Albatross: Chii?, Hunhu, Habitat uye Zvimwe

Chokwadi unoziva nezvekuvapo kweshiri dzemugungwa, dzakadai sepelican uye iwe unofunga kuti dzose dzakanaka kwazvo, asi sezvo zvidzidzo zvesainzi zvichiitwa pazviri, zvinhu zvinonakidza zviri kuramba zvichiwanikwa uye nhasi chinyorwa chedu chiri kutarisa nezveAlbatross. uye muruzivo rwese rwatakwanisa kuwana nezvake.

The Albatross

Albatross (Diomedeidae) chikamu chemhando yeshiri dzegungwa dzine hukuru hukuru kuita shiri dzinobhururuka. Iyo diomedeidae, pamwe chete nepelicaboides, hidrobaticos uye proceláridos, chikamu chehurongwa hweProcellariiformes.

Albatross yakagoverwa munharaunda yese inofukidza Antarctic Ocean, muPacific Ocean uye muSouth Atlantic Ocean, kuitira kuti nzvimbo yavo yechisikigo yakakura.

Shiri iyi inoiswa muboka reshiri dzinobhururuka dzine zviyero zvakakura zvikuru. Ma<em>bulky albatross (erudzi rweDiomedea) ane bapiro rakakura kupfuura mamwe marudzi ariko nhasi. Zvinowanzoiswa muzvikamu zvina, asi hapana kubvumirana pakati pemasayendisiti pamusoro pehuwandu hwemarudzi anoaumba.

Albatross inoratidzirwa nekuva shiri dzinozvitakura zvakanaka zvikuru kuburikidza nemhepo uye, dzichidzishandisa, dzine simba rekushandisa nzira yekubhururuka inonzi dynamic gliding kune mukana wadzo, izvo zvinodzibvumira kuvhara madaro marefu nekuderera kwekuedza.

Chikafu chavo chinonyanyosanganisira dzimwe hove, squid nekrill, kungave nekuti vanounganidza mhuka dzakafa kana kuvhima chikafu chavo kana vakawana mhuka yavo iri mhenyu pamusoro pemvura kana chinhambwe kubva pairi, nekuti ivo vanokwanisawo kunyura mumvura. mvura uye diving.

Nezvemafambiro adzo munzanga, ishiri dzinoshamwaridzana, saka dzinogara mumapoka uye dzine tsika yokuvaka matendere adzo pazvitsuwa zvegungwa zviri kure, uye ndezvenguva dzose kuti dzigoverane nzvimbo yadzo yokuberekesa nemamwe marudzi. Imhuka dzine murume mumwe chete, saka dzinogara dziri mbiri pakurarama kwadzo.

Kune mhando makumi maviri nembiri dzealbatross dzinozivikanwa neIUCN, inova International Union for Conservation of Nature, ine data inoratidza sere dziri munjodzi, nhanhatu dziri panjodzi yekutsakatika uye zvinosuwisa kuti nhatu dziri panjodzi huru yekutsakatika. .

Etymology

Mumutauro wechiSpanish vanonzi albatrosses, uye izita rinowanzo shandiswa kureva shiri dzose dziri nhengo dzemhuri yeDiomedeidae, asi shoko racho rinobva pashoko reChirungu rokuti albatross. ChiPutukezi izwi rokuti alcatraz, idzo shiri dzezita rimwe chete uye nekuda kweiyo yakakurumbira jeri rekuNorth America rakabhabhatidzwa.

Asi mabviro acho haagumiri ipapo, nekuti izwi rekuti gannet rinobva muchiArabic al-câdous kana al-ġaţţās, iro maArabu aisarudza pelican uye zvichireva kuti diver. The Oxford English Dictionary rinotsanangura kuti zita rokuti gannet rakatanga kushandiswa kushiri dzinonzi frigatebirds.

Kushandurwa kwemitauro kunoenderera mberi kusvika izwi rekuti albatross rasvikwa, pamwe semhedzisiro yekushandiswa kweizwi albus, rinova Latinism rinoreva chena, uye raishandiswa kuratidza maalbatross uye kusiyanisa neruvara rwefrigatebirds, idzo nhema. .

Kudomwa kweiyo genus Diomedea, iyo yakashandiswa naLinnaeus kutumidza albatross, inoreva kushanduka kuita shiri dzakatambura neavo vaiperekedza murwi wengano yechiGiriki Diomedes. Iro zita rekuti Procellariiformes rinobva pashoko rechiLatin rokuti procella, iro rinoreva kuti mhepo ine chisimba kana dutu.

Taxonomy uye Evolution

Mhuri yeDiomedeidae inosanganisira pakati pe13 ne24 marudzi, izvi zvakadaro nokuti nhamba yezvipenyu zvinoiumba ichiri nyaya yekukakavadzana nhasi, uye yakakamurwa kuva makirasi mana: Diomedea (guru albatross), Thalassarche, Phoebastria (guru albatross. ) North Pacific) uye Phoebetria (sooty albatross).

Pamakirasi mana iwayo, masayendisiti anofunga kuti North Pacific mutero une hukama nealbatross huru, nepo avo vari mukirasi yePhoebetria vari pedyo nekirasi yeThalassarche.

Kuiswa kwayo taxonomic kwave kuri chikonzero chekurukurirano huru. Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy inoisa shiri dzegungwa, shiri dzinodya nyama, uye dzimwe muhurongwa hwakafara Ciconiformes, asi akasiyana masangano ezvenyeredzi muNew Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Europe, uye North America anosimbisa kuti iwo chikamu chetsika yechinyakare yeCiconiformes. Procellariiformes.

Albatross inosiyana nedzimwe nhengo dzehurongwa hweProcellariiformes mune zvese genetic uye morphological maitiro, kunyanya saizi yavo, chimiro chemakumbo avo, uye nzvimbo yemhino dzavo.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9xaDdzziI

Pakati pemasayendisiti anoshandisa taxonomy kuisa marudzi, mazita emarudzi, uye genera vakashandisa nzira imwe cheteyo yekuisa mumapoka kwemakore anopfuura zana. Albatrosses pakutanga akaiswa mune imwe genus, Diomedea, asi muna 1852 musayendisiti Reichenbach akaaisa mumapoka mana akasiyana, achienderera mberi nekubatanidza uye kupatsanura mhuka kakawanda.

Muchirongwa ichi chekugadzirisa hurongwa, makirasi gumi nemaviri akasiyana akaonekwa nemazita awo muna 12, aive makirasi Diomedea, Phoebastria, Thalassarche, Phoebetria, Thalassageron, Diomedella, Nealbatrus, Rhothonia, Julietata, Galapagornis, Laysanornis uye Penthirenia.

Asi zvakare mugore ra1965, kuyedza kwakaitwa kuraira kurongeka, ichivaunza pamwechete mumapoka maviri, Phoebetria, ari rima albatross, ayo pakutanga anotarisa akafanana akafanana neprocellariids, ayo akakosheswa panguva iyoyo seakare. mhuka, neDhiomedea, idzo dzaiva dzimwe albatross.

Ichi chikamu chitsva chaiitirwa kurerutsa mhuri yealbatross, kunyanya maererano nemazita ayo, sezvo yakavakirwa pakuongorora kwemorphological kwakaitwa naElliott Coues muna 1866, asi kutariswa kushoma kwakabhadharwa kwairi. naCoues pachake.

Zvidzidzo zvitsva, izvo zvakaitwa nemuongorori Gary Nunn muna 1996, uyo ari weAmerican Museum of Natural History, uye nemamwe masayendisiti pasi rose, akadzidza DNA yemitochondria yemarudzi gumi nemana akanga agamuchirwa panguva iyoyo. , ndokuona kuti paiva nemakirasi mana, kwete maviri.

Vakaona kuti kwaive nemapoka emonophyletic mukati memhuri yealbatross. Nekuda kweizvi, uye kuti pave nechikamu chakarurama, nyanzvi dzakakurudzira kuti mazita maviri akanga amboshandiswa kuratidza rudzi rweshiri idzi ashandiswe zvakare.

