Muchikamu chinotevera dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pezvisingaenzaniswi mhuka dzinokambaira uye kuti vane budiriro chaiyoiyo youpenyu uye yakasiyana nedzimwe zvisikwa zvenyika yemhuka.
Origin of reptiles- mhuka huru dzinokambaira kana kukambaira
Kuti uwane chikonzero chezvinokambaira, zvakakosha kutaura nezvekutanga kweamniotic zai, sezvo yakasimuka mumusangano uyu wezvisikwa, ichipa munhu wekutanga inishuwarenzi isina mvura uye ichimubvumira kuti azvisunungure kubva mumamiriro egungwa. uyewo chikamu che mhuka dzinokambaira.
Iwo makuru amniotes akamuka kubva kuCotylosaurs, iyo yakasimuka zvakanyanya mumusangano wezvisikwa zvevhu nemvura, muCarboniferous time frame, nhanho inonakidza yenhoroondo.
Aya amniotes akapararira mumapoka maviri maererano nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzedehenya ravo: ma-synapsids (kubva kune mhuka dzine ropa rinodziya dzakatorwa) uye sauropsids (boka iro rakasara amniotes rakashanduka, kureva, zvinoshamisa zvinokambaira ).
Mukati memusangano uyu wekupedzisira maivewo nechikamu chakakosha: vanaAnapsids, vanowedzera turtle samples, uye Diapsids, semuenzaniso, nyoka dzinozivikanwa uye zvimwe zvinokambaira, zvinonakidza kuti Mhuka dzeAfrica.
Hunhu hwemhuka dzinokambaira kana kukambaira
Pasinei nechimiro cheanatomical mumhando yega yega yezvinokambaira, imwe neimwe inogona kushandisa zviito zvakasiyana-siyana kufamba nenyoka pasi, pfupiso huru yehunhu hwavanogovana nemumwe inogona kunyorwa. Pakati pavo, aggregates anowanikwa:
Vanhu vakasanganiswa (tetrapods) uye vakaderera, kunyangwe, mukuungana chaiko, semuenzaniso, nyoka dzinogona kunge dziri kure, asi dzichiri mhuka dzinokambaira..
Kutenderera kweropa uye pfungwa zvakanyanya kushanduka pane zvisikwa zvepasi uye zvemumvura. Ivo zvisikwa zve ectothermic, ndiko kuti, havagone kudzora tembiricha yavo. Kazhinji, vane muswe wakareba uye imhuka dzinokambaira.
Vane epidermal scales, iyo inogona kudururwa kana kuramba ichikura muupenyu hwavo hwose. Shaya dzakasimba dzine kana dzisina mazino. Dzinofema nemumapapu adzo kunyangwe dzimwe mhando dzenyoka dzichifema nemuganda radzo.
Mienzaniso yeMhuka Dzinokambaira kana Kukambaira
Kune zvisikwa zvinoverengeka zvinofamba nekukambaira, semuenzaniso, nyoka, dzisina appendages. Chero zvazvingava, kune zvinokambaira zvakasiyana izvo, kunyangwe zviine appendages, zvinogonawo kuonekwa sevanokambaira sezvo muviri wavo wepamusoro uchidhonzerwa pasi panguva yekutamiswa.
Blind Adder – Leptotyphlops melanothermus
Inotsanangurwa seyakakura mudiki, isina nhengo dzinobudisa uturu, uye inogara pasi pevhu, ichiwanzogara munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa dzimba dzakawanda. Inokandira mazai, ichiita chisikwa chine mazai.
Nezvekudya kwake, kudya kwake kunoenderana netupuka tusina musana, kureva, mamwe marudzi evatsoropodzi vanotyisa.
Nyoka ine mitsetse - Philodryas psammophidea
Iyo inonziwo nyoka yejecha, ine muviri wakatetepa uye wakareba uye inoyera kutenderedza mita imwe. Mumuviri wese inopa mamwe marefu mapoka e opaque shading mu dorsal chikamu uye akareruka mu ventral band.
Yakanyatsonaka inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzakaoma uye masango, uko inobatsira kubva kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokambaira. Inonzi oviparous uye ine mazino ane chepfu kuseri kwemuromo wayo (opisthoglyphic teeth).
Tropical Rattlesnake -Crotalus durissus terrificus
Nyoka inouraya inopisa kana diamondback yekumaodzanyemba inotsanangurwa inosvika hukuru hukuru uye matani eyero kana ocher pamuviri wayo, anobva kumhuka dzinokambaira.
Inowanikwa munzvimbo dzakaoma zvakanyanya, semuenzaniso savanna, uko inodya zvisikwa zvidiki (makonzo, mhuka dzine ropa rinodziya). Ichi chisikwa chinokambaira chinonzi viviparous uye chinoburitsawo zvinhu zvinokuvadza.
