Makomba matema angangove chakavanzika chikuru pane chinozivikanwa chadenga!
Kusvika iye zvino tinoziva zvishoma pamusoro pavo, nokuti teknolojia yedu haisati yatibvumira kuti tidzidze maitiro avo zvakadzama, kunyanya nokuti vose vari kure zvikuru nesolar system yedu.
Chimwe chikonzero nei zvakanyanya kuoma kudzidza makomba matema muchadenga, ndeyokuti idzi hadzibudisi matsimba echiedza sezvinoita nyeredzi, pane kudaro, simba radzo regiravhiti rinokwanisa kutora kunyange chiedza chiri pedyo, asi ichi ndicho chinhu chatichatsanangura gare gare.
Nekudaro, kubva ku1970 uye nekuda kwedzidziso dzakakurudzirwa na Stephen Hawkins nezve maburi matema, isu takakwanisa kunzwisisa zvakawanda pamusoro pawo, kusanganisira dhimoni data nezve chimiro chavo, kuumbwa, maitiro ekuumbwa uye kunyangwe hukama hwavo mukushandurwa kwekuenderera kwechinguvana.
Comets inogona kungonakidza semaburi matema! Usapotsa chinyorwa chedu chizere pa zvikamu zvekometi
Asi chii chatinonyatsoziva pamusoro pemakomba matema?
Kana iwe wakamboona iyo Christopher Nolan bhaisikopo: Interstellar (2010) uye wakasiiwa usina chaunonzwisisa zvachose, zvino imhaka yekuti hausati wava kuziva zvakakwana nezvazvo maburi matema.
Ndinokuudza, iyo firimu yakavakirwa padzidziso yaEinstein ye general relativity, iyo inotaura kuti chadenga chedu hachina mativi matatu, asi 3, nenguva ichiva chikamu chechina mundege yechokwadi.
Nokudaro, mitemo yepasi rose mechanics inobata nguva, sezvavanoita, kusanganisira chiedza.
Nenzira iyi, nguva yaisazove yepasi rose, asi chiyero chinogona kuremara, kutambanudzwa kana chibvumirano senge elastic band, maererano nemitemo yefizikisi, senge simba regiravhiti.
Kuda kudzidza zvakawanda nezve maburi matema mudenga?
Zvadaro usarega kuverenga chinyorwa ichi kusvikira kumagumo, nokuti tinotsanangura zvose zvaunoda kuziva pamusoro penyaya iyi inofadza, kuitira kuti nguva inotevera paunoona Interstellar, usanzwe wakarasika munzvimbo.
Chii chinonzi black holes?
Makomba matema haasi maburi chaiwo, waizviziva here?
Muchokwadi, maererano ne theorem ye Hawkins naEllis Kubva 1970, maburi matema anotendwa kuve spheroid muchimiro nekuda kwekukwezva kwehuremu hwawo akananga pakati pavo, nekuda kwekuita kwesimba ravo regiravhiti. Chinhu chimwe chetecho chinoitika nenyeredzi, asi pachiyero mamiriyoni enguva dzakakwirira.
Maburi matema inzvimbo iri muchadenga, inoumbwa nesumbu rehuremu hwakanyanya kusimba, iyo inoburitsa simba regiravhiti rine simba zvekuti rinokwanisa kugadzira kumonereka mukuenderera kwenguva-yenguva.
The gravitational field of black holes yakasimba kwazvo, kuti hapana chidimbu chechinhu chinokwanisa kutiza deformation kana chikaswedera pedyo. Kutaura zvazviri, kukwezva kwacho kune simba zvikuru zvokuti rinokwanisa kutora tuma<em>photon twunoumba mwaranzi yechiedza chezuva.
Ndizvozvo, anonzi mablack holes nokuti anokwanisa kumedza chaizvo chiedza chakavapoteredza.
Makomba matema akaita sei?
Chimiro chemuviri chinopa supermassive black holes simba ravo rinokwevera uye rinopisa, ndiko kuwanda kwenyaya yavanenge vari munzvimbo diki yenzvimbo.
Nokuda kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinoumba nyeredzi yedu kuti ive gomba dema, yaizofanira kupeta mukati mayo nenzira yakanyanyisa, ichimanikidza zvidimbu zvayo zvose kubva pahukuru hwemakiromita mamiriyoni 1.300. kune imwe nzvimbo isingasviki makiromita maviri pakufara.