Pakupedzisira kubvumirana kwakasvikwa, pachishandiswa zita rokuti Phoebastria kuratidza ma<em>albatross anogara kuNorth Pacific; uye Thalassarche, vachichengeta mazita eDiomedea, kune makuru albatrosses, uye sooty albatross akasarudzwa mukirasi Phoebetria.

Chikumbiro chaNunn chakagamuchirwa neBritish Ornithologists 'Union uye nevakuru veSouth African ornithological, kupatsanura albatrosses kuita genera ina, uye kugadziridzwa kwakagamuchirwa nevazhinji vesainzi.

Asi, kunyange zvazvo zvichiita seine kubvumirana pamusoro pekuvapo kwemarudzi mana kana genera ye albatross, apo pasina chibvumirano chiri maererano nehuwandu hwemarudzi aripo. Kubatsira kune izvi inyaya yekuti, munhoroondo, kusvika ku80 mitero yakasiyana yakatsanangurwa nevatsvakurudzi vakasiyana-siyana; asi zvakaonekwa kuti chikamu chikuru chemitero iyi chaive chigadzirwa chekusazivikanwa kwezvienzaniso zvevadiki.

Kubva pane zvakaguma zvasvika maererano netsanangudzo yegenera kana makirasi, Robertson naNunn vakaita taxonomic classification proposal muna 1998 iyo inosanganisira 24 marudzi akasiyana, ayo akasiyana kubva kune gumi nemana akange agamuchirwa kusvika zvino.

Kuti tentative taxonomic kurudziro akamutsa akawanda subspecies kuti zvisikwa mamiriro, asi yakashoropodzwa zvikuru nokuda kusafunga, mune imwe neimwe nyaya, mashoko aiva pasi peer wongororo nevamwe masayendisiti, vaifunga kuti kupatsanurwa haana ivo vakaruramiswa.

Tsvagiridzo kubva ipapo yakasimbisa dzimwe nyaya, asi zvakare yaipesana nevamwe muRobertson naNunn's taxonomic review; semuenzaniso, kuongororwa kwe2004, kwakavakirwa pamitochondrial DNA kuongororwa, yakakwanisa kusimbisa fungidziro yekuti Antipodean albatross (Diomedea antipodensis) uye Tristan albatross (Diomedea dabbenena) yakanga yakasiyana neiyo wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) Nunn.

Asi zvakare yakaratidza kuti fungidziro yakataurwa naRobertson naNunn maererano neGibson's albatross (Diomedea gibsoni) yakanga isiriyo, nekuti yakanga isina kusiyana neAntipodean albatross.

Masangano mazhinji, kusanganisira IUCN, uye masayendisiti akasiyana akabvuma kurongeka kwetaxonomic yemhando makumi maviri nembiri, kunyangwe hazvo pasati pave nekubvumirana kwesainzi panhau iyi.

Muna 2004, vatsvakurudzi Penhallurick naWink vakaita ongororo yakaratidza kudzikiswa kwehuwandu hwemhando kusvika gumi nenhatu, kusanganisira kubatanidza albatross yeAmsterdam (Diomedea amsterdamensis) newandering albatross, asi zano iri raive nenharo huru kune yese yesaenzi. Zvinobvumirana nevatsvakurudzi ndezvekuti panoda kuitwa zvidzidzo zvekuwedzera kuitira kugovera nyaya iyi.

Kudzidza kwemamorekuru eSibley naAhlquist, maererano nemhuri dzeshiri, inoisa shanduko yeProcellariiformes, kuti ienderane nenharaunda yavo munguva yeOligocene, ingangoita makore makumi matatu nemashanu kusvika makumi matatu emakore apfuura, kunyangwe zvichikwanisika kuti boka iri. dzeshiri dzakazvarwa nguva pfupi mazuva iwayo asati asvika.

Mhedziso iyoyo yakasvika pakawanikwa shiri yezvisaririra, yakarondedzerwa nemamwe masayendisiti seProcellariiformes. Kunyanya, ishiri yegungwa iyo yainzi zita reTytthostonyx, iyo yakawanikwa mukati mematombo kubva kuCretaceous period, yakaitika 70 mamiriyoni emakore apfuura.

Kuferefeta kwemamorekuru kwakagumisa kuti dutu-petrels ndivo vakatanga kupatsanurwa kubva kudzinza rekutanga, rakateverwa gare gare nealbatross, ine procellariids uye pelecanoids, iyo yakapatsanurwa gare gare.

Zvisaririra zvekare zvealbatross zvakawanikwa mukati mematombo kubva kuEocene kuenda kuOligocene nhanho, kunyangwe mimwe mienzaniso ine hukama nemhuri iyoyo uye hapana kana chimwe chazvo chakafanana nemhando dzanhasi.

Zvisaririra zvakawanikwa ndezvegenera Murunkus (Middle Eocene yeUzbekistan), Manu (Early Oligocene yeNew Zealand), uye chimiro chisina kunyorwa kubva kuLate Oligocene yeSouth Carolina. Yakafanana neyekupedzisira ingave Tydea, kubva kune yekutanga Oligocene (Rupelian) yeBelgium.

Mafossils akawanikwa ari erudzi rwePlotornis, yaimbonzi petrels, akazonzi maalbatross, asi kupatsanurwa uku kwave kukahadzika. Ivo ndevenguva yeFrench Middle Miocene era, iyo yaive nguva iyo kupatsanurwa kweiyo genera riripo parizvino kungadai kwatotanga.

Iyi mhedziso yakasvikwa pashure pokucherechedza zvisaririra zvePhoebastria californica neDiomedea milleri, zvinova zveMiddle Miocene yeSharktooth Hill, California. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kupatsanurwa pakati pemaalbatross makuru neNorth Pacific albatross kwakaitika makore miriyoni gumi nemashanu apfuura. Mafossil akafanana akawanikwa muSouthern Hemisphere akakwanisa kusvika parizvino kupatsanurwa pakati pekirasi yeThalassarche nekirasi yePhoebetria kusvika mamirioni gumi apfuura.

Chinyorwa chezvicherwa chezvakawanwa muNorthern Hemisphere chinoshanduka kuva chakakwana kupfuura icho cheSouthern Hemisphere, uye zvisaririra zvakawanda zvezvisaririra zve<em>albatross zvakawanwa munharaunda yeNorth Atlantic, nzvimbo iyo shiri idzi hadzisi kurarama nhasi.

Zvisaririra zveboka re<em>albatross ane miswe mipfupi zvakawanikwa pachitsuwa chiri chikamu cheBermuda. Mazhinji emaodzanyemba eAtlantic mafossils aive erudzi Phoebastria, North Pacific albatrosses. Mumwe wavo, Phoebastria anglica, akawanikwa mumibhedha yefossil iri kuNorth Carolina neEngland.

Mhando

Pasinei nemakakatanwa, nhasi kupatsanurwa kwemhuri yeDiomedeidae kuita makirasi mana kana genera inogamuchirwa nerunyararo nenharaunda yesainzi, zvisinei kuti nhamba yezvipenyu zviripo ichiri kukurukurwa. Sangano reInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) neBirdlife International, pakati pemamwe masangano, vanocherechedza mitero yenguva yemhando makumi maviri nembiri dziripo.

Kune rumwe rutivi, zvimwe zviremera zvinoziva kuvepo kwemarudzi gumi nemana echinyakare uye taxonomic classification yeClements inoratidza kuti kune gumi nematatu chete.

