Tsvaga mune ino chinyorwa zvese nezve transgenic mhuka, izwi risingawanzo kunzwika asi iro rave kukosha zvakanyanya nhasi, dzidza zvavari, zvakanakira nekuipira kwavo, mienzaniso yakasiyana uye zvimwe zvakawanda.
Sangana nemhuka dzinoshanduka
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti munguva pfupi yapfuura iyi yave iri imwe yebudiriro yakakosha uye kuti munharaunda yesainzi inotarisirwa kuti ichakurumidza kureva kufambira mberi kwevanhu, kuti ichachinja mafambiro ezvinhu zvakawanda, cloning mhuka ikozvino ichokwadi. kuti purofiti yepamusoro inotarisirwa munguva isiri kure uye izvo shanda nemhuka kuva mukuru.
Izvi zvinogona kushandiswa munzvimbo dzisingaverengeki dzemishonga uye biology, asi teknolojia haisi kure shure; kune nhamba huru yemamiriro ezvinhu evanhu akakwanisa kuparara kuburikidza nekushandiswa kweiyo genetic tool.
Asi chii chinonzi mhuka dzinochinja magene? Izvi hazvigone kuitwa chete mumhou, madhongi, mbeva nedzimwe mhuka, asi vanhu vanogona zvakare kuve chikamu chekufambira mberi uku uye kushandiswa kuburikidza nemajeni avo, kunyangwe iyo data inoratidza kuti yakatoitwa.
Mhuka yakaongororwa zvakanyanya ndeye mbeva, iyo yakagamuchira chero nhamba yeongororo uye mune zvese yakabuda uye yakapa mhedzisiro yakanaka.Zvakakosha kuziva kuti genome yemhuka iyi yakada kufanana neiyo yemhuka. munhu.
Nzira yekuwana sei mhuka ye transgenic?
Kuburikidza nekugadziriswa kwemajini emhuka, kuburikidza neakasiyana mashandisirwo, anogona kuvandudzwa kune marudzi ayo nhasi anonzi epamba, asi anogona zvakare kushandiswa kumafekitori emishonga, rudzi urwu rwekugadziridza runogona kuitwa nenzira mbiri dzakasiyana, dzakadai se:
- Mamwe majini anowanikwa mumhuka yacho anodzimwa kana kuchinjwa, nenzira iyi kuchinja uku kuchapfuudzwa kuvana vavo uye kune vamwe vana vavo vose.
- Ita kuendeswa kwemajini kumhuka kuburikidza nemhando imwe chete kana kuti zvakasiyana kubva kune imwe mhando.
- Kuedza kwekutanga kwekuchinja uku kwakaitwa makore makumi mana chete apfuura, ndiko kuti, muna 1980, kushandisa mbeva; zvino muna 1982 vakashandisa majini okukura emakonzo, mugumisiro weizvi waiva wokuti kukura kwakaitika nokukurumidza uye nenzira iyi zvakaonekwa kuti rudzi urwu rwekuchinja kwemajini rwaigona kuitwa kubva kune rumwe rudzi kuenda kune rumwe.
Nenzira iyi, ichi chishandiso chinobatsira chakagadzirwa, kuburikidza neakasarudzika marabhoritari, uko kudzidza kweiyo physiology yemhuka yaive hwaro hwekuwana iyi mhando yemhuka.
Chii chinonzi transgenesis?
Iyi ndiyo nzira inoitwa kuti ikwanise kuendesa ese anodiwa majini, ingave RNA kana DNA, kubva kune imwe mhuka kuenda kune imwe, iyo inogamuchira iyi kutamiswa inova mhuka inoshanduka, asi kwete iyi chete, asi vana vavo vese. zvichaiswawo muboka rakadaro.
Zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti haisi majini ose anotamiswa, asi akawanda chete, asingashandisi zvisina kurongwa, asi, pane zvinopesana, akasarudzwa zvakanyatsonaka uye nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakasarudzwa, izvo zvinozobudiswa uye zvakaparadzaniswa.
Parizvino inoshandiswawo kugadzirisa zvirimwa, nzira dzingasiyana, dzimwe nguva dzinoitwa nemavhairasi uye mabhakitiriya, asi mune dzimwe nguva dzinoshandiswa nemajini pfuti; tobva taenderera mberi nekuita chidzidzo cheshanduko dzinogadzirwa kubva mukuunzwa kwejini iroro kana iwo majini.
Kuburikidza neiyi tekinoroji nyowani, inobvumira mamiriro ekuenzanisira muvanhu, asi kuburikidza nemhuka, kuti vadzidze biologically uye kuita kurapa kunogoneka kana mishonga iyo inozova iyo yakakwana kurapwa kweakawanda mamiriro, ayo angave asina mushonga nhasi. kurapa imwe nhengo uye kubata imwe.
Chii chinoshandiswa nemhuka dzekuchinja?
Kushandiswa kwayo kwakawanda uye nekufamba kwenguva ichashandiswa munzvimbo dzakawanda kupfuura dzinozivikanwa kusvika nhasi; Kubva payakavambwa, kufambira mberi uku kwakabvumira nyanzvi kuti dziite ongororo dzakati wandei izvo zvino tungamira kune zvisina kumboitika mabhenefiti.
Izvo zvave zvichibvira kushandura mhuka pachiyero chemajini uye nokudaro kusimbisa masimba ezvirwere zvemuviri, izvo zvinogona kurwisa zvirwere zvakawanda uye kudzivirira vamwe mune ramangwana, sezvo inova yakasimba uye yakasimba; izvo zvakaonekwawo kuti mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinotapukira kuvazukuru vavo.