Naizvozvo, zuva raizofanira kuderedza ukuru hwaro kanoda kusvika ka900.000 XNUMX, asi pasina kupambadza chinhu chipi nechipi chinoriumba.
Space-Nguva Curvature
Wakambozvibvunza here kuti gomba dema rinokwanisa sei kuderedza nguva?
Warangarira here Gargantua en yomuchadenga?
Mufirimu, spaceship Kutsungirira inomanikidzwa kumira kuunganidza data pamaonero ehupenyu mu miller planet, izvo zvinongo tenderera padyo pedyo ne a supermassive black hole inonzi Gargantua.
Nekuda kweizvi, vashandi vanotarisana nedambudziko reastrophysical: Nekuda kwekuve pedyo kwayo neGargantua, nguva inofamba zvishoma zvishoma papasi pane paPasi, saka basa rekutsvaga, iro kwavari raizotora maawa mashoma, paNyika zvaizoreva akati wandei. makore.
Asi izvi zvinobvira sei?
Kana zvichiita sechinhu chinoshamisa kwauri, imhaka yekuti isu takajaira kufunga nguva sechinhu chisingachinjiki chepasirese, zvakanyanya nekuti isu hatina chero chishandiso chinogona kuikanganisa, sezvatinoita nedzimwe ndege dzechokwadi.
Zvakadaro, dzidziso yeGeneral Relativity, yakatsanangurwa naAlbert Einstein muna 1915, inoratidza kuti nguva idimendi yechokwadi inotambanukira pamusoro pendege X neY (zviyero zvehupamhi nehurefu).
Naizvozvo, kana mutumbi une huwandu ukaita chiito pane ndege yechokwadi, inogadzira shanduko ye dimension Z (kudzika) iyo inogona kukanganisa maviri ekutanga uye, saka, inogonawo kuzviita nekufamba kwenguva.
Ngatizvitarisei nenzira iyi:
Fungidzira kuti iwe unowedzera chidimbu chejira, uchigadzira nzvimbo yakati sandara (zviyero X uye Y); uye pajira unodonhedza bhora. Chiito chehuremu hwebhora pamucheka chichagadzira concave pasi pendege.
Mhedzisiro iyi ndiyo inozivikanwa mune astrophysics se Curvature yenguva-yenguva.
Iye zvino, nekuda kwemitemo yefizikiki, iyo inorema chinhu chinoiswa mundege, iyo yakanyanya kucherechedzwa chiito chayo pairi, uye saka kudzika kwacho kunenge kuri.
Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvinoitika pamwe chete makomba matema uye nguva yakakombama.
Kana ikamanikidzwa kusvika painogumira, maburi matema anova zvinhu zvakakora zvisingaite -uye saka zvinorema-, saka chiito chavanoita pa X uye Y ndege chakanyanyisa.
The curvature inokonzereswa nemaburi matema yakasimba zvekuti haitenderi kuti nyaya inopinda ibude, izvi zvinokonzeresa imwe nguva-yenguva yatinoziva kuti. Chiitiko Horizon.
The curvature inogadzirwa nemaburi matema "yakadzika" uye kukwezva kwavo kwesimba kune simba zvekuti vanoyamwa mune zvese zvinouya pedyo navo, saka, vari mumhepo inoputika yechadenga inogadzirwa Gargantua, nyika Miller akanga achisangana nehondo munguva yake yekuenderera mberi, achiidzikisa pasi nekupinda muGargantua's Event Horizon.
Muchokwadi, iyo nhamba chaiyo ndeyekuti awa yega yega inopedzwa mukati Miller Yakanga yakaenzana nemakore manomwe ePasi.
Sekuda kuziva, iwo 1 km mafungu marefu anofukidza nzvimbo yese ye Miller, Vaizotsanangurwawo semhedzisiro yesimba regiravhiti rinoitwa negomba dema riri panyika.
Makomba matema anoita sei?
Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti maburi matema ndiwo akasara anosiiwa nenyeredzi kana dzafa.
Kusvika makumi mashoma emakore apfuura, zvaitendwa kuti maburi matema akaumbwa panguva yekutanga kwepasi uye kuti chiitiko ichi chingadai chisina kuzvidzokorora.