Pazasi isu tinonyora mhando dzine hupenyu hunozivikanwa neInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN):

Diomedea inosuruvarisa (wandering albatross)

Genus Diomedea

1. exulans (wandering albatross)
2. (exulans) antipodensis (antipodean albatross)
3. (exulans) amsterdamensis (Amsterdam Albatross)
4. (exulans) dabbenena (Tristan Albatross)
5. epomophora (royal albatross)
6. (epomophora) sanfordi (northern royal albatross)

Genus Phoebastria

1. irrorata (Galapagos albatross)
2. albatrus (short-tailed albatross)
3. nigripes (black-footed albatross)
4. immutabilis (Laysan Albatross)

Genus Thalassarche

1. melanophrys (haggard albatross)
2. (melanophrys) impavida (Campbell's Albatross)
3. cauta (white-crown albatross)
4. (akangwarira) steadi (Auckland Albatross)
5. (akangwarira) hermit (Chatham albatross)
6. (cauta) salvini (Salvin's albatross kana white-fronted albatross)
7. chrysostoma (grey-headed albatross)
8. chlororhynchos (slender-billed albatross kana chlororhyncho albatross)
9. (chlororhynchos) carteri (yellow-billed albatross)
10. bulleri (Buller's albatross kana grey albatross)

Genus Phoebetria

1. fusca (dark albatross)
2. palpebrata (sooty albatross).

Makirasi kana marudzi ejena Thalassarche nePhoebastria dzimwe nguva anoiswa mugenus Diomedea, ndosaka tichigona kuwana kuti vanodanwa nezita reDiomedea melanophrys, pachinzvimbo chekuve nezita reThalassarche melanophrys.

bhayoroji

Nezve biology yealbatross, kune zvakawanda zvinonakidza zvinhu, zvine chekuita nechimiro chavo uye nzira yavanobhururuka nayo, pamwe nenzvimbo yavo yekugara, nzira yekudyisa nekuberekana uye isu tichabata imwe neimwe kunyanya.

Morphology uye Kubhururuka

Albatross iboka reshiri dzine hukuru hunobva kuhukuru kusvika kumapapiro makuru zvikuru, zvichienderana nekirasi kana mhuka dzatiri kuona. Kubva pakuona kwesainzi, ndidzo shiri hombe mumhuri yeProcellariiformes.

Bhiri rayo rakasimba, rakakura, uye rakanongedza, rine rushaya rwepamusoro runogumira muhoko huru. Muromo wacho wakagadzirwa nendiro dzine nyanga dzakawanda, dzinonzi ranphothecae, uye mumativi emuromo dzine mhino mbiri dzakaita sechubhu, dzinobvisa munyu kuburikidza nazvo uye ndicho chikonzero chakaita kuti vapihwe zita rekare. yeOdha Procellariformes kuti Yaive Tubinaires.

Iwo maviri tubular mhino dzealbatross akaiswa pamativi ese emuromo, kusiyana nemamwe maProcellariiformes, umo machubhu anongowanikwa muchikamu chepamusoro chemuromo. Machubhu iwayo anoita kuti zvikwanisike kuti maalbatross ave nekunzwa kunhuhwirira kwakanyatso kurongeka, chimwe chinhu chisina kujairika pakati peshiri.

Kufanana nemamwe makirasi eProcellariiformes, vanoshandisa pfungwa yavo yekunhuwidza yakanakisa kutsvaga zvingangodyiwa. Albatrosses, sezvazvakaita nemamwe maProcellariiformes, inoda kuderedza munyu unogona kuungana mumiviri yavo nekuda kwemvura yegungwa inopinda nemuromo wavo kana vachidya zvokudya zvavo.

Izvi zvinokonzerwa negondo guru remhuno rine shiri dzose pazasi pemiromo yadzo, nechepamusoro pemaziso adzo, iro rine basa rekubvisa munyu nemumhino dzadzo. Iyi gland inova isingaite mune izvo zvipenyu zvisingadi, asi mualbatross ivo vakagadzira, nekuti ivo vanofanirwa kuishandisa.

Makumbo e albatross haana chigunwe chakatarisana kumashure, uye zvigunwe zvitatu zvepamberi zvakabatanidzwa zvachose ne interdigital membrane, iyo yavanogona kushambira nayo, inovabvumirawo kuti vagare uye vabvise vachishandisa mvura sezvokudya.

Makumbo ayo akasimba zvakanyanya kana achienzaniswa nedzimwe shiri dziri nhengo dzemhuri yeProcellariiformes. Uyezve, pakati penhengo dzehurongwa uhu hweshiri, chete albatross uye giant petrels ndivo vanogona kufamba zvakanaka panyika. Muchokwadi, albatross, senge iyi albatross ine tsoka nhema (Phoebastria nigripes), inogona kufamba pasi nyore nyore.

Minhenga yema<em>albatross akawanda akura anosiyana pakuti ane ruvara rwakasvibira pamusoro pemapapiro adzo, asi nechepasi minhenga yacho michena, nenzira yakafanana neminhenga ye<em>seagull.

Musiyano uyu unogona kuwanikwa zvakasiyana, zvichienderana nerudzi rwealbatross yatiri kuongorora, kubva kune royal albatross (Diomedea epomophora), iyo inoratidzika kunge yakachena chose kunze kwechirume, ine rumwe ruvara pamatipi uye kumashure mapapiro ake.

Kumwe kwakanyanyisa iAmsterdam albatross yakura (Diomedea amsterdamensis), ine minhenga yakada kufanana neiyo yemhando diki, umo mavara ebrown anoonekwa, kunyanya muboka, umo tinogona kuona kuti mavara aya akamira. kunze kwakapoteredza chipfuva.

Mhando dzinoverengeka dzekirasi Thalassarche neNorth Pacific albatross dzine mavara pazviso zvadzo, uye dzinogona kuonekwa dziine makwapa pameso adzo, kana madota-mavara kana yero pamisoro yavo uye nape.

Kune marudzi matatu, ayo ari mablack-footed albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) uye maviri marudzi e dusky albatross (genus Phoebetria), ane minhenga yakasiyana zvachose kubva kune yakajairika mapatani uye inoita yakasviba yakasviba kunenge muviri wayo wese, kana rima grey mukati. dzimwe nzvimbo, sezvinoitika ne sooty albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata). Zvinotora makore akati kuti kuti minhenga yadzo isvike paruvara urwo vanhu vakuru vanofanira kuva narwo..

Saizi yemapapiro akatambanudzwa eiyo albatross yakakura (genus Diomedea), inodarika iyo shiri dzese dziripo nhasi, nekuti dzinogona kudarika 3,4 mutsara metres, kunyangwe mukati memhuri iyoyo kune mhando dzine mapapiro ayo ane mapapiro madiki madiki, anenge 1,75 m. .

Mapapiro ayo akaomarara uye akaita searc, ane gobvu, rine aerodynamic pamberi pechikamu. Nekuda kweizvi, vanogona kufamba madaro akakura, vachishandisa nzira mbiri dzekubhururuka dzinonyatso zivikanwa kushiri dzegungwa dzakati wandei dzine mapapiro makuru: dynamic gliding uye slope gliding.

Dynamic gliding inovabvumira kudzikisa kuedza kunodiwa pakubhururuka nekupfuura kupatsanurwa pakati pemhomho dzemhepo kakawanda nemusiyano unonzwisisika mukumhanya kwakachinjika vachishandisa mhepo yakakwirira.

Pakubhururuka kwakatsetseka, albatross inogona kutora mukana wekusimuka kwemhepo inove chigadzirwa chemhepo kana yasangana nechipingamupinyi, chakaita sechikomo, uye yakatarisana nemhepo, iyo inoibvumira kukwira kumusoro uye kubhururuka pamusoro pepamusoro mumhepo. mutsara wemvura.

Albatross inonakidzwa nereshiyo ye glide yakakwirira kwazvo, ingangoita 1:22 kusvika 1:23, zvinoreva kuti pamita yega yega yainodzika, inogona kufamba kuenda mberi kwemamita 22 kusvika 23. Vanokwanisa kuwana reshiyo iyoyo nekuti Inovabatsira mukubhururuka kuti vagone kuva netambo yemhando yetendon inokiya bapiro rega rega kana ranyatsovhurika.

Iyi yakakosha tendon inovabvumira kuchengetedza bapiro rakatambanudzwa pasina kuita chero yakawedzera tsandanyama kuedza. Iyi morphological adaptation yetendon inowanikwawo mugiant petrels (genus Macronectes).