Green dzvinyu -Teius teyou
Imwe nyaya yezvisikwa zvinokambaira imhuka yakasvibira, chisikwa chiri pakati nepakati chinokwezva vanhu nekuti ine miviri yakasvibira zvinoshamisa pamuviri wayo nemuswe wakareba. Kunyangwe zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti murume ane mamwe mavara ebhuruu panguva yekuparadzira.
Nharaunda yaro inogona kuchinja, inowanikwa mumasango neminda, somuenzaniso. Kudya kwavo kunoenderana nezvisikwa zvisina spine (creepy little critters) uye maererano nekuwanda kwavo, ivo zvisikwa zve oviparous.
Striped Skink – Eumeces skiltonianus
Kapukanana kadiki kane maapendages mapfupi uye muviri usina kusimba. Iine toni dzakagomara nemapoka akareruka munharaunda yedorsal. Inogona kuwanikwa zvakanaka munzvimbo dzine zvirimwa, dzakaoma uye dzine matanda, uko inobatsira kubva kune zvisikwa zvisina spine, semuenzaniso mamwe arachnids uye zvipembenene. Kana zviri zvekuwedzera, mwaka wechirimo nezhizha unosarudzwa pakusangana.
Nyanga dzvinyu - Phrynosoma coronatum
Ichi chisikwa chinotsvedza chinowanzo chena muruvara uye chinotsanangurwa seine nyanga nzvimbo yemusoro uye muviri wakachengetedzwa nemizongoza yakawanda uye uri pakati pemhuka dzinokambaira..
Muviri wakapamhama asi wakatsetseka uye une mapeji mapfupi ekufambisa. Inogara munzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzakazaruka, uko inobatsira kubva kune zvipembenene, somuenzaniso, masvosve. Nzvimbo dzakakura dzaKurume naChivabvu ndidzo dzinounganidzwa kuti vana vakwane.
Coral - Micrurus pyrrhocryptus
Iyi modhi irefu uye yakareruka reptile, iyo isina yakaparadzana musoro nzvimbo kubva kune yese yemuviri. Iine shading yakasarudzika, ichiratidza mhete dzakasviba padivi pemuviri wayo izvo zvakasanganiswa nemasumbu akati wandei machena.
Inokunda mu scree kana musango, uko inobatsira kubva kune madzvinyu akasiyana, semuenzaniso, mamwe madiki anokambaira. Iine oviparous uye ine chepfu zvakanyanya.
Kamba Yakajairwa – Chelonoidis chilensis
Kamba iyi inomiririrwa seine goko hombe, refu, rine mumvuri. Inogara munzvimbo dzinogara miriwo uye organic zvigadzirwa, sezvo iri dzvinyu rinodya zvinomera, rakafanana ne purazi mhuka list
Chero zvazvingava, nguva nenguva inobatsira kubva kune mamwe mapfupa uye nyama. Chisikwa chine mazai uye chinotarisirwa kuwanikwa sechisikwa chine hushamwari mune dzimwe dzimba, chiri imwe yemhuka dzinokambaira..
Legless Lizard – Annella pulchra
Chimwe chezvisikwa zvinokambaira kuti zvifambe ndicho chikara chisina makumbo. Iyo ine cephalic nzvimbo isingaonekwe kubva kune yese yemuviri uye inopera mune imwe poindi.
Inoda maappendages kuti ikure uye ine zvikero zvinopenya zvakanyanya pamwe chete nemuviri, izvo zvinoratidzwa negreyish tint ine rima rekudivi mabhendi uye amber gut.
Nyoka yeGreen - Philodryas patagoniensis
Sezvinoratidzwa nezita rayo, kazhinji ine toni dzakasvibirira, asi ine rima rakatenderedza zvikero zvayo. Inonziwo nyoka yemusango sezvo inokunda munzvimbo dzakavhurika, semuenzaniso, mamwe matanda kana minda, uko inobatsira kubva kune zvisikwa zvakasiyana (zvidiki vertebrates, zvisikwa zvine mapapiro uye zvinokambaira, pakati pevamwe).
Dzimwe mhuka dzinokambaira kana kukambaira
Rondedzero yezvinokambaira yakakura zvisinei nekuti, sezvakambotaurwa munzvimbo dzakapfuura, hazvisi chete zvisikwa izvi zvinotsvedza kufamba. Aya ndiwo mamiriro ehozhwa yeRoma kana kuti inokambaira usiku, inosangana nekugaya pakati pemuviri wayo nepamusoro kusvika yasvika pakumhanya kuzere. Munzvimbo iyi unogona kuwana zvisikwa zvakasiyana zvinotsvedza kufamba:
iguana
Iguana zvipuka zvinodya zvinomera zvine ganda rakafuta pahuro nemuzongoza zvichibuda kubva mumisoro, mitsipa, misana, nemumiswe. Iguana inogona kurarama kubva pamakore gumi nematanhatu kusvika makumi maviri.
