Oceanic waters, ishoko rinoshandiswa kekutanga nemuzivi Anaximander weMiletus, aya ndiwo mahombe emvura ayo anogona kukamurwa hydrosphere. Makungwa anomiririra 70.98% yePasi uye akakamurwa kuita marudzi akasiyana. Muchikamu chino tinopa maitiro ayo, kuumbwa, marudzi, kukosha uye nezvimwe zvakawanda. Enda kumberi uye udzidze zvese nezve iyi inonakidza musoro wenyaya!
mvura yegungwa
Mvura yeOcean yakawanda yemvura inomiririra 73.98% yepasi. Makungwa aya akaumbwa makore anoda kusvika mabhiriyoni mana apfuura, nekuda kwenguva dzekuputika kwemakomo uye tembiricha yakakwira, izvo zvakaita kuti kunyunguduka kweaizi yepakutanga. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuti mvura ifambe mupasi rose ndokuparadzanisa Pangea, iro guru guru renyika rakanga riripo pakupera kwenguva yePaleozoic uye kutanga kwenguva yeMesozoic iyo yakaunganidza yakawanda yenyika yakabuda kubva pasi.
Kuparadzaniswa kwenyika dzakabuda dzepasi, kwakakonzera izvo zvatinoziva nhasi seMakondinendi uye zvitsuwa. Makungwa akaumbwa mashanu, Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic neAntarctic. Iwo anomiririra akanyanya kukosha uye akatanhamara biology zvikamu zvepasi zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha pakushanda chaiko kweaya anoshamisa uye anoshamisa ecosystems: marine currents, masaisai nemafungu. Ndivo vanoumba sosi huru yeokisijeni, nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, kudzivirira kwavo uye kuchengetedza kwakakosha.
Basic Elements
mvura yegungwa: ndeaya anoumbwa nekuda kwekuita kwemhepo uye anogona kusiyanisa musimba rawo, achipa nzira kune iyo Cariolis mhedzisiro, iyo isiri chinhu kunze kwekukasira kwehukama kunotambura nechinhu chinofamba mukati meiyo isiri-inertial inotenderera referensi system kana inosiyanisa chinhambwe chayo kubva paaxis yekutenderera. Muchiitiko ichi zvichange zvichitemerwa negwara rekutenderera kweNyika. Izvi zvinoita kuti mafungu egungwa atendeukire kurudyi kumusoro kwechamhembe uye kuruboshwe kuchamhembe kwehemisphere.
Izvi zvinoitika pedyo nepamusoro pemakungwa uye zvinowanzopesvedzera mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo dzekondinendi dzavanoganhurana nadzo. Ose anotumidzwa zita renyika dzavanobva, semuenzaniso: mafungu eCanary Islands (Spain-Morocco), iyo California ikozvino (USA) uye yekumabvazuva kweAustralia ikozvino.
Masaisai: Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvemafungu emvura, sezvo achipa hupenyu kumakungwa. Iwo masaisai anofamba pamusoro pepamusoro uye simba rawo rinobatsira nzira yekukukurwa kwevhu ichikonzera kuenzanisira kwenzvimbo dzemahombekombe.
Mafungu: kusimba kwaro kunokonzerwa negiravhiti rinoitwa neMwedzi neZuva.Mwedzi uri iwo unonyanya kuita kuti uve pedyo nenyika. Idzi ndidzo dzinoratidza mutinhimira wekukwira nekudonha kwemvura yemugungwa, ichikwezva zvinwiwa zvayo mune rimwe rematemo ayo. Kune mhando mbiri dzemasaisai, mafungu makuru kana kuti mafungu emvura, apo mvura yegungwa inosvika pakureba kwayo kwepamusoro-soro mukati mekutenderera kwemvura, uye kuderera kwemvura kana kuderera kwemvura, iyo iyo mvura yegungwa inosvika pakukwirira kwayo kwakaderera.
Hunhu hweOcean Waters
Mvura yeOcean inomiririra inosvika 71% yepasi. Makungwa anosiyana zvichienderana nezvimwe zvinhu zvinotsanangura kukosha kwawo uye basa raanoita mukuenzana kwepasi.