Hazvina kujairika kuti dzinoda kubhabhadzira mapapiro adzo kuti dzibhururuke. Kutaura zvazviri, kusimuka ndeimwe yenguva shoma idzo maalbatross anoda kubhabhadzira mapapiro awo kuti abhururuke, asi zvakare ndiyo nguva inonyanya kunetsa maererano nekushandiswa kwesimba panguva yekubhururuka kunoitwa neshiri idzi.

Albatrosses inokwanisa kusanganisa matekiniki aya kana ichibhururuka nekushandisa masisitimu ekuzvarwa nawo aainawo kufanotaura mamiriro ekunze. Zvakaonekwawo kuti ma<em>albatross eKumaodzanyemba kweHemisphere anobhururuka akananga Kuchamhembe uye kana abva kunharaunda dzawo anozviita achitevera nzira yawo achinanga kune wachi, pane kudaro, ayo anobhururuka akananga kuMaodzanyemba anoita saizvozvo achitevera mativi akatarisana newachi. .

Idzi ishiri dzakanyatsoenderana nemararamiro adzo zvekuti dzakawana zvekuti mwero wemoyo wadzo wakanyorwa panguva yekubhururuka kwadzo wakangofanana neakanyorwa padzinenge dzakazorora. Vakawana hunyanzvi hwemuviri hwakadaro zvekuti haisi chinhambwe chafambwa pavanoenda kunotsvaga chikafu chavanopedza mari yavo yesimba, asi panguva dzekusimuka, kumhara nekubata chikafu.

Kubudirira kwealbatross sevavhimi vepasi kunokonzerwa nekuti ivo vanokwanisa kuita nzendo dzemarefu marefu, izvo zvinovatendera kuti vafukidze madaro marefu, pasina kushandisa simba rakawanda mukutsvaga chikafu chavo, chiri munzvimbo yakapararira. nzira mugungwa. Sezvo vakwanisa kujairana nekuronga mukubhururuka kwavo kunoita kuti, zvisinei, vatsamira pakuvapo kwemhepo nemafungu.

Zvizhinji zvezvipenyu hazvina morphological uye physiological mamiriro anoita kuti zvive nyore kwavari kuchengetedza nguva dzose kubhururuka kuburikidza nekushingaira kufambisa mapapiro avo. Kana vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akadzikama, vanomanikidzwa kuramba vakazorora pamusoro pemvura kusvikira mhepo yasimudza zvakare.

Vanogona kurara chete pavanenge vari mumvura munzvimbo yekuzorora, asi vasingambofi vachibhururuka, sezvakataurwa nevamwe vatsvakurudzi. Ma<em>albatross muNorth Pacific ave achikwanisa kushandisa rudzi rwokubhururuka umo anogona kuchinjana nguva apo anobhabhaisa mapapiro adzo nesimba, apo anowedzera kukwirira, nenguva dzaanotsaurirwa kubhururuka mumhepo.

Imwe hunhu ndeyekuti panguva yekusimuka, ivo vanofanirwa kuita mujaho kuti vawane mweya wakakwana kuti upfuure pasi pemapapiro avo, nekudaro vachigadzira iyo aerodynamic lift yavanoda kuti vakwanise kubhururuka.

Habitat uye Distribution Area

Chikamu chikuru che albatross chakagoverwa kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, kure neAntarctica kusvika kuAustralia, South Africa neSouth America. Kusarudzika kunzvimbo iyi kunogona kuoneka mumarudzi mana ayo anogara kuNorth Pacific, matatu ayo ari ega ega kunharaunda iyoyo, uye akagoverwa kubva kuHawaii kuenda kuJapan, California neAlaska.

Imwe chete, iyo Galapagos albatross, matendere chete paGalapagos Islands uye inosvika kumhenderekedzo yeSouth America kuti idye. Sezvo dzichida mhepo, iyo yadzinoda parudzi rwadzo rwekubhururuka, zvine musoro kuti nzvimbo yadzinogara iri munzvimbo yakakwirira, nekuti shiri idzi hadzina kugadzirwa kwephysiologically kuti dzibhururuke nekubhabhamisa mapapiro adzo, ndokusaka dzichiona zvakaoma kuyambuka intertropical convergence zones.

Asi, mhando yeGalapagos albatross inokwanisa kuve nekugara kwayo mumvura yeequatorial, yakatenderedza Galapagos Islands, nekuda kwemvura inotonhora inogadzirwa neHumboldt ikozvino uye mhepo dzinobva pairi. nzvimbo dzegungwa uye zvakajairika kuti vaite nzendo dzinoyambuka mapango.

Hazvina kukwanisa kuwana chikonzero chaicho nei maalbatross akaparara muNorth Atlantic, asi zvinofungidzirwa kuti kuwedzera kweavhareji yemvura yegungwa, kunokonzerwa nenguva yekupisa kwechando, kungadai kwakakonzera mafashama emvura. Nzvimbo dzavakawanikwa.Vakawana igaro reboka remashort-tailed albatross akawanikwa muzvitsuwa zveBermuda.

Pano neapo, mamwe marudzi e<em>albatross ekumaodzanyemba ave achionekwa achiita zvisizvo muNorth Atlantic, achigara ari nhapwa munzvimbo iyoyo kwemakumi emakore. Mumwe weava nhapwa mhenyu dzakavhiringika, yaive albatross ine black-browed, yakadzokera kwemakore akati wandei kune imwe koloni yemagannet (Morus bassanus) iri muScotland, ichiita nhamburiko dzekuedza kubereka.

Vachishandisa satellite tracking system, vaongorori vakapihwa muunganidzwa wakakosha weruzivo maererano nenzendo dzavo mukutsvaga chikafu chavo, chavanoyambuka gungwa. Ichokwadi kuti haaiti kutama kwegore negore, asi anoparara mushure memwaka wekuberekesa, nepo munyaya yemarudzi anobva kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, zvakaratidzwa kuti vanoita nzendo dzakawanda kuburikidza nenharaunda yepolar.

Uchapupu hwakaunganidzwawo pakuparadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzekugovera kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana mugungwa, kutarisira kuunganidza data pamusoro pemaitiro ekudya emarudzi maviri anobereka paCampbell Islands: grey-headed albatross uye Campbell's albatross .

Ruzivo rwuripo runoratidza kuti yekutanga inowana chikafu chayo kubva kuCampbell Plateau, asi iyo yekupedzisira inoshandura kutsvaga kwayo kwekudya kumvura ine kunyanya oceanic uye pelagic maitiro.

Nezve albatross inodzungaira, inewo maitiro chaiwo kune bathymetry yenzvimbo iyo inowana chikafu chayo, uye inowana chikafu chayo chete mumvura yakadzika kupfuura 1000 m.

Mashoko aya, ayo akawanikwa pachishandiswa setiraiti, akabvumira masayendisiti kugadzira nzvimbo yokugara ine miganhu yakatsanangurwa zvokuti mumwe muongorori akatotaura kuti aiva nepfungwa yokuti zvaiita sokuti shiri dzacho dzaigona kuona uye kuteerera chiratidzo chokurambidzwa kufamba munzvimbo dzacho. oceanic iyo kudzika kwayo isingasviki 1000 metres.

Ivo vakawana zvakare humbowo hwekuvapo kwenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekugovera kune yega yega yemhando imwe chete. Ongororo yekurera kweTristan albatross paGough Island yakaratidza kuti varume vanofamba kumadokero nepo vakadzi vachienda kumabvazuva.

Zvokudya

Muchikafu chealbatross, zvavanoda zvinoumbwa nekrustaceans, cephalopods uye hove, kunyangwe zvakaratidzwa kuti ivo zvakare vari scavengers uye vanogona kuwedzera kudya kwavo ne zooplankton. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kune yakakura vhoriyamu yezvipenyu, zvakangove zvichikwanisika kuziva chikafu chavanotakura panguva yekubereka uye yekuberekesa, nekuti ndiyo nguva yavanogara vachidzokera kuvhu, iyo yakave nyore yavo. kudzidza..

