Hupenyu hwevaMaya hwaidzorwa nechadenga uye mafambiro emitumbi yemudenga. The Mayan nyeredzi inowanzobatanidza simba renyika nesimba re cosmos. Zvidzidzo uye zvakawanikwa zvakaitwa nemaMayans pane nyeredzi zvinoramba zvichishamisa vese masayendisiti uye vanhuwo zvavo nhasi.
Mayan nyeredzi
VaMayans vakadzidza nezve cosmos uye mafambiro ezvisikwa zvekudenga nerubatsiro rwezuva, nekuda kweizvi vakavaka maobservatories ayo mazaruro aitungamirira kutenderera kwemapuraneti. Kuve nyanzvi dzenyeredzi uye nyanzvi dzemasvomhu dzakajeka, vakatora kuverenga kwavo uye zvavakawana mu "codices" ayo matatu chete asara sezvo mazhinji akaparadzwa panguva yekurwisa kweSpain. Kubva pane zvavakaona, vakatsanangura makarenda akawanda, mamwe acho akanga akaoma kunzwisisa uye akanyatsojeka.
Nekuda kweruzivo urwu vakakwanisa kuverenga nguva yekuziva zvikamu zvese zvemwedzi, nzvimbo yezuva panguva yekuora kwezuva, solstices uye equinoxes, pamwe nekutenderera kwechisikigo. Vakatora mukana wekuverenga idzi kugadzirisa mazuva emhemberero dzavo dzakanyanya kukosha. Zvavakatarisa zvakange zvakanangidzirwa kuVenus, asiwo kuMars, Jupiter, Saturn, uye Pleiades, kwavanoti Maya emuchadenga akatanga.
The Milky Way yakanga yakakosha zvikuru kuMayan nyeredzi. Maererano nengano dzevaMayans, iyo Milky Way ndiyo nzira iyo mweya inotora kana ichifamba kubva pasi pevhu kuenda kumatenga mhiri. Zvichienderana nekuverenga kwavo kwemuchadenga, vachifunga nezvenzvimbo yemapuraneti, vakawana poindi yemharadzano yemhepo ine chiedza cheMilky Way.
Vakadaidza nzvimbo iyi kuti Muti Unoyera nekuda kwechimiro chayo. Izvi zvakaita kuti vaone kuti kana zuva rabatana Muti Unoyera uyu unomiririra kuvhurwa kwechinhanho chekukura kwekuziva kwemweya, chimwe chidimbu. Kubatana kwekupedzisira kwakaitika panguva yechando solstice ye2012, kureva, Zvita makumi maviri nerimwe, zuva iri ndiro zuva rekutanga rekutenderera kutsva kwezviuru zvishanu nemazana maviri emakore.
Mayan Cosmogony
Maererano nezvinotendwa nevaMayans, kune matenga gumi nematatu akarongwa muzvikamu pasi pano uye anotongwa nevamwari gumi nevatatu vanonzi Oxlahuntiku kana madzishe gumi nematatu epasirese. Nyika inotsigirwa nengwena hombe kana kuti chikara chihombe chinoyangarara pamusoro pegungwa. Kune mapfumbamwe epasi pepasi pepasi, zvakare akaturikidzana, uye anotongwa nevamwari vapfumbamwe, iyo Bolon Tiku, vapfumbamwe madzishe enguva uye magumo, anotonga mukutevedzana kusingaperi pamusoro pe "kutenderera" kana "vhiki" yehusiku hupfumbamwe.
MaMayans anoona nguva senhevedzano yematenderedzwa asina mavambo kana magumo, ayo anovhiringwa nenjodzi kana njodzi dzinomiririra kudzoka kunyonganiso huru. Aya matenderedzwa, pamwe nenyika haazomboperi, nekuti maMayans vanotendawo mune palingenesis, kuberekwa patsva kana kuberekwa patsva kwepasirese. Aya mafambiro okuparadzwa uye kuberekwazve anofumurwa mukufanotaura kunowanwa mumabhuku anoumba Chilam Balam.
Muna Bharami Bharami mune kufanotaura, somuenzaniso, kunorondedzera kumukira kwavamwari vapfumbamwe mukurwisana navamwari vokudenga vane gumi navatatu, kuba kweNyoka huru, kuwa kwedenga nokunyura kwapasi. Zvakare muChilam Balam zvinonzi muna 1541 dzules, vatorwa, vakasvika.
Kutozosvikira panguva iyoyo, “nguva yokunaka kwezuva, yorutanda rwakaumbwa nenyeredzi, kubva uko vamwari vanotirangarira” yakanga yayerwa, asi dzules yakasvika ndokugumisa chinhu chiri chose. "Vaidzidzisa kutya, vakaomesa maruva, vakasveta kusvikira vauraya ruva revamwe kuti vararame": vakanga vauya "kuzorasa Zuva."
Kune maMayans, cosmos yakakamurwa kuita nhanho nhatu uye aya mazinga akakamurwa kuita makona mana. Pachinhanho chepamusoro pane denga redenga, rinotsigirwa nevamwari vana vanonzi bacab, pamwero uyu chiitiko chikuru chenyeredzi chinoitika, kunyanya nzira yezuva nezuva mukati mezuva. Hupenyu hwevanhu hunoitika pachinhanho chinotevera pasi pano, inova nzvimbo yakakura ine sikweya nzvimbo ine kona imwe neimwe yakanangidzirwa kunzvimbo inotsigirwa naPauahtun, mwari wezvakasikwa zvina.
Iyo yakaderera nhanho ndeye Xibalbá, inova pasi penyika inotongwa nevamwari vehurwere nerufu: Hun Camé naVucub Camé. Ikoko, zuva rimwe nerimwe zuva, pashure pokutenderera kwaro pamusoro pedenga rokudenga, rinorwa hondo inotyisa navamwari vasingafi uye zvimwe zvisikwa zvomupasi kusvikira ravakunda uye rotangazve rwendo rwaro rwomudenga.
Kalenda yeEurope uye Kalenda yeMayan
Karenda yaJulius, yakatemerwa namambo weRoma Julius Caesar mugore rechimakumi mana nematanhatu Kristu asati asvika, akakamura gore mumwedzi gumi nemiviri aine mazuva anosvika makumi matatu mumwe nemumwe kuti asvike 365, nekuwedzera gore rekusvetuka ne366, saka gore rekarenda raizove nemazuva 365,25. . Asi gore rezuva rine mazuva 365,2422, saka gore ra1582 rakaona musiyano mukuru pakati penguva yechando neKisimusi uye machirimo equinox neEaster.
Kugadzirisa kusawirirana uku, Pope Gregory XIII, nezano romuzivi wenyeredzi weItaly Luis Lilio, akatanga inozivikanwa sekarenda yaGregory, achigumisa mazuva ari pakati paOctober 1582 na1700, 1800 uye nokudaro akadzorerawo makore akawanda kukarenda. . Akarasikirwawo nemazuva matatu mumazana mana ega ega nekuraira kuti mazana emakore angori makore anosvetuka kana akagovaniswa nemazana mana. Saka, semuenzaniso, 1900, 1600, uye 2000 haasi makore ekusvetuka, asi XNUMX uye XNUMX ndizvo.
Parizvino mazuva asati asvika gore ramakumi mana nematanhatu a. C. akashandurirwa kukarenda yaJulius. Iri ndiro karenda rekarenda raJulian. Zviverengero zvenyeredzi zvinodzosa gore razero, uye makore pamberi pegore iroro nhamba dzisina kunaka. Uku kufambidzana kwenyeredzi. Hapana gore razero munhoroondo yekufambidzana. Munhoroondo yekufambidzana, gore rekutanga BC rinoteverwa negore rekutanga shure kwaKristu, semuenzaniso, gore −3113 (astronomical dating) rakafanana ne3114 BC (historical dating).