Munyu
Iyo yakawanda yemunyu mumvura yegungwa inonyanya kukonzerwa nekubuda kwemhepo, inozogadziriswa nemhando yegungwa, latitude uye kunyanya kudzika. Iyi chiyero chesodium chloride yakanyungudutswa mumvura inomiririra 90% yezvikamu zvemakemikari zviri mumvura, kuwedzera kune magnesium, sulfur, potassium uye calcium. Inofungidzirwa kuti avhareji yemunyu mumvura i30 kusvika ku50 gramu parita. Izvi zvinowanzodzikira munzvimbo dzine miromo yenzizi mikuru kana kuti mvura inonaya zvakanyanya.
ruvara
Mvura yemugungwa pachayo haina ruvara, asi inoonekwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvenyama sebhuruu. Chimwe chechiedza chezuva chinouya sechiedza chichena, nokuti chinoumbwa nemarudzi ose (violets, blues, greens, yellows, maranjisi, uye matsvuku). Uye zvichienderana nekuti miviri inotora sei chiedza ichi, mavara anoratidzwa. Kana ari nyanza, chiedza chichena pachinopfuura mumvura, chinotora chikamu chechiedza chechiedza, ndiko kuti, mavara matsvuku neorenji, asi mavara ebhuruu negirini anopfuura.
Nechikonzero ichi, kana tiri pakadzika kudzika (pasi pe5 metres), tinogona kuona huwandu hwakazara hwemavara uye, sezvatinosvika pakadzika, tinongoona matani egirinhi nebhuruu chete, nekuti ndiyo chete chikamu chechiedza. danda rinotevera kupinda mumvura. Mamwe mavara akasara atotorwa. Panyaya yematoni akasvibirira, inonzi inokonzerwa nehuwandu hwe microalgae, iyo isiri chinhu chinopfuura photosynthetic micro-organisms, inonzi phytoplankton.
Kuve izvi zvinokwanisa kugadzira chikafu kubva kune inorganic zvinhu, zvakakosha mukuchengetedza hupenyu paPasi, sezvo ivo vane basa reinopfuura hafu yeokisijeni yatinodya. Kana paine huwandu hukuru hwema microorganisms aya pamusoro, kutorwa kukuru kwe dioksidi kubva mumhepo. Kune rumwe rutivi mvura yehure dzvuku, izvi zvinoitika nekuda kwekuwanda kwekuwedzera kwe microalgae inonzi dinoflagellates.
Chepfu inogadzirwa inogona kukuvadza hove, shellfish, uye mhuka dzinoyamwisa. Kudyiwa kwehove kana hove dzine chepfu iyi kunogona kukonzera rufu muvanhu. Iwe unogona zvakare kuwana mvura ine ruvara rwebrown, izvi zvinokonzerwa nehuwandu hwemashanga akamiswa mumvura.
Temperatura
Mvura yeOcean inokwanisa kutora huwandu hukuru hwekupisa hunobva mumwaranzi yezuva. Kupisa kwaro, ndiko kuti, tembiricha yekuchinja inoonekwa nemakungwa, yakanyanya kukwirira. Nokudaro, mvura zhinji iyi inokosha zvikuru mukugadzirisa tembiricha yepasi, nokuti nokuda kwairi kubuda kwekupisa kunoitwa zvishoma nezvishoma.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti tembiricha yemvura yemugungwa inogadziriswa nekukwirira kwayo, kudzika uye nemhepo inoibata. Kuti uwane pfungwa iri nani, muArctic tembiricha yeavhareji munguva yezhizha inogona kusvika 10°C asi munguva yechando inodonha kusvika kunenge -50°C nekuvapo kwechando chinoyangarara chivharo.
Kana iri Pacific Ocean, nekuti iri kureba kweequator, mvura yaro inogona kusvika patembiricha ye29°C. Atlantic, nekuda kwekuwedzera kwayo kukuru kubva padanda kuenda padanda, ichipfuura nemuequator, izvo zvinoita kuti tembiricha isiyane zvakanyanya. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo inodzika kusvika -2º C asi munzvimbo dzinodziya inogona kusvika kudarika 30º C. Ukuwo, Indian Ocean, iyi ndeyemvura inodziya zvikuru. Kuchamhembe, tembiricha haitombodonha pasi pe25 ° C.