Kubatanidzwa kwezvimwe zviwanikwa zvekudya kune zvakakosha zvakasiyana, nekuti kushandiswa kwemamwe marudzi echikafu kunoshanduka zvakanyanya pakati peimwe mhando uye imwe, zvakare yakasiyana kubva kune imwe koloni kuenda kune imwe. Nokudaro, kwakacherekedzwa kuti mamwe marudzi anovakira zvokudya zvawo pa<em>squid, nepo mamwe marudzi achivakira zvokudya zvawo pachitsama chikuru chehove kana kuti krill.

Musiyano uyu wakakura unogona kuvonekwa mumhando mbiri dzealbatross dzine kwadzinogara muHawaiian Islands, idzo albatross ine makumbo matema, ine chikafu chikuru ihove, asi kana iri Laysan albatross inodya zvinenge squid chete.

Panyaya ye sooty albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata) yakaratidza kuti vanonyura avhareji yemamita mashanu kuti vadye, kunyanya pahove, kunyangwe zvakave zvakasimbiswa kuti vaigona kunyura kusvika kumamita gumi nemaviri.

Izvo zvave zvichigoneka kushandisa zvishandiso mugungwa izvo zvakakwanisa kumisikidza huwandu hwemvura iyo albatrosses inodya mukati mehupenyu hwavo, izvo zvave zvichigoneka kumisa avhareji yenguva inofungidzirwa yekudyisa kwavo, vachigumisa kuti. imhuka dzemazuva ese. , nekuti kudyisa kunoitwa masikati.

Chimwe chinoda kuziva ndechekuti ongororo yemiromo yesquid yakagadzikwa nealbatross yakaratidza kuti imwe squid yakadyiwa yaive yakakura zvekuti shiri iyi yaigona kuibata iri mhenyu, izvo zvinoonekwa kuti mhunga zvakare uye izvi. basa rakakosha mukudya kwavo, sezvinoitika newandering albatross.

Mukuwedzera, ivo vakaratidzirwa kuti vanodya squid marudzi anogara munzvimbo yemesopelagic, iyo ine yakadzika iyo iri kunze kwehuwandu hwekuita kwe albatross.

Vatsvakurudzi vakashamisika nezvekwakabva squid yakafa inopedzwa nealbatross, asi hapasati paine mhinduro yakajeka, chaizvoizvo, izvi zvave zvichikonzera kukakavara.

Vamwe vanoramba vachiti chibereko chekubata hove kwemunhu, kunyangwe chikonzero chakakodzera uye chechisikigo chingave kufa kwesquid kunoitika mushure mekubereka kana kurutsa kazhinji kwecetaceans inodya pane idzi cephalopods, sezvinoitika kune whale. pilot whales kana sperm whales.

Kudyiswa kwezvimwe zvipenyu, sezvinoitika nealbatross-black-browed kana grey-headed albatross, ndiwo marudzi maduku esquid ane tsika yekunyura mushure mekufa kwavo, achigumisa kuti munyaya iyi necrophagy haisi chiitiko chakakosha kune yako. raramo.

Kunyanya kunakidza kwave kuri maitiro akaonekwa muGalapagos albatross, iyo inoshungurudza shiri dzebhooby kuti dzitore chikafu chadzo, zvichiratidza kuti mhuka iyi ine mukana, uye panguva imwechete inoita iyi albatross iyo chete nhengo yeProcellariiformes inoshandisa kleptoparasitism ne. chirango.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, zvaidavirwa kuti albatross ishiri dzinozvipira kuunganidza pamusoro, kushambira dzakafanana nemvura, kubata hove uye squid izvo zvaiendeswa kumusoro nemhepo yegungwa, nezvikara. .

Kutenda kune chokwadi chekuti capillary deep gauges yakagadzirwa uye yakashandiswa, iyo yakakwanisa kusungirirwa kune muviri we albatross uye yakabviswa kana yadzokera kunyika, uye iyo iyo yakadzika kudzika kwekunyudzwa kwakasvika neshiri kwakabatanidzwa. muchidzidzo chinogona kuyerwa, zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti hadzisi mhuka dzese dzinonyura kusvika pakadzika zvakafanana uye dzinoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana kuita kudaro.

Somuenzaniso, zvakaratidzwa kuti mamwe marudzi, akadai se<em>wandering albatross, haanyuri kudzika kupfuura mita imwe chete, nepo mamwe, akadai se<em>sooty albatross, anogona kunyura zvakadzama, achinyoresa kubva pamamita mashanu kusvika ku5. .12,5 Kuwedzera pakudyisa pamusoro uye kunyura mumvura, ma<em>albatross akaonekwa achisvetuka-svetuka kubva mumhepo kuti abate mhuka dzadzo.

Kuberekerwa

Takatotaura kuti albatross imhuka dzinoshamwaridzana, dzinoita mapoka pazvitsuwa zviri kure, kwadzinoita matendere adzo, dzimwe nguva dzichigovana nzvimbo yacho nemamwe marudzi eshiri. Panyaya yeavo vanosarudza kugara pamahombekombe, zvakaonekwa kuti vanosarudza kugadzira matendere avo pamvura inoputika kana mapromontories ane mukana wakanaka wegungwa munzira dzakawanda, sezvazvakaita paOtago Peninsula muDunedin, Nyuzirendi.

Ma<em>grey albatross nema<em>black-footed albatross haawanzogara pasi pemiti musango. Iko kuumbwa kwemakoroni kuri kuchinjawo kubva kune imwe mhando kuenda kune imwe. Tinogona kuona kuunganidzwa kwakaomarara, kwakafanana nemaalbatross eiyo Thalassarche genus, ari makoroni eblack-browed albatrosses muMalvinas Islands, ane boka rine avhareji yehuwandu hwematendere makumi manomwe pa70 m².

Kunyangwe mapoka madiki uye ane matendere ega ari kure kure, uye ayo akafanana neiyo Phoebetria neDiomedea genera. Nzvimbo dzemhando mbiri idzi dzealbatross dziri pazvitsuwa umo mhuka dzepanyika dzisina kumbovapo.

Chimwe chiitiko chinovasiyanisa ndechekuti albatross vane philopatric zvakanyanya, izvo zvinoreva kuti ivo vanowanzo dzokera kunzvimbo yavo yekuzvarwa kuti vabereke. Tsika iyi ine simba zvekuti chidzidzo cheLaysan Albatross chakaratidza kuti nhambwe yepakati pakati penzvimbo yekuchechenya yezai rarakachochonya uye nzvimbo iyo shiri inozogadzira nzvimbo yayo pachayo ndeye 22 metres.

Kufanana neshiri dzegungwa dzakawanda, albatross inoenderera mberi neK zano mukati mehupenyu hwavo hwose, i.e. kuberekwa kwakaderera, kuderedzwa nehupenyu hurefu hunotarisirwa, kunonotsa mukana wekubereka uye kuisa mari yakawanda muvana vashoma.

Hupenyu hwadzo hwakareba zvakanyanya, sezvo mhando zhinji dzinogona kurarama kupfuura makore makumi mashanu. Muenzaniso wakanyorwa nehuwandu hukuru hwemakore ehupenyu hwaive hwekuchamhembe kwehumambo albatross, iyo yakaridzwa payakange yatokura uye yakakwanisa kurarama kwemamwe makore makumi mashanu nerimwe, mushure mekuiswa chiratidzo, izvo zvakabvumira masayendisiti kufungidzira kuti aigona. vanorarama makore anenge 50.

Sezvo kuwanda kwetsvakiridzo yesainzi inobatanidza mabhandi eshiri nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokuronda ichangobva kupfuura nyaya yadudzwa pamusoro apa, zvinobvira zvikuru kuti mamwe marudzi achawanwa ane tarisiro youpenyu yakafanana kana kuti ingava huru.

Kukura kwepabonde kweshiri idzi kunowanikwa mushure menguva yakareba yeanenge makore mashanu, asi kungopfuura kwenguva hakuiti kuti vatange kubereka, pane kudaro, havazobatanidzi mumwe wavo kusvikira nguva refu yapfuura, mu mamwe marudzi anotora makore anosvika gumi kuti agare, uye apo anowana mukwanyina warwo, anova noukama hwoupenyu hwose hwomukadzi mumwe.