Chipo chenguva nemakarenda chaive chisingaperi mukati mevanhu veMayan, kufamba kwenguva kwakabatwa senyaya yevamwari, vangadai vakagadzira karenda uye gare gare vangadai vakaipa kumunhu kuronga zviitiko zvese mu community . Munguva dzechinyakare, makarenda mazhinji aishandiswa, senge mwedzi, iyo Venusian, maviri solar, iyo Haab, Tzolk'in uye iyo Long Count.
Makarenda haangotiudzi chete nezvekururama kwavo kwesayenzi kwakajeka asiwo nezvetsika dzavo dzechitendero nezvavanotenda. Chirevo cherimwe zuva mukati menguva yecosmic, kusanganisira ruzivo rwechikamu chemwedzi, zviitiko zvemudenga uye Ishe wehusiku akatonga panguva iyoyo chaiyo.
Mucosmogram yeMadrid Codex inocherechedzwa kuti karenda ine chekuita sei nekusikwa kwehupenyu. Pakati pane vamwari vaviri vanomiririra Mwari weMwedzi neZuva (hunyambiri hwehumwari). Kune maMayans, nguva pachayo isimba rinoera, rinotarisira kuenzana kwenyika, uko zvinhu zvese zvinotangira uye uko zvese zvinoyerera (Craveri, 2013). Nguva ndiyo yekutanga sosi yekuyerera kwecosmic, saka iyo karenda inoera zvakare, sezvo ine basa uye mutakuri wenguva.
Izvi zvinotibvumira kusimbisa kuti karenda ibhiriji rakagadzirirwa rekodhi renhoroondo pakati penguva yevanhu nenguva yemuchadenga. Aya ndiwo mataurirwo akaitwa kusikwa kwenyika muna Kiramu Bharamu weKumayeri:
"Nopuc Tun, Muprista Mukuru weSolar, akarondedzera kuti, apo nyika yakanga isati yamuka munguva yakapfuura, mwedzi wakaberekwa ndokutanga kufamba uri woga. Mwedzi wakazvarwa, zita rezuva rakazvarwawo uye akasika denga nenyika, mumatanho: mvura, pasi, matombo nemiti. Uye akasika zvinhu zvegungwa nenyika.
Mukati mekuberekwa kweMayan, nguva yakasimuka pamberi penyika uye pamberi pevanhu. Nguva yakazvarwa, haina kusikwa nevamwari, sezvakaita zvimwe zvinhu zvePasi. Musiyano uyu unoratidza kuti nguva pachayo ndeyamwari, sezvo pasina anoisika, asi kuti inozviita pachayo.
Karenda zvakare raive nebasa rekufembera kana kufanotaura, uye raishandiswa nevapristi vakuru kuita tsika dzakasiyana. Sarudzo dzakanyanya kukosha dzakaitwa zvichibva pamasimba akanaka kana kwete eTzolk'in, nekuda kwechikonzero ichocho simba rekarenda mukati mehupenyu hwehuwandu hwaive husina mubvunzo: kupemberera chisungo chewanano, kuvaka imba kana chivako mukati. rukudzo kumutongi, kudyara nekukohwa kana mwana paakauya munyika, karenda dzvene raishandiswa.
Kusikwa kwekarenda kunotonga nguva yehurumende yevarume, ndiyo inogadzirisa zviitiko zvevanhu. IHaab, yave kusvika gore rinopisa remazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu neshanu, raive rakabatana nekutenderera kwemwaka, nguva yekuoma uye nguva yekunaya kwemvura. Naizvozvo, kuburikidza neiyi calendrical system, vaprista vakadzora mabasa ekurima ayo aienderana nesimba reZuva kuti vapedze kutenderera kwavo vamene. Izvi zvinoreva kutenderera kwekuzvarwa, kukura uye kufa, izvo zvinomiririra hupenyu uye shanduko (Craveri, 2013).
Basa rinoitwa nechero kalendari yevagari vemo rinongogumira kuzvinangwa zvepamutemo uye zvekutonga, kuburikidza iyo iyo inonyanya kukosha misi yenhoroondo inoyeukwa. Muenzaniso weizvi ndiStela A wekuCopán, uko zuva rekukwira kusimba remutongi rakanyorwa. Kuburikidza nekurukwa kwechiratidzo chezviitiko zvenhoroondo, kurangarira kwenharaunda kunogadzirwa.
Karenda yevagari vemo yairatidza chiitiko chipi nechipi chenzanga chaifanira kupembererwa, ingava tsika dzinoyera dzokunamata vamwari, mhemberero dzokukudza vatongi veguta, kuyeuka hondo dzakaitika mumazuva akapfuura emadzitateguru avo kana kuti dzimwe nzvimbo dzomunharaunda. mitambo. Asi pamusoro pezvose zvaive zvakakosha pakuronga mabasa ekurima mukati megore.
Musiyano uripo pakati pekarenda retsika nekarenda revanhu ndewekuti rekupedzisira harishande pane zvingangoitika zvinoenderana neumwari kana magadzirirwo enyeredzi, asi rinoratidza matangiro chaiwo uye kupera kwemazuva chaiwo. Kuzvigadzirisa kuchatsamira pazviitiko zvomudenga—izvo zvinopesvedzera kuchinja kwemhoteredzo—uye kuda nezvido zvevakuru vanotonga.
Karenda yakagadzirwa nevaMaya yakanga yakaoma zvikuru. Karenda yeMayan yakagadzirwa muMesoamerica uye yaive nemazuva mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu. Mukarenda iri, zuva rimwe nerimwe rakapiwa zita, sezvatinopa zuva rimwe nerimwe revhiki zita. Paive nezita rerimwe remazuva makumi maviri uye zuva rega rega rakapihwa chiratidzo chakasiyana. Mazuva akaverengwa kubva parimwe kusvika pagumi nematatu, sezvo paive nemazuva makumi maviri uye kuverenga kwaisvika pagumi nematatu, pakusvika pazuva regumi nenhatu, zuva raitevera rakaverengwa rimwechete.
MuMesoamerica yose karenda rinoera rekuverenga mazuva mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu raishandiswa kwemazana emakore akawanda, zvinokwanisika kuti rakashandiswa kunyange kusati kwatanga kunyora.
Mazita ezuva reMayan uye zvaanoreva zvinobvira ndezvi: Imix (Mvura Lily), Chuwen (Frog), Ik (Mhepo), Eb (Dehenya), Ak'bal (Husiku), Ben (Chibage), K'an (Chibage), Ix (Jaguar), Chichan (Nyoka). Varume (Eagle), Kimi (Death's Head), Kib (Shell), Manik (Ruoko), Kaban (Earth), Lamat (Venus), Etz'nab (Flint), Muluk (Mvura), Kawak (Storm Cloud), Okay (Imbwa), Ahaw (Changamire).
VaMayans vakagadzirawo gore rinosvika zuva rezuva iro rakatora mazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu pagore. Nemhaka yokuti vakanga vasingazivi kushandiswa kwezvikamu zviduku, chikamu chimwe muzvina chezuva chasara gore negore chakaita kuti karenda yavo ibve pagore chairo rezuva. Mugore rino remazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu neshanu kwaive nemwedzi gumi nemisere nekuverenga kuti nenhamba kubva paziro kusvika pagumi nepfumbamwe, zvekuti kuverenga kunobva pazero pohp (zita remwedzi wekutanga) kuenda pagumi nepfumbamwe pohp, zvozoenderera mberi ne zero. wo (zita remwedzi wechipiri).
Mazita emwedzi uye zvimwe zvaanoreva zvinogona kutsanangurwa) ndeidzi: Pohp (Mat), Yax (Green), Wo (?), Zak (White), Sip (??), Keh (Red), Sotz (Bat ), Mak (??), Sek (??), K'ank'in (??), Xul (Dog), Muwan (Owl), Yaxk'in (New Sun), Pax (??), Mol ( Mvura), K'ayab (Turtle), Ch'en (Nhema), Kumk'u (??). Kumwedzi gumi nemisere yenguva dzose, vaMaya vakawedzera mwedzi unokosha wemazuva mashanu unonzi Wayeb unoumbwa nemazuva mashanu akanga asina zita raakagoverwa.