Iguana yegirini inosvika 1,5 kusvika 2 metres pakureba, ukuwo spiny iguana inokura kubva pa12,5 kusvika pa100 masendimita pakureba. Iguana rinonyanya kurema iguana reblue, rinogona kurema kusvika makirogiramu gumi nemana.
Havana hunhu, izvi zvinoreva kuti kupisa kwekunze ndiko kunovachengeta vachidziya, sezvo vasina mukana wekudzora kupisa kwemukati nemiviri yavo. Izvi zvinokambaira zvinowanika kuMexico, Central neSouth America, Zvitsuwa zveGalapagos, muchikamu chezvitsuwa zveCaribbean, Fiji neMadagascar.
Chameleon
Kubva kumhuri yeChamaeleonidae, ivo Old World creepers, kunyanya arboreal, vanozivikanwa nekukwanisa kwavo kushandura inzwi remuviri wavo, sekunakidza se mhuka dzakasanganiswa.
Hunhu hwakasiyana hwemachameleon ndeye zygodactylinear tsoka (minwe yakasanganiswa mumasumbu maviri nematatu), acrodonnate dentition (ine mazino akabatanidzwa kumucheto kweshaya).
Zvakare, zvinonyanya kukosha zvemachameleon maziso avo anofamba zvakasununguka, nhengo dzinouraya dzinobudisa huwandu husingakuvadzi hwehupfu, uye rurimi rurefu rwakatetepa rwakasiyana nemuviri wavo.
Komodo shato
Iri ndiro hombe riripo rudzi rwedzvinyu uye rine nzvimbo nemhuri yeVaranidae. Inzvimbo yechitsuwa cheKomodo uye mamwe matombo akavakidzana ezvitsuwa zvidiki zveSunda muIndonesia.
Kushingairira pamusoro pehukuru hwayo uye maitiro ane hutsinye akabvumira mhuka iri mungozi yekutsakatika kuti ive chido cheecotourism, iyo yakawedzera kuchengeteka kwayo.
Mhuri dzevakuru dzinodya kune vanhu vadiki verudzi rwavo uye, mune dzimwe nguva, nevakuru vakasiyana zvakanyanya. Vanogona kumhanya nekukurumidza uye nguva nenguva kurova uye kuita zviito zvinotyisidzira kutendeseka kwemuviri wemunhu.
Zvitsuwa zveGalapagos Giant Tortoise
Zvichida ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa mhuka muGalapagos. Chokwadi chinotaurirwa, zita rekuti Galapagos rinobva pashoko rekare rechiSpanish rekuti "saddle", zvichireva mamiriro emamwe magomba emhando dzekamba dzinotyisa.
Nhasi, kamba iyi yakakwanisa kumiririra kusarudzika uye hunyoro hwehupenyu muGalapagos Islands. Zvisikwa zvakatenderera chikamu chakakosha chenyika pamberi pekupinda kweHomo sapiens.
Nhasi, vanongowanikwa pamapoka akati wandei ezvitsuwa akapatsanurwa munzvimbo dzinopisa, kusanganisira Galapagos Archipelago, Seychelles, uye Mascarene Islands.
Galapagos Marine Iguana
Iyo marine iguana ndeimwe yakakurumbira Galapagos akasiyana. Iyi creeper ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yegungwa repasi uye inogona kuwanikwa pamahombekombe egungwa pamusoro pezvitsuwa zvakawanda.
Iyo iguana yemugungwa yakajaira kudzungaira kuenda kugungwa ichitsvaga chikafu, chimiro chinonakidza chinoipa kuwana kune yakapfuma sosi yekurarama nguva dzose.
Kudya kwavo kwekudya kunotsamira pakukura kwegirinhi kunokura pamatombo uye kunyange hove diki. Vakomana vakuru vakaonekwa vachisvetuka kusvika pakadzika kwemafiti makumi mana uye vachigara pasi pemvura kweanosvika maminetsi makumi matanhatu.
Anaconda
Yerudzi rweEunectes, ndeimwe yemhando mbiri dzenyoka dzinomanikidza, dzinoda mvura dzinowanikwa munzvimbo dzinopisa dzeSouth America. The green constrictor (Eunectes murinus), inonziwo Goliath constrictor, brincho kana mvura kamudi.
Iolive green boa inotsinhana matema matema ovha. Yero kana yekumaodzanyemba constrictor (E. notaeus) idiki zvakanyanya.