Zvidzidzo zvakaitwa pamafambiro eLaysan albatross zvakaratidza kuti kana paine shanduko yakakosha muchikamu chepabonde chehuwandu, nekuda kwekusakwana kwechirume mienzaniso, chimiro chayo chemagariro chinogona kushanduka uye hunhu hwekubatana hwekufurira nekurera nhiyo dzinogona kuoneka. vakadzi vaviri.

Mafambiro aya anototishamisa, tichifunga kuti albatross ishiri ine tsika dzekuva murume mumwe chete uye kuti mararamiro ayo ndeekuumba murume nemukadzi kweupenyu hwese, asi zvakaonekwa kuti hadzi mbiri dzakagovana incubation uye. kurera nhiyo kunowanzogara pamwe chete, zvichirebesa upenyu ihwohwo pamwe chete kwemakore, izvo zvisingawanzoitiki, sezvo pasina hukama kana ukama pakati pavo.

Vadiki vanenge vasati vava muchikamu chekuberekesa vanowanzobatana nekoroni vasati vatanga kubereka, vachiwana hunyanzvi kwemakore mashoma, mukuita kwetsika dzakaoma kwazvo dzekusvirana uye madhanzi anozivikanwa emhando iyi. mhuri yavanomhanya nayo. kukwezva vakadzi. Imwe yemafambisirwo mutsika yekusangana yeLaysan Albatross ndeyekutora chinzvimbo nemutsipa uye bhiri kumusoro.

Ma<em>albatross anodzokera kunzvimbo yaakaberekerwa kekutanga anoratidza kuti anotoona maitiro anoumba mutauro wema<em>albatross anogara ikoko, asi haakwanisi kuona maitiro anoratidzwa nedzimwe shiri, kana kuapindura zvakakodzera. .

Zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti shiri duku dzinoiswa pasi penguva yekuedza uye kudzidza uchishandisa nzira yekuedza uye kukanganisa, iyo shiri duku dzinokwanisa kugadzirisa tsika yekubatana uye kutamba. Muviri womuviri unogona kudzidzwa nokukurumidza kana shiri duku iri pamwe chete neshiri huru.

Kuunganidzwa kwemaitiro aya kunoda kuwiriraniswa kwekuita kwezviito zvakawanda, sekushongedza, kunongedza kune mamwe mativi, kufona, kugadzira akasiyana siyana anorova miromo, kutarisa, uye misanganiswa yakaoma kunzwisisa yeakawanda emaitiro aya.

Apo albatross inotanga kudzokera kunharaunda yayo yekuberekwa, inoita kutamba nevakawanda, asi mushure memakore mashomanana, nhamba yeshiri iyo inotanga hukama nayo inoderera, kusvikira yasarudza mumwe chete mudiwa uye ivo vacharamba vachikwanisa mutauro wega. izvo zvinozopedzisira zvave zvakasiyana kune vaviri ivavo. Kana isu tikafunga kuti vaviri ava vachagadzira hukama hwehupenyu hwese, mazhinji emitambo iyi haizodzokororwa.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chikonzero chinoita kuti vaite izvi zvakaoma uye zvine hungwaru tsika nekutamba ndeye kuve nechokwadi chekuti vasarudza mudiwa akakodzera, uye kukwanisa kuziva zviri nani mudiwa wavo mune ramangwana, nekuti kwavari zvakaoma zvakanyanya. Zvakakosha kuva nemudiwa akakodzera panguva yekukandira mazai uye nekuchengeta vechidiki.

Zvakaonekwawo kuti mumarudzi anogona kuva nezera rakakwana rokuberekana mukati menguva isingasviki gore, kashoma zvikuru kuti dziberekezve mumakore anotevera. Ma<em>albatross makuru, akadai se<em>wandering albatross, anoshandisa nhambo inopfuura gore kuti atarisire vana vawo, kubvira pakukandira mazai, kusvikira asvika kuminhenga yawo.

Albatross inokandira zai rimwe chete munguva yekuberekesa, zai iri rine chimiro che subelliptical, uye rakachena nemavara matsvuku ebrown. Mazai makuru anorema pakati pe200 ne510 gramu. Kana vakarasikirwa nezai, zvichida netsaona kana kuti nokuda kwechikara, havazoedzi kuva nepwere zvakare mukati megore iroro.

Nekuda kwekuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwekubudirira kwekubereka uye hukama hwemurume mumwe chete hwavanogadza, kupatsanurwa kwevaviri vakatosimbiswa hakuwanzo kuitika pakati pealbatross uye zvinowanzoitika kuti havabudiriri mukubereka kusvika makore akati wandei apfuura. zvisina kubudirira.

Asi apo dzinobudirira kuva nepwere, ma<em>albatross anoatarisira nokuadzivirira kutozosvikira akura zvakakwana kuti azvidzivirire amene uye thermoregulate. Mukuita uku vana vanenge vaine uremu hwakakwana hunoenzana nehwavabereki vavo.

Ese ma<em>albatross ari mumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba anovaka matendere mahombe emazai avo, achishandisa uswa, makwenzi, ivhu, peat, uye kunyange minhenga yepenguin, asi marudzi matatu okuNorth Pacific anovaka matendere emamwe maumbirwo ekare.

Kune rumwe rutivi, Galapagos albatross haivaki chero rudzi rwedendere uye inofambisa zai rayo kuburikidza nenharaunda yose yekuberekesa, iyo dzimwe nguva inosvika kusvika mamita makumi mashanu, sechikonzero chekuti, dzimwe nguva, mazai anorasika. , vabereki vose vari vaviri vanochengeta zai kwenguva inogona kubva pazuva rimwe kusvika kumavhiki matatu.

Kufanana nekiwis, albatross ane nguva yakareba yekufukura kupfuura chero shiri. Incubation inotora mazuva angangoita 70 kusvika 80, uye kana iri great albatross inotora nguva yakati rebei. Iyi nzira inoburitsa simba guru rekushandisa mavari uye inogona kutungamirira kumunhu mukuru kurasikirwa kusvika ku83 gramu yehuremu pazuva.

Mushure mekuchechenya kubva muzai, kuchechenya, iyo inonzi semi-altricial, inochechenywa uye inodzivirirwa kwemavhiki matatu, kusvika yasvika paukuru hwakakwana kuti ikwanise kuzvidzivirira uye kudziya kwayo. Munguva iyi, vabereki vanozoenderera mberi nekudyisa nhiyo nechikafu chiduku panguva iyo shanduko yekuchinja inofanirwa kutarisirwa inoitika.

Kana nguva yekukura kwemwana yapera, ichawana zvokudya kubva kuvabereki vayo panguva nenguva, iyo inowanzochinjana nzendo pfupi uye refu kuti vawane zvokudya, kuitira kuti vagokwanisa kupa vana vavo pakudzoka kwavo kubva parwendo rumwe norumwe zvokudya. huremu hwakapoteredza 12% yehuremu hwemuviri wavo, hunoverengerwa kutenderera 600 gramu.

Kudya kwevaduku kunogadzirwa nekrill pamwe nesquid nehove itsva, muchimiro che albatross mafuta emudumbu, inova chikafu chine simba chakareruka uye chiri nyore kutakura pane kutakura mhuka yakabatwa isina kuigaya. Oiri iyi inoumbwa munhengo yemudumbu ine maProcellariiformes mazhinji uye inogamuchira zita rekuti proventriculus, ine mhuka yakabatwa inogayiwa uye ichivapa hunhu hwavo hwekunhuhwirira.

Manhiyo anowanzo tora nguva yakareba kuti akure. Kana tichitaura nezve ma<em>albatross makuru, kuita uku kunogona kutora mazuva anosvika mazana maviri nemakumi masere. Kunyangwe muchiitiko chediki albatross, zvinotora pakati pe280 kusvika 140 mazuva.