kupisa makwapa
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo mvura yemugungwa inosangana nekukwira kwe4 kusvika ku6 ºC pamusoro peavhareji. Nzvimbo idzi dzinogona kusvika kusvika miriyoni km², nenzvimbo dzekupisa idzi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekudzvinyirirwa kwepamusoro kunokonzerwa nekuderera kwemhepo zvichiita kuti pamusoro pemvura inopisa, inosvika ku1m pasi pepamusoro. Mhepo inopisa yakagadzira nzvimbo inozivikanwa, i50 km yakatambanudzwa yegungwa iyo yaidziya pakati pe1.600 ne3 degrees Celsius pamusoro peavhareji tembiricha.
Uyu mutsetse wehigh pressure waidzikamisa mvura yemugungwa, zvichireva kuti kupisa kunoramba kuri mumvura, pasina madutu anobatsira kuti itonhodze. Nzvimbo iyi iri kuSouth Pacific uye yave kunzi hot blob kana kuti hot spot. Zvinoenderana nefungidziro yenyanzvi, kuwanda kwemvura inodziya iri kufamba kumabvazuva, yakananga kuSouth America.. Izvi zvinokanganisa zvipenyu zvose zvemugungwa.
Kuwandisa
Mvura yeOcean ine huwandu hukuru hwemakomisheni akanyungudika, anotemwa nezvinhu zviviri zvikuru: tembiricha uye salinity yemvura. Nechikonzero ichi, sezvo tembiricha inodonha, kuwanda kwemvura mumakungwa kunowedzera kusvika yasvika kuchando. Saizvozvowo, kuwedzera kwemunyu kunokonzera kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemvura yegungwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti mvura ine denser ive pasi, uye mvura yakareruka iwanikwe pamusoro. Mvura yakachena ishoma kudarika yemakungwa, iyo inodarika ne2,7%, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuti zvinhu zviyangarara.
Oxygenation
Okisijeni, semvura, zvinhu zvakakosha zvehupenyu hwepasi. Mupfungwa iyi, mvura yemugungwa inoburitsa 50% yeoxygen yese yatinodya, ndokusaka ichinzi mapapu epasi. Asi parizvino, masayendisiti anoti kugadzirwa kwakadzikira ne2%. Izvi zvinogona kuverengerwa nekudziya kwemvura, zvichiita kuti okisijeni yakanyunguduka inyure mumvura inotonhorera. Makungwa ndizvo zvipenyu zvinoita kuti tifeme phytoplankton.
Pasina kuvapo kweaya autotrophic microorganisms, makungwa nemakungwa aizova magwenga makuru asina upenyu. Nekuda kwebasa razvo rephotosynthetic, zvisikwa zvisingaoneki izvi zvinogadzira pakati pe50 ne85% yeokisijeni inoburitswa mumhepo, yakakwirira kupfuura yepasi. Pamusoro pezvo, iyi microorganism inokwanisa kuendesa magigatoni gumi ecarbon kubva mumhepo kuenda pakadzika kwegungwa kuti agadzirise, muchimiro chemakhahydrates, kune zvimiro zvayo zvehupenyu.
Movement
Mvura yemugungwa inogara ichifamba yakachinjika uye yakatwasuka. Izvi zvinoitika zvose pamusoro uye pakadzika. Pakati pemafambiro emakungwa pane masaisai nemasaisai anopota achinyorovesa zvikamu zvegungwa, uko kunowanikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvipenyu zvemakungwa. Kana ari mafungu, aya anobvumira kuyerera kwe plankton uye kubuda kwemamwe marudzi anofamba achikurudzirwa nekusangana, kudya kana tembiricha yemvura. Pamusoro pezvo, kutenderera uku kwemvura yemugungwa pamwero wepasi chinhu chakakosha pakugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze.
Surface horizontal kutenderera
Mafungu emvura aya anokonzerwa nekukoirana kuri pakati pezvikamu zvemvura uye kutenderera kwepasi kunoburitsa mhepo. Mvura inodziya inoyerera ichienda kunzvimbo dzepakati uye mhepo inotonhora inoyerera ichibva pamapango ichienda kuEquatorial zone. Kufamba uku kunonzi advection, ndiko kuti, nzira iyo mweya wakanyorova unofamba uye unosvika panzvimbo inotonhora.
