ari Zvipembenene Zvipembenene, ndeavo vese vane hunyanzvi hwekupa kana kuchengetedza chikafu chekudya chinotsigirwa zvachose kana chikamu nemainvertebrates. Kureva, zvipembenene, kusanganisira arachnids, honye uye hozhwa. Tsvaga zvese pamusoro pavo pano.
Zvipembenene Zvipembenene
ari mhuka dzezvipembenene, ndidzo dzinoreva izvo Mhando dzemhuka kana marudzi. Vane chikafu chisina kukwana kana chakakwana, chakapfuma mumhuka dzisina vertebrate. Umo kuguma kudyisa mapuroteni ayo aya anokwanisa kupa. Kuve zvakajairika kuti kutora kunonyanya:
- Tupukanana
- Arachnids
- Madhiri
- Hozhwa
Kuve nemusiyano wekuti semuenzaniso panogona kunge paine mhando dzinodya chete zvipembenene. Nepo mamwe ari musanganiswa weizvi nemiriwo, michero, madzinde, mashizha, pakati pevamwe. Ndiko kuti, vangave musanganiswa wezvipembenene uye herbivores, kana musanganiswa wezvipembenene nefrugivore (yemichero), negranivore (yezviyo) kana zvimwe.
Saizvozvowo, kune mhando dzemhuka dzinongodya padziri mukati mechikamu chimwe chehupenyu hwadzo. Zvichiitika kuti vanobva vadzokera kune kazhinji kana kudya kwemazuva ese. Kana kuti zvakasiyana, vanongochinja tsika yavo zvachose.
Semuenzaniso, izvo zvinokambaira padanho razvo rekutanga kana mwedzi yehupenyu zvinovakira chikafu chazvo pazvipembenene. Kune zvakare zvimwe izvo, nekuda kweiyo organic caloric inodiwa yekubereka uye kubereka, ita izvi chete muchikamu ichi, pakati pevamwe. Zvinoreva, kuti inozvibata sechinodikanwa kana mubatsiri kune chimwe chinodiwa.
Kumiririra muEcosystem
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti zvipembenene zvinoumba chinongedzo chakakosha mumaketani ekudya. Nekuda kweizvi mapuroteni emhuka anodiwa anowanikwa. Izvo zvakare zvine hunhu hwekuti ivo varipo mune zvingangoita ese ecosystems paPlanet Earth.
Zvakawanda zve mhuka dzezvipembenene Vakaumbwa neshiri. Zvisinei, zvizhinji zvezvipembenene pachazvo zvinobatanidzwawo mune urongwa. Pamwe chete neamphibians, zvinokambaira, zvinoyamwisa, arachnids, hove uye, kunyangwe zvisingadaviriki, zvakare zvimwe zvinomera.
Mupiro unokosha wefomu iyi, maitiro kana kudya. Iko kuti kuburikidza neizvi chiyero kana mutemo unochengetwa. Yehuwandu hwezvipembenene zviripo pasi rose. Nokuti kuti uwane pfungwa, twumhuka tuduku utwu twakawanda zvinoshamisa uye kunyange kupfuura mwero womunhu.
Chii Chipembenene?
Tupembenene iArthropods uye ndiro boka rakasiyana-siyana remhuka paPlaneti Pasi. Aya madiki ane chimiro chemuviri wavo wakasiyaniswa, akakamurwa uye akasimbiswa mumusoro, thorax nemakumbo. Izvo zvakare panguva yekushanduka kwavo kana budiriro inoshandura shanduko inounza shanduko muchimiro chavo, pamwe nemabasa. Vane pamuviri wavo:
- maviri antenna
- Bapiro rimwe chete kana maviri
- makumbo matatu
Pakati pezvikamu zvayo zvakakosha ndezvi:
- Odonata, ine mapatya maviri emapapiro semukonikoni.
- Dermaptera, iyo ine matete uye akareba antennae isingavhurike, senge earwigs.
- Diptera kana kuti haltere, dzine mapapiro maviri senhunzi neumhutu.
- Lepidoptera, senge moths uye butterflies.
- Hymenoptera, semasvosve, nyuchi uye nyuchi.
- Coleoptera, iyo mushure mekushandurwa kwayo, yemapapiro maviri emapapiro, ine peya imwe chete yasara.
- Orthoptera, iyo ine makumbo akakosha ekumashure ekusvetuka semhashu nemakiriketi.
- Dictyopterans, semapete.
