodaro. Kusiyana neizvi, boka racho rakakwanisa kuzviwana munguva iri pedyo nemaawa 48.
Sekutaura kwaSheldon, mafambiro eshiri aya akarekodhwa kwemakumi emakore nekuda kweNational Weather Service's inoramba ichiongorora radar network, asi kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika iyi data yanga isingawanikwe kune vanoongorora shiri, muchidimbu nekuda kwehuwandu hweruzivo uye kushomeka kweruzivo. zvishandiso zvekuongorora kwayo, izvo zvakangoita kuti zvidzidzo zvishoma zvigoneke.
Nekutsvagisa uku, Amazon Web Services yakabvumira kuwana iyo data. Pamusoro pezvo, chishandiso chitsva, 'MistNet,' chakagadziridzwa naSheldon nevamwe vake kuMass Amherst nevamwe kuCornell Lab, inoshandisa muchina kudzidza kuwana data reshiri kubva pane zvinorekodhwa neradar uye kubaya mudura rezvinyorwa izvo Zvine makumi emakore edata. Zita rayo rinoreva "mambure emhute" akatetepa, asingaonekwe anoshandiswa nenyanzvi dzeshiri kubata shiri dzinotama.
Sekuongorora kwaSheldon, 'MistNet' inogadzirisa kugadzirisa kweseti yakakura yedata yakashandiswa kuverenga kutama kweshiri mukondinendi yeUnited States kwemakore anopfuura makumi maviri, nemhedzisiro inoshamisa zvichienzaniswa nevanhu vanodzitakura. Inoshandisa makombiyuta ekuona maitiro kusiyanisa shiri kubva kune izvo zvinonaya mumifananidzo, chipingamupinyi chakakodzera icho chakange chapikisa biologist kwemakumi emakore.
“Kare, munhu mumwe ndiye aitarisira mufananidzo mumwe nomumwe weradar kuti aone kana kwaiva nemvura kana kuti shiri,” anoratidza kudaro. "MistNet yakagadziridzwa seyakagadzirwa intelligence system yekuzivikanwa patani mumifananidzo yeradar uye inodzvinyirira mvura," anodaro.
Chikwata chaSheldon chakagadzira mamepu ekare epapi uye rini kutama kwakaitika mumakore makumi maviri nemana apfuura ndokuvasunda kuti vaenzanisire, semuenzaniso, nzvimbo dzinonyanya kutama dzemukondinendi yeUnited States mumukoto kumadokero kweRwizi rweMississippi. 'MistNet' inogonesawo vatsvakurudzi kuverenga kumhanya kwendege uye ukuru hwetrafiki hweshiri dzinotama.
Horton anocherekedza kuti kushaikwa kwekusiyana kwemaitiro ekutama kwaishamisa, zvisinei nekuti kutama kuchiri kungoita "kune huipi" mumwedzi iyoyo. “Muchirimo, unogona kuona kuputika kwevanotama vachimhanya zvakanyanya kuti vasvike kunzvimbo inoberekerwa. Zvisinei, mukudonha, dzvinyiriro yokusvika kunzvimbo dzechando haina kukura, uye kutama kunowanzoita kufamba pamwero wakasununguka.
Musanganiswa wezvinhu zvinoita kuti kutama kudonha kuve kwakaoma kudzidza, anowedzera. Mumwaka uno, shiri hadzikwikwidzi vamwe vadzo uye kukurumidza kusvika kwadzinoenda kunenge kwakadzikama. Saizvozvowo, kune zera rakakura reshiri dzinotama, sezvo pwere dzinozoona kuti dzinofanirawo kutama.
Horton anowedzera kuti zvakawanikwa zvine zvazvinoreva pakunzwisisa mafambiro eshiri mune ramangwana, sezvo shiri dzinotsamira pachikafu nezvimwe zviwanikwa kuti dziite rwendo. Munguva yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, nguva yekutumbuka kwezvinomera kana kuvepo kwezvipembenene zvinogona kusaenderana nekufamba kweshiri dzinotama.
Vanoratidza kuti kunyange misiyano isingaoneki inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa yehutano hweshiri dzinotama. Mune ramangwana, vaongorori vanoronga kuwedzera ongororo yavo yedata kuti ibatanidze Alaska, uko kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kukanganisa zvakanyanya kupfuura nyika dzekumaodzanyemba makumi mana nemasere.
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