MaMayans akashandisawo maglyphs anoratidza nguva dzenguva. A Kin aimiririra zuva; MaWinan anomiririra nguva yemazuva makumi maviri, yakafanana neyatinoti mwedzi; a Tun inoenderana nenguva yegore rimwe remazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu uye Katun inova nguva yemakore makumi maviri emazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu rimwe nerimwe. Kuguma kweKatun yaive nguva yakakosha yenguva yakapembererwa nemaMayans. Iine kufambirana kwayo munyika yanhasi kunguva yatinodaidza makore gumi.
MaMayans akaverengawo makore mazana mana anonzi maBaktuns. VaMaya vakashandisa nguva idzi mukuverenga kwemazuva kwazvino kunonzi kuverenga kwenguva refu.
Nhasi zuva renguva yeLong Count rakanyorwa seizvi: 9.14.12.2.17. Izvi zvinomiririra mabaktun mapfumbamwe, katun gumi nemana, tun gumi nembiri, mawinal maviri, uye gumi nenomwe k'ins.
Zvinoshamisa zveMayan Astronomy
Karenda yezuva reMayan yakanga yakanyatsojeka kupfuura yatinoshandisa nhasi. Maguta ose enguva yekare anotarirwa maererano nekufamba kwedenga redenga. Zvivako zvakawanda zvakavakwa nechinangwa chekupupurira zviitiko zvemudenga kubva kuPasi.
Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo Castle of Chichén Itzá, uko kuburuka kweKukulkan, nyoka inoumbwa nemimvuri inogadzirwa pamakumbo echivako panguva yemazuva ezuva, inoonekwa.
Masitepisi mana echivako anosvika mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu neshanu, nhanho imwe neimwe inomiririra zuva regore. MuDresden Codex uye mune dzakawanda stelae ndiko kuverenga kwemwedzi, solar, Venusian cycles uye periodicity tafura dzekuora kwezuva.
VaMayans vakatara kurongeka uye misi yezviitiko zvenhoroondo vachishandisa yakaoma calendrical system. KuvaMaya, kutanga kwegore kwaiva apo zuva rakayambuka pakakwirira, ndiko kuti, pana Chikunguru XNUMX, uye rakatora mazuva mazana matatu namakumi matanhatu namashanu; pamazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu neina aya akaiswa mumavhiki makumi maviri nesere imwe neimwe yaive nemazuva gumi nematatu uye gore raitanga pazuva remazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu neshanu.
Pamusoro pezviri pamusoro, mazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu akakamurwa kuita mwedzi gumi nemisere iyo imwe neimwe yaive nemazuva makumi maviri. Mavhiki nemwedzi zvakapfuura zvakatevedzana uye pasina mumwe nemumwe. Kunyange zvakadaro, vaigara vachitanga zuva rimwe chete, kureva kamwe chete pamazuva mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu, nhamba inowedzerwa pazvose zviri zviviri gumi nenhatu (yevhiki) uye makumi maviri (yemwedzi). Karenda yevaMayan, kunyange zvazvo yakaoma zvikuru, ndiyo yakanyatsozivikanwa kusvika pakuonekwa kwekarenda yaGregory muzana remakore rechiXNUMX.
Mayan astronomy akazadzikiswa zvizere. Kusiyana nevazivi venyeredzi vekuEurope, ruzivo rwenyeredzi rweMayan rwakanangidzira kufarira kwarwo pakudzidza mafambiro ezuva pamusoro pelatitude yaro. Gore rega rega zuva rinoenda kunzvimbo yaro yezhizha, kana kuti latitude ye23-1/3 madhigirii kuchamhembe, uye kumaodzanyemba kweiyo latitude mazhinji emaguta eMayan aive, zvichireva kuti vaive nemukana wekuona zuva zvakananga pamusoro pavo se kureba kwayakanga iri pamusoro pelatitude yavo, iyo yaiva kaviri pagore.
Sezvo pakanga pasina mumvuri masikati, ruzivo rwenyeredzi rweMayan rwaigona kuona zviri nyore mazuva iwayo. Kucherechedzwa kwechikamu ichi kuburikidza nezenith kunogoneka chete munzvimbo dzinopisa uye kwakanga kusingazivikanwe zvachose kune vakundi veSpain vakaburuka paYucatan peninsula muzana ramakore rechigumi nematanhatu. VaMaya vaiva namwari aimiririra nzvimbo iyi yezuva, ainzi mwari wekusvetuka.
VaMaya vaive nyanzvi huru dzedenga, vaiverenga mafambiro enyeredzi nekuyera nguva. Iko kuverenga kwekare uye mafambiro epuraneti mukuongorora nyeredzi kweMayan aive akajeka kupfuura eEuropean panguva iyo Spanish isati yakunda. Copán, Palenque neQuiriguá dzakanga dziri nzvimbo dzakakosha dzakatsaurirwa kuongorora nyeredzi. Muzana ramakore rechisere muCopán, vakakwanisa kuona gore chairo ravanoti nguva yemazuva 365, kuverenga kwazvino kunoisa gore pamazuva 2420.
Chinyorwa chinoenderana nekuverenga uku chinowanikwa paAtari Q, inoratidza zuva rinoenderana negore 776 AD PaStela M, hwaro hwemasitepisi etemberi 26 yeCopán, zuva 9.16.5.0.0 rinowanikwa, rinoenderana ne 756 AD. chakanyanya kukosha kwaive kutsunga kwekufamba kweVenus, kuwana avhareji yemazuva mazana mashanu nemakumi masere nemana enguva yesynodic.
Munenge muzana ramakore rechitanhatu, vaMayans vakaita maverengero akafanana pakureba kwegore. MuCopan, kuti vaone kureba kwegore rinopisa, vaMaya vaishandisa mafomula emwedzi uye kugadzirisa kubva kugumi neshanu katun.
Copan Stela A ine Metonic kutenderera kwemwedzi mazana maviri nemakumi matatu neshanu mumakore gumi nemapfumbamwe, yakafanana neinotsanangurwa patafura yekuora kwemwedzi yeDresden Codex. Maererano nemaitiro emwedzi, mwedzi 149 yakaenzana nemazuva 4400 uye mwedzi 235 yakaenzana nemakore gumi nemapfumbamwe, saka mwedzi umwe wakaenzana nemazuva 19, 29 mwedzi inokwana 53020134 mazuva akaenzana nemakore gumi nemapfumbamwe. Saka gore raizoenzana ne235 kana 6.939,597315 mazuva.
Venus
MuMayan astronomy Venus ndiyo yainyanya kufarirwa, ichipfuura kunyange zuva. Mayan astronomy akadzidza mafambiro eVenus zvakanyatsonaka sezvaaifamba nemwaka. Nekuda kwekuona uku, vakawana kuti Nyika neVenus zvakatora mazuva mazana mashanu nemakumi masere nemana kuti zviwirirane munzvimbo imwechete maererano nezuva. Vakaona zvakare kuti zvinotora mazuva anosvika 584 kuti Nyika, Zuva, Venus, uye nyeredzi zviwirirane.
MuMayan astronomy vakacherekedza kuti Venus yaisaonekwa kubva kuNyika panguva iyo pateni yeVenus ichitorwa semubatanidzwa wepasi, kana ichipfuura pakati pePasi neZuva.Venus inonyangarika kwenguva pfupi yemazuva masere. Ipapo Venus inooneka zvakare mudenga remangwanani pamwe chete neZuva sezvainosiya yakaderera yakabatana. Nzvimbo iyi, nekuti inobuda pamwe chete nezuva, inodaidzwa kuti heliacal ortho uye kuMayan astronomy ndiyo yaive yakanyanya kukosha nzvimbo yeVenus.
