ari mhuka dzisina mapfupa iyo, muchiLatin inonzi invertebrates, inonzi imwe neimwe yezvisikwa zvemhuka zvisingawire mukati me vertebrate subphylum ye chordate phylum. Iro zita rinobva nenzira yekuti, kusiyana nerekupedzisira kutaurwa, ivo havana vertebral segment kana notochord uye akabatanidzwa emukati skeleton.
Historia
Lamarck akaonekwa semuvambi weinvertebrate zoology. Lamarck aireva kwavari sezvisikwa zvisina vertebrae, izvo zvisina makoramu uye izvo muFrench zvinonzi animaux sans vertèbres. Mukurongeka kwaCarlos Linnaeus, mhuka dzisina mapfupa dzakagoverwa muInsecta, zvichireva arthropods uye kune rumwe rutivi Vermes yaisanganisira makonye, molluscs uye coelenterates, mukati mezvakasiyana. mhando dzemhuka.
Mugore ra1794, Lamarck akakamura zvakazonzi mhuka dzisina mapfupa kuita molluscs, tumbuyu, makonye, echinoderms, uye polyps. Mugore ra1809, ndaiwanzoona makirasi gumi: molluscs, barnacles, annelids, crabs, arachnids, tsikidzi, makonye, echinoderms, polyps uye infusoria, conglomerate ye mhuka dzisina mapfupa.
Mumakore a1815 na1822, Lamarck akagovera, mumavhoriyamu manomwe, Characteristic History of the mhuka dzisina marangwanda ( Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres ), ine zvinomiririra mhuka panguva iyoyo yaizivikanwa uye raiva bhuku renongedzero kwenguva yakati rebei.
Zviratidzo
Mhuka dzisina bhonzo kazhinji dzine hunhu hunodzisiyanisa kubva kune imwe:
- Kazhinji ivo zvisikwa zvidiki, vanowira pasi pemukati skeleton (bony kana cartilaginous).
- Kune mamwe ane mabhonzo akaita searthropods zvisinei kuti imapfupa ekunze anonzi exoskeleton.
- Kune akawanda ane zvivharo, mateko kana akavharirwa nechimwe chinhu chakaoma.
Mazuvano, tsvakurudzo pamusoro Ndedzipi mhuka dzisina marangwanda? zvaita kuti zvive nyore kuwana mazana mashoma emhando dzakasiyana dzesimba, maindasitiri, emari, kana simba rekudya, uye mishonga yemazuva ano inokwereta zvakanyanya kuzvisikwa zvakangoerekana zvaitika, semuenzaniso, magakanje emabhiza, jellyfish, uye plankton, pakati pe mhando dzemamphibian.
Nezvehuwandu hwezvipenyu, chikamu chakakosha chezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoumbwa nezvisikwa zvisingaite.
ari mhuka dzisina marangwanda havagadziri boka re monophyletic: rukova urwu rwakasiiwa nemasangano anoenderera mberi ari phylogenetic characterizations.
Izwi rekuti boneless rinoshandiswa kugovera huwandu hukuru hwezvisikwa zvipenyu zvinogovana zvakajairwa zvekusava nemusana.
Shandisa
Muchiitiko chehunyanzvi che zoology uye mudzidzo yayo, mutsauko uripo mhuka dzine mapfupa uye mhuka dzisina mapfupa dzinoramba dzichiwedzera kukosha, dzichiva mahofisi enguva dzose emakoreji, mabhuku ane musoro kana zvinyorwa zvezoology zvakatsaurirwa kune skeletal system yemhuka, somuenzaniso, bhuku raBrusca naBrusca.
Uye Hickmann's, kunyangwe izvi zvichifanira kuverengerwa semhedzisiro yetsika uye kwete sekucherechedzwa kwekubatsira zvine musoro kweiyo pfungwa. Mukudzidzira kurapwa kwemhando isina boneless, kufanirwa kwezvikamu zviviri zvakaramba zvichishandiswa zvakanyanya: arthropods uye asiri arthropods.
Kukosha kwekuziva macroinvertebrates
Mumutauro wezvisikwa zvemugungwa, izwi rekuti macroinvertebrate rinowanzoshandiswa kureva mhuka dzemvura dzisina boneless, dzinosanganisira critters (kunyanya hatchlings uye nymphs), shellfish, annelids, molluscs (amphibious snails uye bivalves), uye planaria (honye). flat) ine mibhedha yemvura, madziva.
Chokwadi, kuzara kwavo uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvakashandiswa sezvicherechedzo (bioindicators) zvenharaunda nharaunda kugara zvakanaka uye zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Iwo chikamu chakakosha mune yakasikwa pecking kurongeka uye yakasikwa subject switching.
Mhuka dzisina mapfupa nehurongwa hwadzo hwemienzaniso
Mhuka dzisina bhonzo dzinowanikwa munzvimbo dzese dzechisikigo paPasi, kubva kuAntarctica inotonhora kusvika kumasango anogara achinaya mvura. Iwo mahombe mapoka ezvisikwa zvisingaite, mazhinji acho achiri asingazivikanwe nevanhu uye vamwe vangatotenda kuti hazvisi zvisikwa nekuda kwechimiro chavo.
Nheyo iyo inoratidza zvisikwa zvisina bhonzo kana invertebrate ndiko kushomeka kwerubatsiro kubva kune vertebrae uye mapfupa akasiyana. Zvisikwa zvisina musana hazvina skeleton yemukati, kana yakaoma kana cartilaginous. Zvichienderana nerudzi rwechisikwa, inogona kuva neimwe mhando yerutsigiro, semuenzaniso, exoskeleton yearthropods.