Sezvimwe nemhando dzakawanda dzeshiri dzegungwa, nhiyo dze albatross dzinozopedzisira dzawana huremu hwakakwana hwekubata nevabereki vadzo, uye kuti vashandise nemazvo mamwe matura ezvekudya kuti vawedzere huremu hwemuviri wavo. , izvo zvinodiwa kuti ugone kuve nehunyanzvi mukubhururuka, iyo feathering process inoitika chete kana ivo vane hukuru hwakafanana nehwevabereki vavo.

Zvichienderana nerudzi kana rudzi, pakati pe15% kusvika 65% yeavo vanogona kuva neminhenga yavo inorarama kwenguva yakakwana kuti ibereke.Vadiki vanobudirira mukukura kwavo vega, uye havazowane rumwe rubatsiro kubva kuvabereki vavo, vavanozodzokera. kusvika panochochonya chave nemanhenga, usingazive kuti chatochochonya chaenda.

Pavanosiya dendere, pane zvidzidzo zvine chekuita nekuparara kweshiri diki negungwa izvo zvakabvumira masayendisiti kufungidzira nezvekuvapo kwehunhu hwekuzvarwa hwekutama, sekunge paine nzira yekufambisa yakavharwa mumajeni adzo, izvo zvinovabvumira kutenderera. ivo pachavo mugungwa pavakatanga kupinda mugungwa.

albatross uye murume

Albatross anonzi ane mukurumbira pane shiri dzose.Albatross ndiye munhu aripakati mudetembo rine mukurumbira rinonzi Rime of the Ancient Mariner, rakanyorwa naSamuel Taylor Coleridge; musungwa albatross zvakare dimikira repoète maudit mudetembo raCharles Baudelaire, The Albatross. Kushandiswa kwealbatross sedimikira mumutauro weChirungu kunobva mudetembo raColeridge.

Kumwero muduku, yakakurudzirawo vanyori vemutauro wechiSpanish, mutauro umo itsika yekutaura kuti kana munhu ane mutoro unorema kana dambudziko, ipapo ane albatross pamutsipa wavo, icho chaiva chirango chakaiswa munhetembo. pamufambisi wechikepe akauraya albatross.

Ngano yakatangwa nevafambisi vezvikepe inozivikanwa kuti albatross ishiri ine rombo rakanaka uye kuti inogona kuguma nengwavaira kuiuraya kana kuti kuikuvadza uye kwaiva kudavira kwakapararira kwokuti vaiita mweya yevafambisi vezvikepe vakafira mugungwa. zvisinei, zvakatiratidza kuti dzaigarourawa uye dzaidyiwa navafambisi vezvikepe.Marudzi eMaori aishandisa mapfupa emapapiro awo kuveza matattoo eganda emitambo uye kuveza nyere dzavo.

Idzi ishiri dzinokosheswa zvikuru neavo vanofarira ornithology uye nzvimbo dzavanomisikidza makoloni dzadzo dzinova nzvimbo dzakakurumbira dzekuenda kune ecotourism. Kune akawanda maguta nemataundi emahombekombe akadai seKaikoura, Sidney, Wollongong kana Monterey, uko kunoitwa nzendo dzegungwa dzegungwa, uye maalbatross anowanzo kukwezvwa zviri nyore kune aya mabhoti evashanyi nekukanda mafuta ehove mugungwa.

Kushanyira nharaunda dzeshiri idzi inzvimbo inozivikanwa yevashanyi; Northern royal albatross colony paTaiaroa Head muNew Zealand inokwezva vashanyi 40 pagore, uye nzvimbo dziri kwadzo dzega dzave dzenguva dzose dzinokwezva vashanyi pazvitsuwa zveAntarctic.

Kutyisidzirwa uye Kuchengetedza

Pasinei nekuonekwa seshiri dzengano, albatross haana kukwanisa kubviswa kana kudzivirirwa kubva kune zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga zvinokonzerwa isu vanhu. Apo dzakawanwa navaAleut navaPolynesia, dzakashandiswa zvikuru kudzivhima, kutozosvikira dzatsakatika mune zvimwe zvitsuwa, sezvakaitika paEaster Island.

Sezvo veEurope vakatanga kufamba nechikepe pasirese, vakatanga kuvhima maalbatross zvakare, vachiatora kubva mungarava kuti vashandise chikafu, kana kungovapfura kuti vaite zvemitambo kana kunakidzwa.

Iyi tsika yokuvapfura yakasvika pakakwirira panzira dzokutama nadzo kuenda kuAustralia uye yaigona bedzi kumiswa apo zvikepe zvakakurumidza zvikuru zvokuti zvakava zvisingabviri kuredza kubva mazviri uye apo mitemo yakatangwa yairambidza kushandiswa kwezvombo. nokuda kwezvikonzero zvekuchengeteka.

Muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, mapoka e<em>albatross, kunyanya ayo ari kuNorth Pacific, akaparara nokuda kwokutengesa minhenga, zvichiita kuti ma<em>albatross ane muswe mupfupi atsakatiswe.

Sezvatakataura pakutanga kwechinyorwa chino, pamhando makumi maviri nembiri dzealbatross dzakacherechedzwa neInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 22 dziri munjodzi, 8 dziri panjodzi yekutsakatika uye 6 dziri munjodzi huru. .

Mhando nhatu dziri panjodzi huru yekutsakatika iAmsterdam Albatross (Diomedea amsterdamensis), Tristan Albatross (Diomedea dabbenena) uye Galápagos Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata). Imwe yezvinonyanya kutyisidzira shiri idzi kubata hove netambo refu.

Izvi zvinodaro nekuti ma<em>albatross nedzimwe shiri dzemugungwa dzinodya pamarara dzinokwezvwa nechirauro chetambo refu, zvinosuruvarisa kuti dzinonyura pamitsetse kana zvikorekedzo uye dzichinyura. Anenge 100 000 albatross anourawa gore negore nenzira iyi. Zvakatonyanya kukomba ndizvo zvinoitika nezviitiko zvekuredza pirate, izvo nekusatevedzera chero mutemo, zvinoita kuti dambudziko riwedzere kuoma.

Chimwe chiitwa nevanhu chinomiririra ngozi kune albatross kubhururuka kwendege. Semuenzaniso, paMidway Atoll pakave nekudhumhana kwakawanda pakati peLaysan albatross nendege, zvichikonzera kufa kwevanhu neshiri, pamwe nekuoma mitezo kwakakomba mukubhururuka kwemauto.

Kuedza kudzivirira tsaona idzi, zvidzidzo zvakaitwa mukupera kwema1950 uye kutanga kwema1960 izvo zvakaongorora mhedzisiro yaizounza kukwanisa kuisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutonga uye masisitimu, zvinosuruvarisa kupedzisa nekuurayiwa kweshiri uye. kuparadzwa kwegore negore kwenzvimbo dzavo.kuitira dendere, kana kushandura marongerwo enzvimbo dzavo, kuburikidza nekuenzanisa uye kuchenesa nyika kuti isabatanidze mafungu emhepo aikwira anoshandiswa neshiri idzi pakubhururuka kwadzo.

Imwe pfungwa yakanga iri yokushandisa zvivako zvakakwirira, zvakadai seshongwe dzinodzora motokari uye shongwe dzekurukurirano, izvo zvakauraya shiri 3000 1964 mukubonderana mukati mendege pakati pa1965 naXNUMX, shongwe dzacho dzisati dzaderedzwa. Sezvineiwo, nguva iri yose murume iyeye paanoedza kugadzirisa dambudziko racho, zvave zvichireva kuderera kukuru kwehuwandu hweshiri idzi.

Kuvharwa kwechokwadi kwenzvimbo dzekufamba nendege muMidway Islands muna 1993 kwakapedza dambudziko rekudhumhana kwealbatross nendege dzemauto. Pamusoro pezvo, kudzikisira kwekuita kwevanhu pazvitsuwa nekuda kwekuvharwa kwemabasa ekutanga kwakabatsira kuderedza huwandu hwekufa kweshiri.