Ichangobva kusimuka Venus inowana kupenya kwayo kwakanyanya. Inobva yaenda nekukurumidza kumadokero kure neZuva mukufamba kwekudzoka. Gare gare zvichave zvichigoneka kuramba uchiicherechedza mudenga remambakwedza kwemazuva angangoita mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu kusvika yasvika pamubatanidzwa wepamusoro. Panguva ino Venus inenge iri kune mhiri kweZuva kubva paNyika, ichiita rima, kusvikira yanyura muzasi mejengachenga, yozongozoonekwa kune rimwe divi reZuva avhareji yemazuva makumi mashanu gare gare.
Venus inobva yasimuka senyeredzi yemanheru uye inoramba iri mudenga rehusiku kwemazuva anosvika mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu kudzamara yapfuura nepakati penzvimbo yayo yekumabvazuva uye yasvika pakupenya kwayo zvakanyanya isati yasvika pasi pekubatana zvakare, kutanga kutenderera kwese zvakare.
Mayan astronomy aive neVenus achitariswa nguva dzose uye vaifunga chinzvimbo chayo zvakanyanya pakuita sarudzo huru. Zvakaratidzwa kuti maMayans akaronga hondo dzavo zvichienderana nenzvimbo dzakamira dzeVenus neJupiter. Zvibayiro zvevanhu zvakaitwa mushure mekubatana kwepamusoro apo Venus yaive pahukuru hwayo hwakaderera, nekuti vaitya kusimuka kwekutanga kweheliacal mushure memubatanidzwa wakaderera.
Mukarenda yeMayan inoonekwa muDresden Code kutenderera kweVenus kwakatsanangurwa zvizere. MuMayan nyeredzi, vakaverenga mashanu akatevedzana emazuva mazana mashanu nemakumi masere nemana, ndiko kuti, mazuva 2.920 ari pedyo nemakore masere kana, chii chakafanana, kudzokorora kushanu kwekutenderera kweVenus.
Venus iQuetzalcóatl, Ishe Wemambakwedza, sezvinoratidzwa mumifananidzo yemifananidzo yeTeotihuacán, uye muDresden Codex, ane glyph inocherechedzwa pamusoro wamwari ari kuburuka. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinobvuma kuti muDresden Codex pane humbowo hwekuti nguva dzeparutivi rwemapuraneti dzaizivikanwa muruzivo rwenyeredzi rweMayan. Kana zvirizvo, izvi zvinoreva kuti kufamba kweheliocentric muSolar System kwaizivikanwa.
Venus yaizivikanwa mukuongorora nyeredzi kweMayan seNok Ek (nyeredzi huru) uye yaizivikanwawo seXux Ek (nyeredzi yemava). Synodic revolution yeVenus, kureva, nguva inodarika pakati pezvikamu zviviri zvepasi pamberi kana kumashure kweZuva, kubva pakuona kwePasi) ine oscillation inosiyana kubva pa580 kusvika 588 days (583.92 days). . Maverengero akaitwa nemaMayans akaiisa mumazuva 584 paavhareji. Nemamwe manzwi, izvi zvinoreva kuti kurongeka pakati peZuva, Nyika neVenus kunodzokororwa mazuva ose mazana mashanu nemakumi masere nemana.
Muruzivo rwenyeredzi rweMayan, gadziridzo dzakaitwa kukuverenga kwavo kwemakore akawanda, nokudaro vachiwana kunyatsojeka, sezvinogona kuonekwa muDresden Codex.
Kudzidza kweVenus kwaive kiyi yeMayan mathematical system uye nyeredzi. Synodic revolution yeVenus yaive chirevo chemakarenda ese. Mukubatana kweVenus-Zuva kwemazuva 2.920, makore mashanu eVenusian akaenzana nemakore masere ezuva remazuva 365. Nhamba yegumi nenhatu yakabatana zvakanyanya neVenus count. Gumi nenhatu ivhiki rinoera, ihomwe yeshanu nerusere inofambirana nekudyidzana kweVenus neZuva, zvakare ichipetwa nemakumi maviri ndiyo kalendari yemazuva mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu.
Nhamba yemakumi maviri muhurongwa hwenhamba yeMayan inodyidzana neshanduko yeSinodic yeVenus, kakapetwa makumi maviri kuwirirana pakati peVenus neZuva zvinopa zana chairo revolutions dzeVenus. Matafura eVenus anoratidzwa muDresden Codex anoratidza zvikamu zvina zvichireva kutaridzika nekunyangarika kweVenus, pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwayo kwepamusoro uye kwakaderera. Karenda yeVenus inoratidzwawo muzvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana, imwe neimwe yemakumi matanhatu neshanu synodic revolutions kana yakaenzana nemakore zana nemana ekarenda emazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu neshanu.
Kutenderera kweVenus kuburikidza nedenga redenga kwakanyatso kunyorwa muMayan astronomy. Kutenderera uku makore mazana maviri nemakumi mana nematatu umo pasi rinoita matanho mana. Yekupedzisira yakaitika munaJune 2012, 1040. Pane zvinyorwa zviviri, imwe inoenderana negore 1145 muCotzumalhuapa, Guatemala uye imwe muna XNUMX yakavezwa muTemberi yeOwl muChichen Itza.
Zuva
Mayan astronomy yakaisawo kukosha kukuru paZuva.VaMayans vakanyatsotarisa Zuva gore rose sezvaraifamba richienda kumhepo. PaChichen Itza, paYucatan Peninsula, pakuvira kwezuva, nyoka yenyeredzi inosimuka padivi pemasitepisi epiramidhi inonzi El Castillo pazuva rechirimo nekudonha equinoxes. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti maMayans haana kungoona kunyanyisa kwezuva panguva yemazuva, asiwo maequinoxes apo zuva rakaonekwa richibuda kumabvazuva kana kumadokero.
Mwedzi
Mwedzi wakanga uripowo muzvinyorwa zvekarenda zveMayan astronomy. Kuverenga kwemwedzi kwaibva pamazuva makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe kana makumi matatu. Mushure mekuwana ruzivo rwakakodzera pazuva zvinoenderana nekarenda yeMayan, zvinocherechedzwa kuti zvakajairwa zvinyorwa zveMayan zvine kuverenga kwemwedzi.
Nguva yekutenderera kwemwedzi yave pedyo nemazuva 29,5, saka nekuchinjanisa kuverenga kwawo pakati penhamba mbiri idzi, mwedzi waisanganiswawo zvakanaka munhevedzano yekarenda. Ruzivo rwavo rwemwedzi rwaishamisa nekuti vakafemberawo nezvekuora kwezuva, almanac yokufanotaura nezvazvo iri muDresden Codex.
Ikozvino nguva yenguva yekutenderera kwemwedzi ndeye 29,53059 mazuva, kunyange zvazvo pane kupesana nekuda kwekuti hapana kufanana mukufamba kunooneka kweZuva neMwedzi. VaMaya vaisaziva kushandiswa kwenhamba dzezvikamu. Mushure menguva yakareba yekuverenga vakawana hukama hwepedyo, mwedzi mitatu inenge ichipa mazuva makumi mashanu nemapfumbamwe; mwedzi mitanhatu inoda kupa mazuva zana nemakumi manomwe nemanomwe; mwedzi gumi neminomwe inoda kupa mazuva mazana mashanu nemaviri; mwedzi makumi maviri neimwe inenge ichipa mazuva mazana matanhatu nemakumi maviri.
Muchinyorwa chiri pamasitepisi eImba C yePalace yePalenque, pane chinyorwa chakabva muna 603 AD chinowedzera huwandu hwemazuva 4.193, akaenzana nemwedzi ingangoita zana nemakumi mana nemiviri, kwenguva yakareba yekutenderera kwemwedzi. 29,528 mazuva. Palenque yakagadzira chikamu chemwedzi makumi masere neimwe inoenderana nemazuva 2.392, zvekuti mwedzi mumwe wakaenzana ne29.533086.