Hunhu HweMhuka Dzine Zvipembenene
Pakati pemumiririri kana akakodzera maitiro e mhuka dzezvipembenene pane zvinotevera:
Dumbu rakasimba, rine simba uye rinoramba
Kuti igadzirise chikafu, mhuka ine zvipembenene inoda kuva yakasimba uye inodzivirira zvakanyanya mudumbu. Pasina kusiya parutivi kuti inofanira kuva nehumwe gobvu hunoibvumira kutsungirira uye kutakura nzira. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nezvinodiwa uye zvakakwirira zvinodiwa kuti zvigaye zvikamu zvakaoma zvemhuka yavo inoumbwa ne "chitin". Icho chinhu chinowanikwa mumuviri wearthropod yakamwiswa.
Uyewo kuva nehunhu hwekuti mhuka idzi dzinopinzwa zvachose uye nekukasika. Nokudaro, dumbu rinofanirawo kuenderana nekukuya, izvo pasina mubvunzo zvakaoma uye zvinoda.
Manzwiro
Mhuka dzine chikafu ichi dzine mukana wekutsvaga mhuka dzadzo dzichishandisa pfungwa dzadzo. Kune mamwe anomira kunze kwekunzwa kwavo kunhuhwirira kwakanaka, kwakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya, kwavanogonawo kuwana mhuka yavo kunyange pasi pevhu.
Kuona kwavo kuchiri kunaka kukuru, nekuti ivo vanokwanisa kuona kufamba kudiki pane kure kure. Kukwanisa kuwana nyore nyore tumbuyu ravanozodya.
Echolocation ndiyo nzira yavo huru yekuisa kana kutsvaga mhuka yavo, kunyanya husiku. Nekuda kwekugona kwakasimba kuziva nharaunda kuburikidza nekubuda kwemanzwi uye dudziro ye maungira.
Mutauro Wakashandurwa
ari mhuka dzezvipembeneneVane mutauro wakagadziridzwa zvachose uchienzaniswa nemamwe marudzi emhuka. Kuona kuti yakarebesa, pamwe nekunamira (yakanamira).
Muenzaniso weizvi ndiwo unoratidzwa kune zvizhinji zvezvinokambaira, Mhando dzeshiri, mhuka dzinoyamwisa uye mhuka dzinorarama panyika.
Kana mhuka, kune rumwe rutivi, isina rurimi runoibvumira kutora chikafu chiduku kana chiduku chiri kure. Izvo hazvizove chipingamupinyi kuti uzviwane nekuti mumuviri wako uchave neimwe inotsiva budiriro inofambisira kudiwa kumwe chete. Sezvakaita nyaya yeAye Aye Monkey, ine chigunwe chakatetepa uye chakareba, chakapihwa chipikiri chakapinza.
Sensitive Bvudzi
Aya mabvudzi akajeka, anonzi "vibrissae", anowanikwa mune zvimwe zvezvinotevera, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuonekwa kwechipembenene chinosvika chinoumba mhuka yayo. Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa pakati pevamwe mu:
- zvinomera zvipembenene.
- Mhuka (mumusoro, zvikamu zvemakumbo kana pamiromo).
- Shiri (pazasi peminhenga yemapapiro, makumbo kana pazasi pemuromo).
- Diptera, iri padyo negomba remuromo, pakati pevamwe.
Kuvhima Nzira
Nzira dzinoshandiswa kubata kana kuvhima mhuka ne mhuka dzezvipembenene Vakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mumwe nemumwe. Kuva nezvimwe zvinotevera:
- Tamba rurimi sepfuti kubva kure kure, uchibvumira mhuka kuti irambe yakanamatira semugumisiro we viscosity yayo. Seriyo rinoshandiswa nematatya nemapere.
- Kuburikidza nekunyengerera, kutsvaga uye kunotevera kubatwa, uko kusununguka kunoburitswa nekudengenyeka kunoitwa nemhuka nekufamba kwayo. Madandemutande akanakisa pakutora mavibrations.
Biologic control
Izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza nekusuma munzvimbo inodiwa yezvipembenene. Izvo zvinokwanisika kudzora kubatanidzwa kwepamusoro kwezvipembenene munzvimbo.
Pane chakanakira ndechekuti hadzina kupedzwa zvachose sezvinoitika nekushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kana mishonga yezvipembenene. Asi huwandu hwayo hwakaderedzwa, huchigadzira mamiriro uye hutongi hwehupenyu hwese. Mukuwedzera pakuderedza zvachose mari, sezvo chiri chinhu chakasikwa.