Mafungu aya ndiwo anokonzeresa kutenderera kwegungwa kana kutenderera kwemhepo, kutenderedza equator yepasi. Imwe ratidziro yekufamba kwakatwasuka uku kwemvura yemugungwa masaisai anogadzirwa nekusundidzira kwemhepo kumahombekombe. Sezvo kumhanya kwemhepo kunowedzera nehuwandu ihwohwo, kureba kwemafungu kunowedzera. Zvimwe zviitiko zvinogona kukonzera masaisai makuru ndezvekudengenyeka kwenyika kana kuputika kwemakomo zvinogona kuparadza, sezvakaitika kune tsunami inozivikanwa zvikuru.
kutenderera kwakadzika kwakachinjika
Iyo yakadzika yakatwasuka kutenderera kunotanga sezita rayo rinoratidza munzvimbo dzakadzika. Izvi zvinogadzirwa nekuwanda uye tembiricha pakati pemvura zhinji.
vertical kutenderera
Kana iri mafambiro akatwasuka mumakungwa, anodzorwa nekusiyana kwehuwandu, hunokonzerwa nekusiyana kwemunyu, ndiko kuti, nemukati memunyu uye mukupisa. Sezvo munyu unowedzera, kuwanda kunowedzera, uye mvura inotonhora inowanzova yakaoma kupfuura mvura inopisa. Aya mafambiro ekukwira nekudzika kwemvura yemunyanza anogadzirwa nekuita kwesimba regiravhiti repasi rinokonzerwa nekukwezva kwezuva nemwedzi, izvo zvinogadzira masaisai. Mvura yakadzika inowanzokwira kumusoro pamwe chete nemigumisiro yekusununguka kwegungwa.
Kuumbwa kweOcean Waters
Kuumbwa kwemvura yemugungwa kunobva pachiitiko chekuputika kwemakomo uye kuita kwemvura pamatombo nenyika. Iyo yakaoma mhinduro yezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana umo sodium chloride inomiririra 77% yemunyu.
inorganic compounds
Sodium chloride kana zviri nani kuzivikanwa semunyu, ndiyo huru yemakemikari chikamu chemvura yemugungwa. Izvi zvinomiririra 77% yezvizere zvakanyungudutswa mumvura. Magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, potassium sulfate uye calcium carbonate inogonawo kuwanikwa mune zviduku zvishoma, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu 49.
main sales
Minyu mikuru inowanikwa mumvura yegungwa ndeye chlorine (Cl-), sodium (Na+), uye kusvika padiki sulfate (SO₄²-) uye magnesium (Mg2+) ions. Kana iri gungwa rakadzika, inogona kuwanikwa nitrates uye phosphates inodonha kubva kumusoro uko kwakatangira biological chiitiko.
Organic zvinhu
Mumvura yegungwa, huwandu hukuru hwezvinhu zvakasikwa hunogona kuwanikwa kubva kune allochthonous zvinhu, kureva kuti, inotangira kune imwe nzvimbo kunze kweyayakabva, senyika, uye inopinda mugungwa nemunzizi kana nzira yemhepo. Inogonawo kusunungurwa kubva pasi pegungwa, kunyanya kubva kune zvipenyu zvegungwa.
Gasi
Makungwa anoita basa rakakosha muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, sezvo ari iwo mapapu epasi uye makuru anogadzira okisijeni.
oxygen kutenderera
Kutenderera kweokisijeni kunoitika kuburikidza nephotosynthesis inogadzirwa netupukanana tunonzi phytoplankton, algae uye plankton inoburitsa oxygen seyakagadzirwa nephotosynthesis. Kuita uku kunosanganisira kushandura carbon dioxide nechiedza chezuva kuita shuga inoshandiswa nemuviri kuita simba. Yakawanda yeoceanic oxygen inowanikwa muchikamu chepamusoro.
Carbon kutenderera
Makungwa ndiwo makuru akaunganidza organic kabhoni, inova yakaenzana neCO2 mumhepo. Muchiitiko ichi, phytoplankton mumvura yegungwa inogadzirisa organic carbon pamwero wepagore we46 gigatons, uye kufema kwezvisikwa zvegungwa kunobudisa CO2. Pano kutenderera kunoshanda zvishoma nezvishoma zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvikamu zvekutenderera kwese. Kutenda kwazviri, huwandu hwekabhoni mumhepo uye tembiricha yepasirese inodzorwa.