Chimiro chakagadzirwa naCopán chakabvumira mwedzi kuti iunganidzwe mumapoka evatanhatu, shanduko yakaitwa muna 692 AD iyo yakaitwa muMotagua, Petén uye Usumacinta. Boka remwedzi mitanhatu rinoumba hafu yegore rechisikigo remazuva 254 kana 355. Kuverenga kwese kwemwedzi kunotanga neMwedzi mutsva. Kuverenga kwemakore emumwedzi chaiwo kwakashandiswa zvakanyanya nevaMaya mukuverenga kukuru kwekuongorora nyeredzi.
Muna AD 756 Copán akaunza imwe shanduko yakakosha. PaStela M, mwedzi mishanu yakacherechedzwa zuva iro mamwe maguta akange anyora matanhatu. Izvi zvaimiririra kuchinja kubva mugore remwedzi gumi nembiri kuenda kuhurongwa hwekuora kwemwedzi kunotanga hafu yegore rega rega, uye nokudaro kunofanira kushandisa boka remwedzi mishanu panzvimbo pemitanhatu.
Dresden Codex inopa tafura yemwedzi mishanu uye mitanhatu yakarongwa kuitira kuti boka rimwe nerimwe ritange uye rinopera pedyo nemubatanidzwa we ecliptic. Tafura inobata nguva yemakore makumi matatu nematatu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti makore akapoteredza 756 AD ruzivo rwekuora kwezuva rwakabvumira kuvakwa kwematafura emwedzi.
ecliptic
Ecliptic (Ecliptic) mutsetse wakakomberedzwa unofamba nawo Zuva richipoterera Nyika, mukufamba kwaro kunooneka kubva paNyika. MuMayan astronomy, ecliptic inomiririrwa senyoka ine misoro miviri. Nzira yeZuva mudenga iyo inocherechedzwa nemapoka enyeredzi dzakasimba. Pano unogona kuwana mwedzi nemapuraneti nekuti akabatana, seNyika, nezuva. Mapoka enyeredzi ecliptic anonziwo zodiac.
Mumapoka enyeredzi eMayan astronomy kune chinyavada, chinogona kuenzaniswa neboka renyeredzi reScorpio, kugadzira chinyavada makudo eLibra akashandiswa. Gemini inoratidzwa nemaMayans senguruve kana peccary. Mamwe mapoka enyeredzi eecliptic anozivikanwa sejaguar, ingangoita nyoka, bat, turtle, xoc monster, iyo mungano dzeMayan yaive shark kana chikara chegungwa. Iyo Pleiades yaionekwa semuswe wenyoka uye inonzi "Tz'ab".
the pleiades
The Pleiades iboka renyeredzi raive nekukosha kwakanyanya kune yese yeMesoamerica. Nemaziso chaimo vaiona kuoneka kwayo nekunyangarika kwayo nekufarira chaiko nekuti zvaive zvave mumusoro kutanga mamwe mabasa ekurima. VaMaya vakavadaidza kuti tzab "muswe wenyoka", nekuda kwekuumbwa kweboka ravo.
Kuonekwa kwekutanga mudenga kweiyi nyeredzi kwakaratidza kutanga kwemwaka wekunaya kwemvura uye kutama kweshiri uye nokudaro kunoratidza kuwanda kana kushomeka. Saka, somuenzaniso, vavhimi vaigona kudzidza nezvokutama kwemhuka dzavo zvichienderana nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze.
Iyo mukaka nzira
MuMayan astronomy vaiziva Milky Way nezita rekuti Wakah Chan, apo Wakah zvinoreva kuti "wakatwasuka" uye Chan "nyoka". Iyo Milky Way yaimiririrwawo semuti wakasvibira, wakareba uye wakakura weCeiba unonzi The World Tree. Sagittarius payaive yakwirira pamusoro pedenga Muti Wenyika wakamira wakatwasuka, wakabva wasimuka nepamusoro pedenga ukasimuka uchienda kuchamhembe. Muti Wenyika wakanga uri pakakwirira panguva iyoyo, apo Sagittarius iri pamusoro pehupamhi uye inoyambuka meridian.
Wakah Chan aive akakosha mungano yake yekusika, uye zvakare mukufunga kwake kwemavambo echisiko chapose pose; kutenderera kweMilky Way kwaiva akisi, zvose kuyera nguva, uye kupemberera kuchengetedzwa kwoupenyu; neimwe nzira yakanga iri kambasi yechitarisiko chayo imene nokuchengetedzwa paNyika.
eclipses
Matafura anowanikwa papeji makumi mashanu nerimwe uye peji makumi mashanu nesere eDresden Codex anoshuma kuora kwezuva kwose uye kuzhinji kwekuora kwemwedzi pasina kutsanangura kuti ndezvipi zvichaonekwa munzvimbo inogarwa nevaMaya. Matafura ekodhekisi anofukidza makore angangoita makumi matatu nematatu, ndiko kuti, mazana mana neshanu mwedzi. Aya matafura akagadzirwa zvakanyanya kuti ashandiswe zvakare uye aine periodic correction scheme.
Matafura anotaura nezvekuora kwezuva anowanikwa muDresden Codex akatanga kubva muzana remakore rechisere uye nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwawo akakwanisa kushandiswa kusvika muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Tafura zvakare ine chekuita nekuora kwezuva uye zviitiko zvemwedzi kune kutenderera kweVenus uye pamwe Mercury nezvimwe zviitiko zvekudenga uye mwaka.
Pamapeji makumi mashanu nerimwe uye makumi mashanu nesere eDresden Codex pakanyorwa mazana mana neshanu emwedzi akatevedzana akaiswa mumapoka makumi matanhatu nemapfumbamwe akasiyana, makumi matanhatu acho anoumbwa nemwedzi mitanhatu imwe neimwe uye mipfumbamwe yemwedzi mishanu. Mwedzi yekutanga inosvika zana nemakumi manomwe nemanomwe kana mazuva zana nemakumi manomwe nemapfumbamwe, nekuda kwekupindirana kwemwedzi kwemazuva makumi matatu pakati pemazuva makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe). Mumazuva ekupedzisira eboka rimwe nerimwe kuora kweZuva kwakaitika.
Nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo yekuBritain John Eric Sidney Thompson akaratidza kuti mazuva ekutanga nekupera kwetafura yekuora kwezuva angangoita 10.12.16.14.8, kureva, 1083 AD uye 16.14.10.0.8, angave 1116 AD, saka, zvinogona yakanyorwa kune yekutanga vhezheni yeDresden Codex kutenderedza XNUMXth century.
Maererano naNoriega, ruzivo rwenyeredzi rweMayan, rwakakwanisa kusvika pamatanho mashanu ekufanotaura kwekuora kwezuva, kunoratidzwa muDresden Codex. Mafomu akadaro ndeaya:
Nzira yekutanga yaizova El Saros, kutenderera kwekudzokorora kwekuora kweZuva neMwedzi munguva yemakore gumi nemasere pamwe nemazuva gumi kana gumi nerimwe, anozivikanwa munyika yekare uye anonzi maKadheya. Kutenderera uku kunoenderana nemwedzi mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nenhatu munguva yemazuva 6585.32 uye yakanyorwa papeji nhamba yemakumi mashanu nembiri, chikamu B cheDresden Codex uye inoonekwawo mudenderedzwa rechina re "Sun Stone".
Yechipiri fomula inoreva kutenderera kwekumwezve kwekuora kweZuva neMwedzi kunoitika mukati memakore makumi matatu emazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu ne360 imwe neimwe. Iyi nguva inoenderana ne158.5 lunations inoitika mumazuva 4680 uye yakanyorwa papeji makumi mashanu nesere yeDresden Codex. Munhamba iyi yemazuva, kuchinjika kutanhatu kweSinodic yeVenus, 158.5 mitsva uye Kuora kunomwe kwakatevedzana kweZuva neMwedzi kunoitika munzvimbo imwe chete.