Phylum porifera
Porifera, anonziwo masiponji, anosimudza runyoro rwemazita ezvisikwa zvisina bhonzo. Mazhinji ndeemugungwa (anenge 6000 marudzi) uye mamwe imvura yakachena (anenge 150 marudzi). Vane huwandu hukuru pasi pemamiriro akaenzana uye vanokura pane akasiyana substrates.
Saizi yavo inogona kubva pamamirimita mashoma kusvika kumamita akati wandei. Poriferous phyla ndiyo sessile benthic channels, kureva kuti, vanozvitsigira ivo pachavo nekuchengetedza zvimedu zvezvokudya zviri mukumiswa, izvo zvinonamatira pasi pegungwa uye hazvigoni kufamba.
Placozoa
Imwe chete mhando yeplacozoan inozivikanwa uye iTrichoplax adhaerens, inowanikwa mumvura dzemugungwa dzeMediterranean, Atlantic nePacific. Izvo zvisikwa zvisina bhonzo zvine muviri wakatwasuka, 2 kusvika 3 millimeters. Ivo vari marine benthic uye vanofamba neflagella.
Vanodya pane biofilm inovhara nzvimbo dzepasi. Ndicho chisikwa chinorarama chakasununguka chine masero mashoma uye hushoma hweDNA. Iine agamic kuwanda nekubvisa kana kukura.
Cnidarians
Jellyfish ndeyekurongeka kwezvisikwa zvisingaite. Kune angangoita zviuru gumi marudzi eCnidarians, akatenderedza makumi maviri ehove dzemvura yakachena uye mamwe ese emugungwa. Muviri waro unoumbwa nesaga rebofu, rine buri rega rega rine chekuita nekuora mwoyo (muromo) wedumbu. Jellyfish kuparadzirwa ndeyepabonde, asi ivo vanogona zvakare kubereka agamically.
Acelomorphs
Izvo zvisikwa zvisina boneless zvakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri, acoels (380 marudzi) uye nemertodermatids (9 marudzi). Iyo acelomorphic phylum kana makonye madiki asina matumbu, ayo anowanzo ari mugungwa uye ane hwaro hwehupenyu hwemukati. Ivo vane bisexual, zvisinei nekuti havana mitezo yebonde. Vanogona zvakare kudzokorora agamically.
Flatworms kana flatworms
Kune anopfuura 20.000 marudzi eflatworms, nhamba huru iyo imhando dzezvipembenene zvecontinental vertebrates, semuenzaniso, imbwa nekatsi.
Chimiro chavo chekugaya chinovhara muchisaga chebofu, chine muromo wemukati pavanenge vakasununguka-kurarama kana kumberi kana hutachiona. Mafuremu akadai seexcretory, kubereka uye kutya akakura zvakanaka, ariwo bisexual.
annelids
Rimwe zita rezvipenyu zvisina bone is annelid. Ndiwo makonye anotsanangurwa sekuti ane muviri wakaparadzaniswa nemhete kana zvikamu. Mukurongeka uku, magweta kana makonye anowanikwa. Kune marudzi angangosvika zviuru gumi nezvishanu zvemaannelids, akawanda emugungwa, mamwe emvura yakachena uye mamwe ari panyika.
Muviri wako unochengetedzwa necuticle yakagadzirwa necollagen. Ganda ravo rakachengetedzwa necilia uye nhengo dzakasiyana dzine chitin bvudzi rinonzi setae, rinotarisira kufema.
Mollusks
Iyo inoumbwa ne100.000 chaiwo marudzi ezvisikwa zvisingaite. Mazhinji ndeemugungwa, asi kune zvakare akawanda epasi, kunyanya gastropods kana hozhwa. Ivo vanowanwa mumarudzi ese enzvimbo.
Kune makirasi maviri, bivalves uye gastropods, ane goko rekunze raanoshandisa kudzivirira. Mukuwedzera, kirasi, iyo cephalopods, iyo inonzi octopus uye squids, iyo ine makungu avo akatarisa mukati.
Arthropods
Arthropods vakawana shanduko inoshamisa kubudirira uye ndiro boka rezvisikwa zvine mhando dzakawanda, kunyanya tsikidzi. Vane hukuru hwakasiyana, kubva kudiki kwazvo, semuenzaniso, Demodex spp. (0,1 mm) kusvika kuhombe, semuenzaniso Macrocheira kaempferi kusvika 4 metres (pasi penguva dzose).
Muunganidzwa we arthropods wakapatsanurwa kuita tagmata, zvichivaita zvisikwa zvisina bhonzo zvine muviri wakakamurwa kuita musoro, chipfuva, uye pakati penharaunda. Ivo vane sclerosed cuticular exoskeleton, izvi zvinovadzivirira kubva mukukudziridza, saka vanofanirwa kudurura pese pavanenge vachikura. Mukati me arthropods, myriapods, arachnids, crustaceans uye hexapods zvinowanikwa.
Echinoderms
Echinoderms iboka rakakura uye haana kufanana. Kune dzinenge 7.000 marudzi, ese emugungwa. Izvo zvisikwa zve dioecious, kureva kuti, vane varume vakasiyana. Pakati pezvisikwa izvi zvisina mutsindo pane crinoids, asteroids kana starfish, ocean urchins, brittle stars uye holothurians.
Vane endoskeleton inoumbwa nemahwendefa, anonzi mafambiro kana sclerites. Chisikwa chakachengetedzwa ne epidermal tissue, pasi peiyo dermis uye ose ossicles, iyo inogona kana kusapindirana kune imwe neimwe, zvichienderana nemhando.