Mienzaniso yeMhuka Dzine Zvipembenene
Inotevera mienzaniso ye mhuka dzezvipembenene:
Zvipfuwo
Pamhuka dzinoyamwisa dziripo, dzinopfuura mazana mana emarudzi zvipembenene, izvo zvine kunze kwekuva diki pane zvipenyu. Pakati pavo pane:
- Armadillo
Kunze kwekufarira tuberculous midzi, mhuka iyi inokwezvwa zvikuru neamphibians diki, zvinokambaira, pamwe chete netumbuyu. Uko kunonaka kwacho kunonyanya kuumbwa nemakonye, zvipembenene, mujuru, majuru, makonye, makonye, hwiza nehozhwa.
- Bat
Ichi ndicho chimwe chemhuka dzinoyamwisa kuti, zvichienderana nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, kudya kwayo. Nezvezviremwaremwa zvinodya zvipembenene, izvi zvinosanganisira kusiyana kwakasimba mukudya kwavo, pakati pezvipembenene, zvipfukuto, todhi, shiri diki. Kufanana nehumhutu, mamwe maremwaremwa, hove, zvipembenene, madzvinyu, moths, pakati pezvimwe.
Amphibians
Amphibians ane zvipembenene anomira pachena nekuva nerurimi rwakanamira, izvo zvinovabatsira zvachose kuti zvipembenene zvirambe zvakabatanidzwa ipapo. Mienzaniso yeizvi ndeiyi:
- Salamander
Iyi insectivorous amphibian ine predilection yekudya coleopterans senge ladybugs uye zvipembenene. Gastropods sehozhwa, oligochaetes semakonye. Kukura kwakasiyana-siyana kwezvipembenene, spider, makonye, pakati pezvimwe.
- Bull datya
Bullfrog chikamu che mhuka dzezvipembenene zvinodya dandemutande, zviremwaremwa, shiri diki, kamba, hove, makonzo, nyoka. Uyewo madzvinyu, hozhwa, dzvinyu, pakati pezvimwe.
Hove
Idzi dzine rurimi runodzibvumira kuvhima mhuka dzadzo, dzichiva nyanzvi pakudzivhima. Pakati peizvi pane zvinotevera:
- Carp
Kunze kwekudyisa zvirimwa zvemumvura, hove iyi inokwezvwa zvikuru nezvipembenene, makonye, makonye, uyewo zooplankton uye crustaceans.
- Demo Hove
Hove dzehatchet dzinosanganisira mukudya kwayo, makonye, mosquito larvae, shrimp, nhunzi dzemichero, vhiniga nhunzi, pakati pevamwe.
Reptiles
Zvizhinji zvezvinokambaira zvinotora kudya kwazvo pazvipembenene. Nekudaro, kune zvakare avo vanongodyisa nenzira iyi mukati memwedzi yavo yekutanga yehupenyu vobva vashandura tsika yavo zvachose mushure mekusvika kune imwe nhanho yebudiriro. Pakati pezvipembenene zvinokambaira pane zvinotevera:
- Chameleon
Chameleon ndeimwe ye mhuka dzezvipembenene iyo ine kudya kwakasiyana-siyana, uko kufanotaura kwayo kunobva pamakiriketi, mapete, silkworms. Pamwe chete nenhunzi dzemichero, lobster, vhiniga nhunzi, wax worms, zophobas uye tenebrio larvae, mhashu, pakati pevamwe.
- nyoka ine dumbu dzvuku
Kunze kwekudyisa dzimwe nyoka, dzinosanganisira matatya, zvipuka zviduku, uye mhuka dzinoyamwisa. Pamwe chete nemadzvinyu, shiri, pakati pezvimwe.
bird
Shiri dzinodya zvipembenene dzine hunyanzvi hwekubata mhuka dzadzo. Nekuda kweizvi, dzinoshandisa tubvudzi tudiki tunonyarikani twanowanikwa pazasi pemuromo wadzo, izvo zvinodzibvumira kubata mavhitaminzi anoitwa nekubhururuka kwemapapiro emhuka yadzo. Muromo wayo ndicho chibatiso chayo chakanakisa, chinovabatsirawo pakutsvaga idzi pakati penyika. Mienzaniso yeshiri idzi ndeiyi:
- Kumedza
Este mhuka ine zvipembenene inodya zvokudya zvakasiyana-siyana, inonyanyozivikanwa inhunzi, mhashu, majuru anobhururuka. Uyewo dragonflies, butterflies, mosquito, nyuchi, crickets, moths, pakati pevamwe.