MaGreen constrictor anogara mumvura dzinopisa dziri kumabvazuva kweAndes uye pachitsuwa cheCaribbean cheTrinidad. Green constrictor ndiyo nyoka hombe panyika. Iyi constrictor inogona kuenzana kupfuura mamita gumi pakureba.
boa
Boa izita rakajairika kune akasiyana siyana asina huturu nyoka dzinomanikidza. Kune marudzi anopfuura makumi mana emabhosi. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo boas inogona zvakare kureva mapoka maviri akasiyana enyoka: maMascarenas, kana madiki boas (pasi uye huni boas emhuri Tropidophiidae).
Vanhu vemhuri Boinae vanomhanya kubva pamita imwe (1 ft) kureba mune rimwe genera kusvika kumamita akati wandei. Kunyange zvazvo nyoka idzi dzimwe nguva dzichipfuura 3,3 tsoka (3,3 metres) pakureba, dzimwe dzinosvika zvinodarika mamita mashanu.
Cobra
Mhungu ndeimwe yemhando shoma dzenyoka dzinouraya zvakanyanya, zhinji dzacho dzinomera mbabvu kubva mumitsipa dzadzo kuita chivharo. Kunyangwe iyo hood iri yakajairika kune cobras, havasi vese vane hukama hwakasimba.
Mhungu dzinowanikwa kubva kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica kuburikidza nekumaodzanyemba kweAsia kusvika kuzvitsuwa zveSoutheast Asia. Vanhukadzi vakasiyana-siyana ndiyo nzira dzakanakisa dzevanoromba nyoka.
Nyoka
Iine nzvimbo nemhuri yeViperidae. Zvinogoneka kuti imhando ipi neipi yenyoka dzine muchetura dzinopfuura mazana maviri dzine nzvimbo ine misangano miviri: nyoka dzegomba (Crotalinae subfamily) uye Old World nyoka (Viperinae subfamily), idzo dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga semhuri dziri dzoga.
Dzinodya zvisikwa zvidiki uye kudzingirira nekurova nekukuvadza mhuka dzadzo. Garter nyoka inomiririrwa nemazino maviri akareba, asina chinhu, azere nehuturu anonamirwa pamapfupa anochinja-chinja eshaya yepamusoro (the maxillae), anopeta achidzokera mumuromo kana asingashandiswi.
skink
Kubva kumhuri yeScincidae, ndeimwe yemarudzi 1.275 ezvinokambaira. Skinks ivhu risinganzwisisike squatters, kana maburrower, anowanikwa munzvimbo zhinji dzenyika, asi akanyanya kusiyana muSoutheast Asia nezvitsuwa zvine hukama, magwenga eAustralia, nenzvimbo dzinodziya dzeNorth America.
Mhando dzakakura dzeganda dzinosvika pakureba hunosvika masendimita makumi manomwe nenhanhatu (30 cm), zvisinei mhando zhinji dziri pasi pe76 inches (8 cm) kureba. Mamwe marudzi e skink anogona kunge aine hunhu, semuenzaniso kudzikira kana kushaikwa maappendages uye indents eardrums.
Madzvinyu Maviri Anemakumbo
Ingangove imhando yakawanda yemhuka, zvisinei, ishoma inowanikwa zvishoma nezvishoma mune mamwe masekete epasi. Munzveri Papenfuss akaunganidza mienzaniso 2.719 1982 mukunzvera kwakadzama kwemarudzi ayo akatungamirira muna XNUMX.
ingwe kamba
Imhando yekamba hombe kuchamhembe kweAfrica. Irwo rudzi rwevabereki rweStigmochelys dzakasiyana-siyana uye inowanzochengetwa sechisikwa chemunharaunda nekuda kwekukwanisa kwayo kugadzirisa kusungwa, uko zvisikwa zvakadaro zvinonyatsozvarwa.
Gecko
The Gecko chero reptile yemhuri yeGekkonidae, iyo inosanganisira genera rinopfuura 100 uye marudzi anoda kusvika chiuru. Zvikurukuru, zvipuka zviduku zvousiku zvine matehwe akapfava uye anoorora anokwezva ziso reavo vanoyemura nokuda kworunako rwazvo namavara.
Vanewo muviri mupfupi, wakasimba, musoro muhombe, uye kazhinji mitezo yakakura zvakanaka. Mhando dzakawanda dziri pakati pe3 kusvika 15 cm kureba, kusanganisira kureba kwemuswe.
Phrynocephalus kana Arabian agama
Zvisikwa izvi zvinodaidzwawo kuti Old World chameleons nekuda kwekugona kwavo kunoshamisa kushandura inzwi remuviri wavo. Vanowanzo kuve nemuviri wakawedzera, wakasimba, wakaenzana uye, kwenguva yakati rebei, muswe wakapfava wakaiswa pazasi.
wakambozvibvunza here zvinorevei kukambaira?, chimiro chakasimba chemhuka iyi chinobvumira kuita chiito ichi pasina kukanganisa, chikamu chechimiro chayo kune nyoka.