Zvisinei, kudzidza Nhoroondo Yenguva: kubva kuBig Bang kusvika kumakomba matema, yakagadzirwa nekubatana naHawkings, Oppenheimer, naRoger Penrose, yakaratidza kuti maburi matema anogadzirwa nenzira inonzi. kuparara kwegiravhiti.
Kuti tinzwisise kuparara kwegiravhiti kunopa nzira yekuumbwa kwemakomba madema, tinofanira kudzokera shure zvishoma, kune nzira yekufa kwenyeredzi.
kana kune imwe Yellow star (sezuva redu) rinopedza matura aro ehydrogen, rinotanga kupisa zvimedu zvehelium pamusoro payo, mukuita kusanganisa kwenyukireya kwakanyanya. Sezvo izvi zvichienderera mberi, nyeredzi, iyo yave kusvika padanho rayo rekupedzisira rehupenyu, inogona kuwedzera kusvika ku300 kukura kwayo uye kuchinja ruvara rwayo, kuva Red Giant Star.
Nekushandisa mafuta ese ari pamusoro payo, nyukireya fusion maitiro anomira, uye pasina chero maitiro ekurwisa simba regiravhiti rayo pachayo, zvimedu zvaro zvese zvinotanga kukweverwa kune iyo yepakati, ichidzikisa saizi yayo zvakare uye kugadzira chii. tinoziva sa White Dwarf Starnyeredzi yakafa
Nekudaro, huwandu hukuru hwenyeredzi hunogona kuita kuti hurongwa uhu huendeswe zvakanyanya, kudzvanya White Dwarf kupfuura miganhu yayo uye kugadzira muviri une hukuru hwakanyanya kudzika munzvimbo diki inoshamisa.
Zvakafanana nekuedza kupeta zuva redu zvakakwana kuti riise mubhutu yemotokari yako.
Danho rekupedzisira iri rinoita kuti simba regiravhiti rinoguma rive nesimba zvekuti rinotanga kumedza chiedza charo, chinoguma shandura nyeredzi kuita gomba dema.
mhando dzemakomba matema
Kune dzakasiyana mhando dzemakomba matema uye izvi zvinoiswa mumapoka maererano nehukuru hwazvo uye huwandu hwehuwandu hwazviri.
supermassive black hole
Supermassive black holes ndiyo ine nharo huru uye ine simba zvikuru. Iwaya anogona kuva nemamiriyoni anoverengeka ehuremu hwezuva redu munzvimbo yakakura ka2 kana katatu chete, izvo zvinoitawo kuti dzive dzine simba zvikuru.
Zvakajairika kuwana makomba makuru matema achitonga pakati pemapoka makuru enyeredzi, kunyanya elliptical galaxies. Muenzaniso wakajeka unogona kuwanikwa kumba, sezvo Milky Way inotenderera Sagittarius A, gomba dema rakakura chaizvo rinoyera 120 AU.
Pakati-misa-makomba matema
Ndidzo dzinotevera pachikero maererano nehukuru hwadzo. Iwo akaomesesa kupfuura makomba matema makuru, asi achiri anoyevedza.
Maburi matema ane huremu hwakaenzana pakati pe100 ne1.000.000 misa yezuva inowira mukati mechikamu ichi.
stellar mass maburi matema
Izvo zvakajairwa uye kubva pasi pano takakwanisa kuona maburi matema akati wandei anokodzera muchikamu ichi.
Stellar-mass matema maburi ane pakati pemakumi matatu nemakumi manomwe masolar mashe mukati mavo. Izvi zvinoumba kubva mukupunzika kwesimba rinokweva renyeredzi huru, inozivikanwa muastrophysics se Supernovae.
makomba matema
Micro maburi matema chikamu chechikamu ichi, zvisinei, ivo vanoramba vari hypothesis.
Maererano ne Hawkins dzidziso Nezve maburi matema, aya madiki madiki makomba angave ane zvinoshamisa huwandu hwezvinhu munzvimbo diki zvakanyanya, saka nyaya iri mukati mawo yaigona kutongwa nemirairo yehuwandu hwefizikisi.
Imwe yemamishoni eiyo hombe hadron collider paCERN kugadzira zvinhu kuti zvigadzire artificial diki gomba, uko akati wandei dzidziso nezve quantum fizikisi inogona kuyedzwa kana, pakupedzisira, chidimbu chinogona kuparadzaniswa kubva. rima nyaya.