Anthropic zvinosvibisa
Anthropic pollutants ndezviya zvinosvibisa zvakaunzwa mumakungwa nezviitwa nevanhu, izvo zvakanyanya kubva mukupiswa kwemafuta ezvicherwa zvakaita seoiri, marasha kana gasi. Tinogonawo kuwana zvinosvibisa zvakaita sepurasitiki zvasvika pakuumba zvitsuwa zvepurasitiki zvegungwa. Hazvirambiki kuti zuva rega rega zviuru zvematani ezvimwe zvinhu zvinosanganisirwa mumakungwa, izvo zvinopedzisira zvave kugadzirisa iwo emuviri, makemikari uye zvipenyu maitiro, zvichikanganisa biota.
Mhando dzeMvura dzeOcean
Mvura yeOcean inogadzirwa nemhomho yemvura ine hunhu hwakakosha hunoiisa netembiricha, salinity kana nharaunda yainogara. Aya anotenderedza makondinendi ese uye zvitsuwa uye akabatanidzwa neakasiyana straits.
Makungwa
Gungwa rega rega rine hunhu uye rinofukidza zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvePasi. Panyika pane makungwa mashanu anozivikanwa: Arctic, Atlantic, Antarctic, Indian uye Pacific.
Arctic Ocean
Arctic Glacial Ocean haina kudzika uye ine tembiricha yakadzikira, pamwe nekuve idiki pamakungwa epasi. Inotenderedza North Pole uye inosvika kuchamhembe kweEurope, Asia neAmerica. Iri gungwa rinosangana neAtlantic Ocean kuchamhembe, richigamuchira mhomho yemvura kuburikidza neFram Strait neGungwa reBarents. Iri zvakare kusangana nePacific Ocean kuburikidza neBering Strait, pakati peRussia neAlaska. Salinity yaro yakaderera nekuda kwekunyungudika kudiki uye kugara uchipihwa mvura yakachena kubva muchando.
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean ndiyo yechipiri mukuwedzera kwegungwa uye ndiyo inoparadzanisa America, Europe neAfrica. Inotangira kubva kuArctic Ocean kuchamhembe kusvika kuAntarctica kumaodzanyemba. Equator inoipatsanura kuita zvikamu zviviri, North Atlantic neSouth Atlantic. Inofukidza chikamu che20% chePasi.
Antartic Ocean
Iyi Antarctic Ocean iri kumaodzanyemba kwepasi, yakatenderedza kondinendi yeAntarctic mu360 °. Inoganhurana neAtlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean uye Indian Ocean. Inoonekwa segungwa rechipiri padiki papasi. Tembiricha yaro yakadzikira, kubva pa10 °C pamazuva anopisa zvikuru kusvika -2 °C. Ichi chinhu chinoita kuti mvura yaro ive nemunyu wakaderera nekuda kwesimba rekunyunguduka kwechando chechando.
Indian Ocean
Gungwa reIndia rine nzvimbo yakakura, zvichiita kuti ive yechitatu pakukura kwepasi mushure mePacific neAtlantic. Mariri mune makungwa uye nzvimbo dzinokosha zvikuru, asi inofanira kurangarirwa kuti ndiyo chete yezvitatu zvakakura zvisingapfuuri kubva padanda kuenda kune rimwe. Panyaya yetembiricha yaro, ndiyo inonyanya kupisa. Muzvinyorwa zvichangoburwa, yaive 1.2ºC apo avhareji iri 0.7. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekudziya kwepasi nekuda kweiyo greenhouse effect. Munyanza iyi mune Gungwa Dzvuku nePersian Gulf.
Iyo ine avhareji kudzika kwe3.741 m uye yakakura muJava trench ine 7.258 m. Tembiricha inenge isingambodonhe pasi pe25 ° C kunze kweiyo iri pedyo neAntarctica, inodonha kusvika pa 0 ° C. uye munyu we34,8%.