Yechitatu fomula yakavakirwa pane mamwe matenderedzwa eZuva neMwedzi anoitika mukati memazuva 7280 uye anoenderana ne246.5 minyanga, inoratidzwawo papeji nhamba makumi mashanu nesere yeDresden Codex. Nzira yechina inoreva kudzokororwa kwekuora kwezuva kune nguva yemwedzi mazana mana nemakumi mashanu uye ndiyo nhamba yemamwe maviri apfuura. Kutenderera uku kwakaitwa mumazuva e450 kwakanyorwa zvakare muDresden Codex.
Chekupedzisira, chimiro chechishanu chakavakirwa patatu reSaros cycle, rakaumbwa mukati memazuva mazana matanhatu nemakumi matanhatu nepfumbamwe, akaonekwa mudenderedzwa rechipiri reDombo reZuva. Iyi Saros katatu yemakore makumi mashanu nemana yaizivikanwawo vaMaya. MuMadrid Codex inoenderana nekuti kuora kwezuva kunochinja sei kutenderera kwemvura nekusanaya kwemvura mumunda wekurima. Almanacs yakafanana neyeDresden Codex matafura anooneka papeji yegumi uye peji regumi nenhatu.
Zvimwe Zvaonekwa
Tsika nemhemberero dzeMayan nyeredzi dzakagamuchira pesvedzero huru kubva kune dzakasiyana mitumbi yedenga. Muzvinyorwa zvakasiyana uye zvinyorwa zviripo, zvinyorwa zvakawanikwa kuVenus, Mwedzi, Zuva, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Scorpio, Orion uye Milky Way. Hazvizivikanwi nemazvo kuti maMayans akacherechedza dzimwe nyeredzi, vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanoramba kuti vakakwanisa kuverenga kufamba kwemamwe mapuraneti uye kunyange kuramba kuti mamwe matafura eDresden Codex anoreva Mars.
Vamwe vanofunga zvakasiyana zvichibva pane zvinotaurwa neCodex nezvezviratidzo zvemapuraneti uye zviono zvinobuda mumanyoro. Muchokwadi, nekuda kwekuswedera kwayo kuZuva, Mercury inonetsa kuona, kunyangwe mamwe budiriro akakwanisa kuzviita. Munyori wenhau dzakaitika wokuGermany Ernst Wilhelm Förstemann akawana muDresden Codex kuwirirana kwechinjo huru yeMercury yakaverengwa pamwero wemazuva zana namakumi mashanu namashanu nekarenda inoyera, kupfurikidza nenhamba 11.960 24 pamapeji 25, 52 neXNUMX eDresden Codex. Dresden.
Huwandu uhu hunopindirana zvakare nekuverenga mazana mana nemwedzi mishanu. Papeji yemakumi mashanu nepfumbamwe pane kuverenga kunomiririra kashanu nhamba 11.960. Saka kuverenga kwaMercury kunoenderana nekwemamwe mapuraneti. Förstemann pachake anotaura kuti nongedzero kuMars inoratidzwa pamapeji 24, 38, 41, 43, 59 uye 64 eDresden Codex.
Pamusoro pezvo, papeji makumi mashanu nepfumbamwe nhamba huru mbiri dzinoonekwa: 1.426.360 ne1.386.580 vane musiyano we39.780 wakaenzana nemakumi mashanu nerimwe synodic revolutions eMars, rimwe nerimwe remazuva mazana manomwe nemakumi masere.
Mazuva mazana matatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe ekumukirana kweSinodic reJupiter uye mazana matatu nemakumi manomwe nemasere eSaturn anotaurwa kakawanda munhoroondo dzeDresden Codex. Papeji rechimakumi manomwe pane nhamba yakaverengwa yemazuva 4914 inoenderana negumi nematatu ekudzoka kweSaturn. Papeji makumi manomwe nembiri pane kuverenga kwenyika ino ine mazuva mazana matatu nemakumi manomwe nemasere. Mamwe mareferenzi anoratidzwa kubva papeji makumi mashanu nembiri kusvika kupeji makumi mashanu nesere reCodex.
Nezvekucherechedzwa kwemapoka enyeredzi nenyeredzi, hapana ruzivo rwakakwana. Izvo zvinozivikanwa, zvisinei, kuti Pleiades, inozivikanwa seTzab (rattlesnake) yakacherechedzwa maererano neakasiyana marekodhi aripo. Boka renyeredzi reGemini raizivikanwa sekamba. Mumakodhi mune akati wandei anomiririra yePolar nyeredzi.
Chikwata chenyeredzi cheCassiopeia chakanyatso kucherechedzwa sezvo chichionekwa semutungamiri wevanofamba. Zvamazvirokwazvo, Gwara renzou rakacherechedzwa, pamwe chete nemapoka enyeredzi eOrion neGreat Bear, pamwe chete nenyeredzi Rigel, Betelgeuse naSirius, dzinooneka nemaziso.
Mayan makodhi
Makodhekisi eMayan seti yemashizha kana mabhuku ekunyorera akanyorwa murunyoro rweMayan nevanyori ve pre-Columbian Mayan budiriro. Aya makodhekisi akapiwa mazita emaguta aanochengeterwa zvino: Dresden, Madrid, Paris, uye Mexico. Dresden Codex inowanzoonekwa seyakanyanya kukosha pane ina.
Mukati mokukunda kweSpain Yucatán muzana ramakore rechi 1562, kwakanga kune mabhuku akawanda akafanana ayo gare gare akaparadzwa pamwero mukuru navakundi navaprista. Nokudaro, kuparadzwa kwemabhuku ose aripo muYucatan akarayirwa naBhishopi Diego de Landa muna July XNUMX. Aya makodhi, pamwe chete nezvinyorwa zvakawanda zvezviyeuchidzo uye stelae zvichiri kuchengetedzwa nhasi, zvakaumba zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zveMayan civilization.
Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinowanzoitika kuti zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinyorwa zvavakabata zvakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune zvinyorwa zvakachengetwa mumatombo uye muzvivako; Nekuparadzwa kwayo, mukana wekuona kwenzvimbo dzakakosha dzehupenyu hweMayan wakarasika. Makodhekisi mana chete ndiwo asara: Dresden Codex, Madrid Codex, Paris Codex, uye Grolier Codex (chidimbu).
Iyo Dresden Codex
Iyo Dresden Codex ndiyo yakanyanya kusimukira pamakodhekisi mana aripo. Kodhekisi iyi ikarenda umo mazuva ose egore uye vamwari vavanobatanidzwa navo vanoratidzwa. Inotsanangura karenda yeMayan uye nhamba yayo yenhamba. Kodhekisi inonyorwa pamutsara wakareba webepa rakapetwa kunge accordion kuita bhuku remashizha makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe ane mativi maviri.
Inofungidzirwa kuti yakanyorwa nevanyori vakati wandei, vashanu kana vasere maererano nenyanzvi dzakaiongorora, nguva pfupi pamberi pekukunda kweSpain. Inoonekwazve muEurope uko Royal Court Library yeSaxony yakaiwana muna 1739. Inochengetwa muState and University Library yeSaxony muDresden.
Iyo Madrid Codex
Kodhekisi yeMadrid inobata nehoroscope uye matafura ekuongorora nyeredzi. Maererano nenhoroondo, akanga ari Hernán Cortes pachake akamutumira kudare reumambo reSpain. Iine mapeji zana negumi nembiri, ayo akapatsanurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri, zvinozivikanwa seCodex Troano neCodex Cortesiano. Zvikamu zvose zviri zviviri zvakabatanidzwazve muna 1888. Yakachengetedzwa muMuseo de América muMadrid, Spain.