- Mucheki
The Woodpecker ishiri inogadzika kudya kwayo pazvipembenene zvakasiyana siyana, mujuru, mhunga yemajuru nezvipembenene. Saizvozvowo, anoramba achishuva makonye, zvipembenene zvevanhu vakuru, Masvosve anobhururuka, Madzvinyu. Inozadzisa kudya kwayo nemichero, nekita yemaruva, muto wemuti, pakati pezvimwe.
Tupukanana
Zvipembenene zvinoita sezvizvi mhuka dzezvipembeneneVanosanganisirawo miriwo mukudya kwavo, kusanganisira iri kuora, zvitunha uye kunyange huni. Mienzaniso yavo ndeiyi:
- Dhiragoni-kubhururuka
Chipembenene ichi chinodya nhunzi, moths, mosquito, butterflies, nyuchi, mosquito larvae, zvipembenene zvemvura, tadpoles, hove duku. Zvakare mayflies, unyunyu, zvipembenene zvidiki, pakati pevamwe.
- Mavhu
Wasps, kunze kwekusanganisira pollen kubva kumaruva, michero uye zvakaora mukudya kwavo. Zvavanoda zvinobva pamapere emamwe mavu, zvipembenene zviduku, makiriketi, nhunzi, makonye, dandemutande, pakati pevamwe.
Arachnids
Anenge ese arachnids insectivores, mienzaniso iri inotevera:
- Tarantula
Iyi arachnid inogadzika kudya kwayo pamakiriketi, mhashu, mapete, makonye, mhashu, nhunzi dzemichero, silkworms, zophobas. Uyewo zvipfukuto, honye huchi, matoyi, madzvinyu, makonzo, matatya, zvipembenene nemamwe maarachnids.
- Scorpion
Chinyavada chinosanganisira mukudya kwacho zvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana, mapete, kiriketi, lobster, earthworms, madzvinyu, matatya, zvipembenene, dandemutande, pakati pezvimwe.
Zvirimwa
Zvirimwa zvine hunyanzvi hwekudya zvipembenene zvinowanzozivikanwa se "carnivorous". Kwavari, chikafu ichi chinomiririra kuenderana nekudya kwavo kwemazuva ese, nekuti, sezvimwe zvirimwa paPlaneti Pasi, tsime razvo resimba rinobva mukuita kwephotosynthesis. Pakati pezvinomera zvakarongerwa sezvipembenene ndezvizvi zvinotevera:
- aldrovanda
Ichi chirimwa chemumvura, icho chinowanzozivikanwa sevhiri remvura. Inoshandisa dundira rayo kuti riswedere pedyo nechepamusoro. Inobva yashandisa mashizha ayo anonamira kubata mhuka, iyo inomedza nerubatsiro rwemazino ayo akatenderedzwa nezino. Inomira pachena nekusanganisira mhute yeumhutu mukudya kwayo, pamwe chete nenhata dzemvura dzakajairika.
- Dionaea muscipula
Ichi chirimwa chine zvipembenene, chinowanikwa kuUnited States of America, ndicho chega chipenyu chiri chemonotypic genus Dionaea. Inowanzozivikanwa nemazita e "Dionea flytrap" kana "Venus flytrap". Kudya kwavo kunonyanya kubva pazvipembenene zvakadai senhunzi uye arachnids. Kugaya kwayo mushure mekudya chikafu kunotora mazuva angangoita gumi, ndipo painodzoka kuzovhima mhuka yayo itsva.
Zvinoreva Entomophagy
Izwi iri ndiro rinotsanangura vanhu vane chido chekudya zvese zvipembenene nemaarachnids sechikamu chekudya kwavo. Ikoko zvidzidzo zvinojekesa, kuti kumunhu wenyama izvi zvinomiririra gastronomy yakapfuma mune zvinovaka muviri zvemhando yepamusoro. Pamwe neiyo yakakwira mapuroteni muzana, ayo ivo zvakare vanovimbisa kuti kuravira kwayo kwakanakisa uye isingaenzaniswi.
Kuva seyakanyanya kukumbirwa mundiro, kune mumiriri wayo anonhuwira uye haambofi nekuda kwekushomeka kwechikafu, bete nechikumbiro chezana che31%. Butterflies uye moths zvinotevera ne18%; mavu, nyuchi nemajuru ane 14%. Mhushu ine 13%. Aphids, tsikidzi uye cicadas ne10% uye vamwe vane 14%. Nyika dzekugara dzichishandiswa ndeidzi dzinotevera:
Mexico, South Africa, Egypt, Somalia, Thailand, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Morocco, Angola, Japan. Pamwe chete neIndia, United States, China, Central African Republic, Ghana, Cameroon, Philippines, Australia, pakati pevamwe.