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean inotora chikamu chetatu chepasi, ndosaka ichinzi ihombe, nekuti inogara 30% yepasi uye ndiyo yakadzika, ndosaka ichichengeta zvakavanzika zvakawanda. Mariri mune migero mitanhatu yakadzika yegungwa, sezvakaita mugero weLas Marianas une 10.924 m. uye Challenger Deep ine hudzamu hunosvika 11034 metres. Mhenderekedzo yayo yegungwa inofukidza ingangoita 135,663 km. Mhepo dzayo dzinonzi dzakafanana nemukana mudiki wekugadzira madutu.
Kana iri tembiricha yayo, inogona kusiyana zvichienderana nelatitude, iyo inogona kubva pa -1.4 °C kusvika 30 °C, izvo zvinoita kuti munyu wayo usiyane. Kufamba kwavo kuchatemwa nehemisphere, kuchamhembe ivo vanotenderera newachi uye kumaodzanyemba ndiyo imwe nzira kutenderera. Mugungwa guru iri unogona kuwana 25 zviuru zvitsuwa. Iyo Pacific ine mafuta akakosha uye gasi gasi minda. Izvo zvakare zvakakosha zvikuru zvekutengeserana nekuda kwenzira dzayo dzekutumira.
Geographic nzvimbo
Mvura yeOcean yakagoverwa pasi rose, iyo inobvumira kuti ive nemaitiro chaiwo zvichienderana nenzvimbo yayo, kureva, tembiricha, chiitiko chezuva, chikafu uye ecosystems. Chiedza chezuva chinopinda kune humwe hudzamu, zvinofungidzirwa kuti 200 metres, izvo zvichave zvine chekuita nehupenyu hwemugungwa nekusiyana kwekushisa.
makungwa nemakungwa
Kuwedzerwa kwemvura ndiko kunoratidza musiyano mukuru pakati pemakungwa nemakungwa. Makungwa ane kuwedzera kushoma, akavharwa, akaganhurwa nezvimiro zvenzvimbo, ndiko kuti, maketani ezvitsuwa kana peninsulas. Izvi zvine hudzamu hushoma, izvo zvinovatendera kuti vagamuchire chiedza chakawanda uye chinowanzodziya, izvo zvinofambisa kusimukira kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Makungwa ari pakati penyika huru nemakungwa, izvo zvinoita kuti anyanye kusvibiswa.
Kurutivi rwavo, nyanza inzvimbo dzakakura dzemvura dzakaparadzaniswa nemagadzirirwo emakondinendi uye mafungu egungwa. Aya akazaruka uye ane udzamu hukuru. Iri guru remvura ine munyu rine mafungu emvura akasiyana-siyana. Tembiricha yaro yakadzikira nekuda kwehudzamu hwainopa uye inosvika madhigirii mana chero kupi. Mhando shoma dzemhuka nezvinomera dzinowanikwa mumakungwa nekuda kwekudzika kukuru uye tembiricha yakaderera.
Gulfs, Bays, Coves
Iwo marudzi ekupinzwa kwegungwa munyika. Izvi zvine hudzamu hushoma. Muchiitiko chegulfs, ihwo chikamu chikuru chegungwa, chakapoteredzwa nepoints kana capes of land. Iwo mabheji, isuwo rekupinda mugungwa pamahombekombe ane kuwedzeredzwa kwakawanda, ndiko kuti, itsaona yenzvimbo ine hunhu hwakafanana negomba, inova chikamu chegungwa pakati pemavhavha maviri nemacove, iyo. igomba remvura diki pane bay uye rine muromo wakamanikana wakamanikana negungwa rakashama. Vese vane hudzamu hushoma uye vanogamuchira pesvedzero yekondinendi.
Estuaries uye Deltas
Ese ari maviri estuaries ne deltas imhando dzekudyidzana pakati penyika negungwa, saka hadziite yepasi zvachose kana yemugungwa, sezvo ipapo mvura ine munyu inosanganiswa neinotsva uye ine makore neyakajeka. Estuaries imhando yeruoko rwegungwa runoenda murwizi uye deltas inyika iri pakati pemaoko erwizi nemuromo warwo.