Iyo Paris Codex
Kodhekisi yeParis yakawanwa muFrench National Library muna 1859 naLéon de Rosny ari mumugariro une urombo zvikuru. Ichiri kuchengetedzwa muMexican Fund (Fonds Mexicain) yeNational Library yeFrance uye inochengetedzwa negodo pasina kuratidzwa pachena, zvisinei zvave zvichibvira kudzidza nekuda kwemakopi egwaro racho. Iyo Paris codex inoumbwa nemapeji gumi nerimwe, ayo iwo akadzima zvachose kubva paviri uye epakati glyphs kubva kune mamwe akachengetedzwa asi iwo ari mumiganho akadzimwa.
Sekureva kwebhuku raBruce Love rakanzi "The Paris Codex: Manual for a Mayan Priest" rakabudiswa muna 1994, dingindira rayo rinoreva nyaya dzetsika, dzinoenderana nevamwari nemhemberero dzavo, zviporofita, karenda yemhemberero uye zodiac yakakamurwa kuita mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu- mazuva mana.
Iyo Grolier Codex
Grolier Codex yava kunzi Mayan Codex yekuMexico, yakatanga kumakore ekuma1970 apo nyanzvi dzaitoziva, kubvira muzana remakore rechi2016, nezvekuvapo kwevatatu vakapfuura. Uchokwadi hweiyi kodhekisi yechina yeMayan pakutanga kwakapokana. Izvo hazvina kusimbiswa zviri pamutemo kusvika XNUMX naProfessor Stephen Houston weBrown University nechikwata chake.
Ichi chikamu chine mapeji gumi nerimwe chinotendwa kuti chakawanikwa mubako munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeChiapas muna 1965. Mapeji acho haana kunyanya kuoma kunzwisisa pane emamwe makodhekisi. Chimwe nechimwe chine mwari akatarisa kuruboshwe. Kumusoro kwepeji rega rega kune nhamba, nepo kuzasi kuruboshwe kuine rondedzero yemazuva. Inochengetwa muNational Museum yeAnthropology muMexico City iyo isingairatidze kune veruzhinji, asi mafoto anogona kuwanikwa painternet.
mayan stelae
Mayan stelae zviyeuchidzo zvakavezwa nevanyori vanobva kuMayan civilization yeMesoamerica. Aya stelae matombo akareba, kazhinji akafara kupfuura gobvu, akavezwa uye akaiswa vertically, akave akavezwa nguva zhinji mukuyamura kwakaderera, asi isu tinowanawo mamwe mukuyamura kukuru, uye kunyangwe mamwe manyoro akachena. Vanowanzobatanidzwa nematombo akatenderera anonzi maatari, kunyange zvazvo basa ravo chairo risina chokwadi.
Dombo rakamiswa nemaMaya muhuwandu hukuru raive neakareba kuverenga zuva rakatemerwa paari uye raiwanzo shandiswa kuve neanopindirana akatevedzana aive nedata rinotaura nezvemwedzi, senge nhamba yemazuva mumwaka chaiwo wemwedzi, kureba kwemwedzi. uye nhamba yemwedzi mitanhatu yakatevedzana. Mamwe aisanganisira kuverenga kwemazuva mazana masere negumi nemapfumbamwe ayo anogona kusanganisirwa nekuverenga kwemazuva mukutenderera kwakabatana neJupiter.
Zvimwe zviitiko zvemuchadenga zvakanyorwa, semuenzaniso, nyevero yekuora kwezuva paQuiriguá Stela E - 9.17.0.0.0. Kuora kwezuva kwakasara kwakaonekwa muMesoamerica mazuva maviri gare gare pa17.17.0.0.2, kureva, neChishanu, Ndira 771, XNUMX.
Observatories muMayan Astronomy
Nzvimbo dzekuongorora nyeredzi dzeMayan dzaive pamusoro pemhando yese yeshoko, nzvimbo yekunamatira uye tembere. Kune maMayans, kurekodha mafambiro ezvinhu zvekudenga yaive nzira yekuratidza kuda kwevamwari. Nokudzidza mafambiro enyeredzi, vaMayans vakakwanisa kukudziridza makarenda avo uye kurongeka kwemuviri wemuchadenga nechivako yaive yambiro yekuti zuva rakakosha raiswedera.
Kukosha uye basa rekugarisana kwaraive naro muMesoamerica rairatidzwa mukuvaka uye, kunyanya munzvimbo yeMayan nyeredzi, kutarisa kwedenga. Zvivako zvezvivakwa zvine chekuita nezvinoera uye zvivakwa zvevagari, mukuwedzera pakusimbisa ruzivo rwepamusoro rwevavaki venharaunda, zvakaumba kuratidzwa kwesimba kunoitwa nemutongi. Izvi zvivakwa zvaive zvakanangidzirwa nemaune zvichibva pane zvemuchadenga maitiro uye yapfuura topographical zvidzidzo.
VaMaya vakavaka zvivakwa nenzira yemapiramidhi uye mapuratifomu aishandiswa kuita zviitiko zvezvematongerwo enyika nezvechitendero asi zvakare akashanda semicherechedzo kana mareferenzi anoratidza kubuda nekunyura kwezuva, pamwe nekufamba kwenyeredzi dzakaita seMwedzi neVenus. Sokutsanangura kunoita nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo inyanzvi muMayan archeology uye nyeredzi Orlando Casares Contreras:
"Pfungwa yekutarisa kufamba kweZuva inogona kuve musuwo wetembere, alfarda. Mwenje nemimvuri zvinogadzirwa nekufamba kweZuva, Venus kana Mwedzi zvinoratidzwa pamadziro, masitepisi, niches, nzira uye kunyange mapendi emadziro emazana ezvivakwa zveMayan. Neizvi ephemeral mamakisi iyi budiriro yekare yakaita kuti nguva ionekwe uye kuona nguva yekudyara nekukohwa »
Jesús Galindo, archaeoastronomer paNational Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), akatsanangura «Kurongeka kwechiedza pazvivako kunoitika kwete kuratidza chiitiko mudenga, iwo scenographies kuratidza kuvarume kuti rimwe zuva rinokosha rava kusvika; neiyi nzira vakaronga mibato yavo noupenyu hwavo hwoupfumi, hwenzanga uye hwechitendero”.
Semuenzaniso wekutaura uku, Jesús Galindo anoti mitambo yechiedza nemumvuri inoratidzwa pazvivako zvenzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana muMesoamerica yakaonekwa pamazuva eApril makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe uye August gumi nematatu. Kunyangwe pasina chiitiko chakakosha chezuva chakanyorwa pamazuva iwayo, zuva rinoenderana mune zvakasiyana zvimiro. Basa remazuva aya nderekupatsanura gore remazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu kuita zvikamu zviviri.
Akaratidza kuti nyaya yakadaro inogona kuonekwa muTemberi yepamusoro yeJaguars yeGreat Ball Court yeChichen Itza uye hwindo repakati reCaracol (Observatory) yeguta rimwe chete reMayan reYucatan; Kuvakwa kweMapazi Mashanu eEdzná, muCampeche uye, kunze kwenzvimbo yeMayan, Pyramid of the Sun, muTeotihuacán, State of Mexico.
Kuna Galindo Trejo, zvivakwa zvakatarisana nenyeredzi zvakaiswa mari nechiratidzo chetsika, sezvo, pazvakabatana, zvakaratidzwa kuti zvine hukama nemisimboti yekarenda uye inopindirana nekuda kwevamwari. Yakanga iri mhando yewachi dzemuchadenga. Mukuwedzera, mutongi akarayira kuti kuvakwa kwechikuru kuitwe akaoneka pamberi pavanhu vake achiratidza kuti zvose zviri zviviri chivako uye iye amene zvakagamuchira nyasha dzavamwari.