Rimwe dambudziko rinounzwa zvikara pazvitsuwa uye kusvibiswa kwependi ine mutobvu zvakatenderedza zvivakwa zvemauto, izvo zvese zvakauraya zviuru zveshiri. Mukuwedzera, minhenga yaro yaikosheswa zvikuru pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi1909. Muna 300 moga, dzinopfuura 000 XNUMX dzeshiri idzi dzakavhimwa paMidway neLaysan Islands nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho.

Nezvekutyisidzirwa kwemarudzi akaunzwa, akadai semakonzo kana katsi dzemusango, tinofanira kutaura kuti dzinorwisa zvakananga albatross kana mazai avo nemaduku. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti maalbatross akashanduka kuita nzvimbo dzawo dzekuberekesa pazvitsuwa zvisina mhuka dzinodya nyika, ndosaka vasina kugadzira nzira dzekudzivirira kubva kwavari.

Pesvedzero yemhuka idzi inokuvadza zvokuti kunyange zvipenyu zviduku sembeva zvinogona kukuvadza zvikuru; semuenzaniso, paGough Island, inova imwe yenzvimbo huru dzeshiri dzegungwa papasi, nhiyo dzeTristan albatross dzinorwiswa nekudyiwa dziri mhenyu nemakonzo emumba akaunzwa kuchitsuwa.

Mhuka dzakaunzwa dzinogona kuburitsa mamwe maitiro asina kunanga. Iyi ndiyo nyaya yemombe dzinodya chikamu chinokosha cheuswa pazvitsuwa zveSão Paulo neAmsterdam, iyo yakaisa Amsterdam albatross ( Diomedea amsterdamensis ) mumamiriro ezvinhu anotyisidzirwa; Imwe mhinganidzo inobva pazvinomera zvakaunzwa zvichibva kune zvimwe zvitsuwa, izvo kuwanda kwazvo kwakaderedza nzvimbo idzo albatross inogona kuita matendere adzo.

Kuita kuti zvinhu zvinyanye kuipa, iye zvino tava nekupinzwa kwezvinhu zvepurasitiki zvinoyangarara mumakungwa, uye kwete chete nealbatross, asi neshiri dzegungwa dzakawanda. Kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvepurasitiki mumakungwa nemumakungwa kwakawedzera zvakanyanya kubva payakatanga kunyorwa muma60s.

Zvinosuruvarisa, iyi plastiki inobva mumarara anokandwa kubva mungarava, kubva kumarara emahombekombe, marara pamahombekombe uye tsvina yakashambidzwa mugungwa nenzizi. Plastiki haigone kugaya uye kana yakanamatira neshiri inotora nzvimbo mudumbu kana gizzard inofanira kushandiswa pakudya, kana inogona kukonzera chipingamupinyi chinodzivirira zvakananga shiri kubva pakudya.

Ongororo yakaitwa kuNorth Pacific yakaratidza kuti kunwa mapurasitiki kwaita kuti shiri idzi dziderere uye dziite kuti muviri uderere.Plastiki inombodzorwa pakudyisa vana vadzo, uye imwe ongororo yakaitwa nhiyo dze<em>Laysan albatross kuMidway Islands yakaratidza kuti mapurasitiki akawanda akanga agadzirwa. akamedzwa nembwanana dzinongofa dzoga, zvichienzaniswa nembwanana dzine utano dzakafa netsaona.

Kunyangwe isiri iyo yakananga chikonzero cherufu, kuvapo kwepurasitiki mumuviri wealbatross kunounza kusagadzikana kwemuviri uye kunoita kuti vadiki vanzwe vakaguta panguva yekudya kwavo, izvo zvinoita kuti vaderedze kudyiwa kwechikafu chinodyiwa. uye inoganhurira mikana yavo yokupona.

Mamwe maSainzi nemamwe masangano anoona nezvekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda akaita seBirdLife International, iyo yakatanga chirongwa cheSave the Albatross, vanoisa pfungwa dzavo pakudzidzisa hurumende nevabati vehove, kuitira kuti pawanikwe nzira dzekutyisidzirwa kwadzinofanira kutarisana nadzo nealbatross.

Nhamburiko dziri kuitwa dzekushandisa nzira itsva dzekuredza, nyore sekukanda tambo refu usiku, kuisa chirauro pasi pemvura, kukora huremu hwetambo uye kushandisa michina uye nzira dzekutyisidzira shiri idzi, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuderedza zvakanyanya huwandu hwevakabatwa. shiri.

Ongororo yakaitwa nekubatana kwevesainzi nevabati vehove muNew Zealand yakakwanisa kuyedza nekubudirira kudiki mudziyo unokwanisa kugadzirisa pasi pemvura mumabhoti ekuredza ane mitsetse mirefu, uye iyo ine mitsetse iri kuiswa pakadzika zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo inogona kuve. kusvika kune albatross emhando dzisina njodzi.

Kushandiswa kwedzimwe nzira itsva idzi muhove dzePatagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) muMalvinas Islands kwakakwanisa kuderedza huwandu hwehaggard albatross dzaiwanzobatwa neboka rehove mumakore gumi apfuura.

Chinocherechedzwa zvakare ibasa rinoitwa nevanoongorora nezve ecologists, avo vakaedza munzvimbo yekudzoreredza ecological yenharaunda yakasarudzika, kuwana kudzingwa kwemarudzi ekunze akaunzwa zvisirizvo, uye izvo zvakatyisidzira endemic fauna, iyo inopa rubatsiro rwakakosha kuwana kuchengetedzwa kwealbatross kubva kune zvikara zvakaunzwa.

Imwe nhanho yakakosha kwazvo yekuwana yakakura kwazvo inogoneka kuchengetedza gadziriro uye kuchengetedzwa kwemamwe marudzi eshiri dzegungwa Chibvumirano cheKuchengetedza kweAlbatrosses nePetrels, chakasainwa muna 2001, chakatanga kushanda muna 2004 uye icho Chakabvumidzwa nenyika gumi: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Spain, New Zealand, Peru, South Africa neUnited Kingdom.

Kunyangwe yanga isiri pasi pekubvumidzwa, Norway neUruguay dzakatevedzera uye France yakazvigamuchira. Chibvumirano chepasi rose icho nyika idzi dzinobvumirana kutora matanho akasimba uye anogoneka kuderedza huwandu hwealbatross dzinogona kubatwa nenzira dzinoitwa zviri pamutemo zvekuredza hove, kuderedza kusvibiswa uye kubvisa mhuka dzekunze. ita matendere adzo.

Chibvumirano ichi chinova hwaro hwakakosha hwepamutemo hwepasirese hwemutemo wakabatana pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwealbatross kuitira kuti nyika dzakazvipira dziite nhamburiko dzakafanana kudzivirira iyi mhuri yakanaka yeshiri dzegungwa nemakirasi adzo kubva pakunyangarika kubva munzvimbo yadzo yechisikigo, asi Mamwe matanho anodiwa, kunyanya ayo anoreva kuzvipira kwemunhu anotariswa ega, mukuchengetedza nekuchengetedza nharaunda yake.

Chokwadi, kusvikira munhu asiya tsika yake yekusvibisa makungwa nenzvimbo dzemahombekombe, kusvikira zvirambidzo zvaiswa pakushandiswa kwepurasitiki uye isu hatizive kuti tiri kuzvikuvadza isu, kukuvadza kwatiri kuita kune zvakatipoteredza uye, naizvozvo. , kuzvisikwa zvose zvinogara mairi, kunyanya albatross, iyo yakaona huwandu hwayo huchideredzwa zvakanyanya, kunyange kusvika kunzvimbo dzakaoma mune mamwe marudzi ayo.

Ndosaka tichikukoka iwe kuti uzive, kuve nehushamwari nemhoteredzo uye utibatsire kuchengetedza ecosystems kuitira kuti biosphere igone kuita patsva. Isu tichiri panguva mune albatross kesi, isu tinongoda kuzvipira kwako.

Tinokurudzira izvi zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinonakidza:

• Mhuka dzemugungwa
• Mhuka dzepanyika
• Mhuka dzepapurazi