Muzviitiko zvose izvi, idzi inzvimbo umo nzizi huru dzinoyerera dzichipinda mugungwa kana kuti zvakananga mugungwa, apo iyo yekupedzisira inopesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nemvura yerwizi, inoderedza salinity uye kuwedzera sediments uye zvinovaka muviri. Hurongwa hwemasaisai nemasaisai, kuremerwa kwesediments uye kuyerera kwenzizi ndizvo zvinotaridza kuumbwa kwemadelta nema estuaries.
nyanza
Madhamu anogona kurondedzerwa sekuunganidzwa kwemvura yemugungwa pamhenderekedzo ichiita dhamu risina kudzika, iro rakaparadzaniswa negungwa nejecha chipingamupinyi munenge mukuwedzera kwayo kwese, nekuti inoramba yakabatana negungwa mune mamwe masekete. Mune iyi tsaona yenzvimbo, mvura yemugungwa inotora mwaranzi yezuva pahupamhi hwayo uye nekudaro tembiricha inowedzera.
netembiricha
Mvura yemugungwa inosiyana zvichienderana nehumwe hunhu, kusanganisira tembiricha, iyo inozotemwa nelatitude; kuvapo kwemvura yegungwa nekudzika. Nokudaro, kune mvura inodziya uye inotonhora, iyo inopindirana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwezvokudya. Nokudaro, mvura yegungwa inodziya ine zvokudya zvishoma pane mvura inotonhora.
Nemunyu
Iyo yakakwirira yemunyu yakanyungudutswa mumvura yegungwa ndiyo inonyanya kukosha. Izvi zvine paavhareji anenge 35 magiramu emunyu parita yemvura. Izvi zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo ine equator nemapango, pamwe nekupisa uye kunaya kwemvura. Kusimba kwaro kunobva pakubuda kwemhepo, iyo sezvo tembiricha inowedzera inokanganisa kuwedzera kwemunyu. Chimwe chinhu chinokonzera kuwanda kwemvura yakachena kubva munzizi. Gungwa rePacific rine mwero wemunyu wakakwirira kudarika Arctic uye shoma pane Atlantic.
Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti Gungwa Rakafa rinogona kuita semvura ine munyu kupfuura mamwe pasi rose, asi mvura yeLake Don Juan, muAntarctica, ine munyu we44% uye haina kudzika 10 centimita.
Kunaya, kurerukirwa uye munyu
Ikozvino, gungwa reAtlantic rinowanzoita munyu kupfuura Pacific, kunaya, zvekuti kana mvura inotonhora uye ine munyu pamusoro peNorth Atlantic inonyura uye yotanga kufamba yakananga kuAntarctica, inomutsa patani yemafungu emugungwa anoburitsa utsi. Makomo eRocky ari kuNorth America neAndes kuSouth America anovhara kutakurwa kwemhute yemvura kubva kuPacific Ocean kuenda kuAtlantic.
Kunaya kunobatsira kugadzirisa munyu, sezvo mvura ichipfava yodonha semvura kana sinou, izvo zvinoita kuti munyu uderedze uye utapire. Kana kuri kurerutswa kwenyanza, izvi zvinoenzanisirwa nekufamba kwegomba richigadzira makomo anoputika, migero yakadzika, mabheseni uye mapani, umo materu akapfava, zvimiro zvakatenderedzwa uye zvisina kuenzana zvinotungamira nekuda kwekuita kwekukukurwa.
nechiedza
Mvura yeOceanic ine hukuru uye hudiki kudzika, izvo zvinovabvumira kuti vawedzere kana kushoma kuratidzwa kwekupinda kwemwaranzi yezuva, iyo ine pfuma yemuviri yekuparadzira mukati memvura yepakati. Kubva pane izvi, tinotaura nezve euphotic zone uye iyo aphotic zone kune iyo yakadzika iyo zuva risingasviki.Rima remvura yemugungwa rinofananidzwa neiyo yeusiku hwakasviba zvakanyanya.
euphotic zone
Euphotic zone dzine chiedza chezuva chakanaka nekuti hadzina kudzika. Iwo anowanikwa kubva ku80 kusvika ku200 mamita akadzika, achifambisa photosynthetic maitiro e phytoplankton uye macroalgae. Pano 90% yehupenyu hwemakungwa hunokura. Nzvimbo idzi dzinokanganiswawo nekusagadzikana kwemvura nekuda kwekusiyana kwemvura yemugungwa.
aphotic zone
Kusiyana neyakapfuura, iyo aphotic zone ndiko uko chiitiko chezuva chiri chidiki kwazvo kana chisina. Inotangira pa 200 metres kusvika pakadzika dzika. Muzvikamu izvi hazvibviri kuita photosynthesis uye zvisikwa zvipenyu zvinogara imomo zvinogara uye kudya pane tsvina inowira kubva kumusoro. Pano kumwe chete kunobva chiedza kune mamwe marudzi ehove dzebioluminescent. Mumvura idzi avhareji yetembiricha iri pakati pe0 ne6 °C.