Kumwe kushandiswa inyaya yekuti mahomoni akaiswa, ayo anozadzisa basa rekukurumidza kukura, ndiko kuti, anokura zvakanyanya uye munguva shoma. Asi izvi hazvigumiri pano, asi padanho rekurapa rinoshandiswawo, asi nenzira ipi?Inoshandiswa mukufambira mberi kwekurapa kwemamiriro uye kusikwa kwenhamba yakawanda yemishonga, kuparadzanisa geni rinogadzira mamiriro uye. kuchiisa kumhuka.
Kuburikidza neimwe iyi, zvave zvichigoneka kugadzira insulin, xenotransplantation, kuitira kuti mhuka dzive vapi venhengo; kumwe kushandiswa kuyedza majekiseni nezvimwe zvinhu zvisati zvashandiswa muvanhu.
Muenzaniso wemhuka dzinoshanduka
Chokwadi iwe unoda kuziva mienzaniso yeiyi fomu yekutsvagisa uye shanduko yakadzidzwa kwemamwe makore uye iri kuita hukuru hukuru munharaunda, mukati memishonga nekutengeserana.
Mimwe mienzaniso inogona kutaurwa yakakosha zvikuru ndeiyi:
- Mugore ra1952, yekutanga cloning yakaitwa, yaive yekutanga kuedza, iyo yakazotungamira kubudirira kusvika makore gare gare, muna 1996, nekuumbwa kwaDolly, iri gwai rakava nemukurumbira, sezvo raive rekutanga. kuti ridaidzwe nenzira inonzi "cell nuclear transfer."
- Mumwe muenzaniso ndewakaitwa kuJapan, uko mombe mbiri dzakagadzirwa kane zviuru, nechinangwa chekuvandudza nyama yaizodyiwa nevanhu, idzi dzainzi Noto neKaga.
- Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi1998, muna XNUMX, mbudzi ndiyo yakakwanisa kubudisa nemishonga yayo inobatsira zvikuru kuvanhu, iyo yakanga yagadzirwa.
- Kuchishandiswa imwe mhuka, ombretta mouflon, yaitsvakwa kuti nokuita kwayo marudzi ayo adzivirirwe kuti isatsakatika, sezvo yakanga yanzi imhuka iri mungozi yokutsakatika.
Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira
Nhasi kune vanhu vakawanda vasingatsigire zvizere tsika iyi, zvichida nekuda kwekushaya ruzivo munharaunda kana kuti zvichida nokuti vanoziva kuti inoshanda sei uye vanongogumburwa nekushandiswa kwemhuka, mukuedza kunogona kukonzera kuderera kwavo. mararamiro .
Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pane mitemo inorambidza kushandiswa kwemhuka mune zvimwe zvinhu, kunyanya kana dzichizobayirwa, kana dzichizokonzera marwadzo omuviri kana kuti dzichichinja zvikuru mararamiro adzo; Hezvino zvakanakira uye zvakaipira nzira iyi:
- Kubatsira mukutsvakurudza kwesayenzi
- Benefits mukugadzirwa kwemhuka uye hutano
- Kufambira mberi kunoitwa muzvirwere uye marapiro azvo
- mishonga inogadzirwa
- Zvinogoneka kupa nhengo
- Kutsakatika kwevasori vakawanda kunodziviswa, kuburikidza nemabhanga emajini.
- Inogona kuisa mhuka dzeko panjodzi
- Kukurudzira allergies kuburikidza neprotein
- Mibairo inogona kunge isiriyo nekuti geni rinogona kunge risingaverengeki
- Kushandiswa kwemhuka mhenyu, iyo inogona kukundikana mutsika.
Zvikumbiro zvako ndezvipi?
Kuburikidza nehuinjiniya, nekushandura mhuka idzi padanho remajini, zvinokwanisika kuishandisa kune zvinangwa zvakasiyana, pakati pazvo zvatingataura:
- Inofambisa kutsvaga, hunhu uye kuparadzaniswa kweiyo majini akakosha pakuratidzwa kwemajini.
- Pamusoro peizvozvo, inobvumirawo kusikwa kwemhando dzemamiriro ezvinhu anowanzogara achikanganisa vanhu nekudaro kukwanisa kugadzira mishonga mitsva nemishonga yekurapa zvirwere izvi.
- Chimwe chinhu chakanyanya kukosha chekushandisa icho chiri kuwana kukosha kukuru nhasi inyaya yekuti inoshanda sesosi yekugadzirwa kwematishu uye nhengo dzinogona kushandiswa mukusimwa kwevanhu.
- Mamorekuru anogadzirwa ayo anobatsira kumaindasitiri
- Inopa mhando yepamusoro kumombe nemamwe marudzi anopa kukosha kukuru mukati mechikamu chehupfumi.
Sezvakaonekwa, kushandiswa kwayo kukuru kuri maererano nemishonga yevanhu, saka mushonga wakabatsirwa zvikuru munharaunda iyi uye wakaita kufambira mberi kwakasiyana-siyana uko munguva refu kunogona kureva teknolojia itsva uye kwete chete munharaunda yemishonga asi mune zvekutengeserana. nevamwe.
Zvekudyiwa nevanhu
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti parizvino hapana mhuka yetransgenic yakakodzera kudyiwa nevanhu, zvisinei, pane tsvakiridzo inotsvaka kupindura mubvunzo iwoyo.
Salmon yakasikwa, kuburikidza nemakambani eUnited States, akakura kudarika akajairwa uye anokura nekukurumidza, uye kutengeswa kwemazai asina kubereka kubva kuCanada kwakabvumidzwa, asi haabvumidzwe kudyiwa nevanhu.