Mayan ongororo yekuongorora nyeredzi yakaitwa neziso rakashama kana nezviridzwa zvisina njodzi zvino zvisingazivikanwi. Zvakafanana zvakaitika kune dzimwe nyika. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, naGalileo Galilei, apo teresikopu yakatanga kushandiswa nokuda kwokucherekedza denga. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, vanhu vekuMesoamerica vaive neruzivo rwezvemuchadenga senge yainzi "horizon structure". Ndizvo zvakaita boka E reUaxactún kana iyo inonzi "Caracol" yeChichén Itzá. Kuvapo kwenzvimbo dzekutarisa kunoratidzwa mumakodhi akasiyana eMayan.
Pakati pemaitiro akasiyana, kune akawanda muMesoamerica uye munharaunda yeMayan kunyanya, ayo anonongedza kunyura kwezuva muna Gumiguru 1986 naFebruary 2012, muenzaniso wakajeka weiyo Preclassic saiti yeEl Mirador (Guatemala). ) Imba E yeImba yePalenque (Chiapas), iyo yepamusoro Tembere yeJaguars yeGreat Game Court yeChichén Itzá, muObservatory yeEl Caracol, uye muCasa Colorada yeChichén Itzá (Aveni naHartung, 2016; Sprajc uye Sánchez Nava, XNUMX; Galindo Trejo, XNUMX).
Zuva rekutanga, Gumiguru makumi maviri nepfumbamwe, rinoratidza mazuva makumi mashanu nemaviri kusvika Zuva rasvika panzvimbo yaro yakanyanyisa kumaodzanyemba, munguva yechando. Kana chiitiko ichi chapembererwa, mamwe mazuva makumi mashanu nemaviri anofanira kupfuura kuti asvike musi waKukadzi XNUMX.
Kubva pazuva iri rekupedzisira kusvika pamazuva anotevera Gumiguru makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe, mazuva mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu chaiwo anopfuura. Naizvozvo, vagadziri veMayan nevazivi venyeredzi vakashandisa solstice yechando sepivot yechisikigo kuverenga mazuva, vachiagadzira pakati pemazuva iwayo.
Nzvimbo dzekucherechedzwa dzine kutenderera kwemwedzi mukati meMayan nyeredzi dzinogona kucherechedzwa pachitsuwa cheCozumel, inoonekwa se "tollan", kureva, nzvimbo yekufambisa yeYucatan Peninsula panguva yeEpiclassic uye Postclassic kubva pagore 900 kusvika gore 1519 AD, ( Patell, 2016). Pachitsuwa ichi, zvivakwa zveSan Gervasio, Grupo Manitas; Boka makumi matanhatu neina Central; The Ramonal Group; Buena Vista uye The Expedition.
Chimwe nechimwe chezvivakwa izvi chinoratidza mafambiro emwedzi, nezvikwangwani zveMwedzi zviri kuderera. Yakasvika kumagumo ayo ekuchamhembe pedyo nechando, uye yakananga muzhizha solstice yaisvika kumagumo ayo ekumaodzanyemba. Kune maMayans epeninsular, kutsakatika kweMwedzi uri kupera kumabvazuva kwairatidza nguva yerwendo rwekuenda kunzvimbo tsvene yeIxchel.
Muzvivakwa zvakasiyana zveSan Gervasio iwe unogona kuona matarisiro akananga kune hutsika hunosvikwa neZuva munaChikumi naZvita solstices. Muguta reEl Mirador (Guatemala), maitiro ekurongeka akawanikwawo zvine chekuita nekunyura kwezuva (Sprajc, Morales Aguilar naHansen, 2009).
Kunyangwe, zvichida muenzaniso unonyanya kukosha ndeweEl Caracol Observatory muChichen Itza. Ichi chivakwa chedenderedzwa chakamisikidzwa pamapuratifomu maviri chine nhevedzano yemahwindo, matatu epamusoro pamwe nemavertices emapuratifomu ese ari maviri anoratidza nzvimbo dzeZuva pamhene panguva yemazuva akanyanya kukosha: solstices uye equinoxes, kuwedzera kune iyo inosvika kuVenus pakunyanyisa kwayo padenga rekudenga (Galindo Trejo, 2006).
Pane humbowo hwakawanda hunoratidza kuti Copan, muHonduras, yaive muzinda wekukosha kukuru kune maMayan astronomy. Kubva pamashoko ari paStela A ipapo, zvakanga zvichibvira kuziva karenda nemazvo zvikuru, gore ra731. PaStela M kuora kwezuva kunowanikwa kekutanga nokurongwa kwemwedzi mumapoka evashanu uye matanhatu, gore 756. Muna 763, Tembere yemakumi maviri nembiri yakakumikidzwa kuna Venus negadziriso dzinoenderana nenguva yesynodic uye Tembere yegumi neimwe ingangove yakakumikidzwa kumatafura eclipse.
Copan's (AD 731) kuverenga kwehurefu hwegore chairo hwaive mazuva 365,2420 (ukoshi hwazvino i365.2422, saka pangove nemusiyano wechikamu chimwe pazviuru gumi zvezuva). Copán, palenque neQuiriguá ndidzo nzvimbo dzakatarwa nguva yegore rinopisa. Mwedzi wakatarwa naCopan (AD 699) waiva mazuva 29,53020 (kuverenga kwemazuva 29) uye yePalenque yaiva mazuva 53059.
Panyaya yeshanduko yeSynodic yeVenus, kuverenga kweCopan (763 AD) nekugadziriswa kwerisingasviki zuva rimwechete makore zviuru zvitanhatu zvega zvega, yaive 583.92, yakafanana neukoshi hwazvino.
MuMexico yekare, misangano yaiitwa kuti pagadziriswe mashoko aidiwa pakarenda uye zvichida kuti vakurukure zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuongorora nyeredzi. Izvi zvinoratidzwa muXochicalco neCopan. Copán Altar Q ibwe rakaiswa pamberi peTembere 16 piramidhi rine mifananidzo yakavezwa yakavezwa. Zviumbwa gumi nenhanhatu zvakavezwa, zvinoyeuchidza musangano wevazivi venyeredzi wakaitika muzana ramakore rechisere.
Nhamba dzevanhu dzinoonekwa paAtari T muhurongwa hwakafanana. Mumasitepisi anoenda kuTemberi yekutanga yeAcropolis, muCopán zvakare zvakarebesa maMayan akanyorwa ane gumi nemazana mashanu hieroglyphs.
Iyo zenith ndima yeZuva ndechimwe chezviitiko zvemuchadenga zvine hukama nekumisikidzwa kwezvivakwa. Tembere yeTulum yechishanu muenzaniso wakanaka weizvi uye yakashanda kubatanidza temberi nehumwari hwezuva. Iwo anomiririra Kin naIxchel mumifananidzo yemifananidzo achiri kuchengetedzwa mairi. Kuvaka P muMonte Albán (Oaxaca) imwezve yenithal inotarisisa: Pasi pemasitepisi makuru pane kamuri ine rima ine kuvhura kudiki kunopinza mumwaranzi yezuva kubva Kubvumbi 17 kusvika Nyamavhuvhu 25.
Mazuva aya anoronga Zuva kana rasvika padanho raro masikati panguva yechirimo uye maviri anopatsanurwa nenguva kubva pane ichi chiitiko nemazuva makumi matanhatu neshanu. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti tsika dzeZapotec dzakapatsanura karenda yemazuva mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu kuita nguva ina dzemazuva makumi matanhatu neshanu, dzinodaidzwa kuti "cocijo" (Galindo Trejo, 2006).
Mumwe muenzaniso wekumisikidzwa kwekuvaka wakananga kune solar zenith unowanikwa muPiramidhi yeMashiripiti muUxmal, zvimiro zvekunze zvechivakwa zvakanangidzirwa kumazuva aMay makumi maviri nemaviri naChikumi makumi maviri nechipiri, ayo anoenderana nematanho ezuva. kuburikidza neiyo zenith palatitude yeUxmal (Aveni neHartung, 1986)
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