Vertical zoning uye horizontal
Mvura yeOcean yakakamurwa kuita uriri hwakatwasuka uye hwakachinjika. The verticals inosarudza eiye littoral kana fital system, iyo isiri chinhu kunze kwe mhenderekedzo yegungwa kusvika kumuganhu wesherufu yekondinendi kana kumuganhu wakaderera wezvinomera zvemugungwa. Izvi zvakakamurwa kuita supralittoral, mesolittoral, infralittoral, uye circalittoral.
Kune zvakare iyo yakadzika sisitimu inosanganisira kubva pamateru epuratifomu yekondinendi kusvika pakadzika pakadzika pegungwa, kureva, migero yegungwa kana gomba rakadzika-dzika, iro nzvimbo nhatu dzinosiyaniswa: yekugezera ine zviuru zvitatu zvemamita, gomba pakati pe3 zviuru ne6. zviuru zvemamita; uye hadal ine zviuru zvinomwe zvemamita ekudzika umo migero yegungwa inosanganisirwa.
Nzvimbo yakachinjika inoumbwa nepamusoro pegungwa, inonziwo pelagic kana pelagic. Mariri, nzvimbo mbiri dzakakura dzinogona kuzivikanwa: iyo neritic, iyo inosanganisira kuwanda kwemvura iri pamusoro peiyo kondinendi base, ndiko kuti, pakati pemahombekombe uye anenge 200 metres kudzika; uye neyomugungwa iri kunze kwenzvimbo yekondinendi.
Coral reef
Makorari ematombo akakosha zvikuru mukusimudzira nekuchengetedza zvakasiyana-siyana zvipenyu. Iwo anowanikwa mumvura inodziya, isina kudzika, saka ane mashoma mukudya. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti makorari ekoroni anova anokwezva hupenyu hunoumba hurongwa hwakaoma kunzwisisa. Vanogashira chiedza chakakwana uye inzvimbo inodzivirira kumhepo, ichigadzira dandemutande rezvokudya rakaoma.
Zvinonakidza Chokwadi nezve Ocean Waters
Waizviziva here kuti iyo chikamu chikuru chemvura pasi pano ndicho Pacific Ocean, ine mamiriyoni 166 Km² uye Gungwa gurusa pasi rose iArabia (Gungwa reArabia). kana munyu wose mugungwa wabudira panyika yakaoma; yaizoumba nhurikidzwa inopfumbira mamita anopfuura 150, kureba kwakaenzana nouyo kwechivako chine nhurikidzwa 45.
Gungwa reDon Juan, riri muAntarctica, ndiro rine mvura ine munyu kupfuura dzimwe dzose panyika. Mwero wemunyu wayo wakakwira zvekuti haigoni kuomesa nechando kunyangwe tembiricha yayo iri minus 50 degrees. Rine munyu zvakapetwa kaviri kupfuura Gungwa Rakafa, iro rine munyu zvakapetwa kasere kupfuura mamwe makungwa ose.
Chimwe chechokwadi chinoda kuziva icho mahombekombe egungwa ndeaya anonzi zvitsuwa zvepurasitiki. Kune manomwe semugumisiro wematani mamiriyoni masere emarara anopinda mumakungwa nemakungwa. Aya ari muPacific, Atlantic uye Indian Oceans, achikanganisa hupenyu hwemugungwa uye chimiro chemakemikari emvura yenzvimbo iyi.
Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve Oceanic Mvura, tarisa inotevera vhidhiyo:
Kana iwe uchida kuverenga zvimwe zvinyorwa zvine chekuita nenharaunda, tinokurudzira kuti iwe uise anotevera ma link.
Kuchengetedza Kwakatipoteredza
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