Tasirin Girkanci yana nan a cikin duk fasaharsa, amma tambarin nasa yana sanya salo na musamman akan zanen roman: al'amuran rayuwa, al'amuran almara, shimfidar wurare, har yanzu rayuwa ko ma kayan ado na trompe l'oeil. Ado na gine-gine ya shahara sosai tare da Romawa.
zanen roman
Kamar yadda wayewar zamanin Hellenanci na Crete da Mycenae suka gabatar da fasahar Girka, fasahar Roman kuma ta sami wurin kiwo a cikin Etruscan da wayewar Girka. Kusan shekaru 1000/800 sun fito ne daga yankin gabashin Bahar Rum, mai yiwuwa daga Lydia, a cikin Ƙaramar Asiya, ƙabilar Etruscan Italiya a ciki. Abin farin ciki, don haka suna ƙara yawan ƴan ƙasar; zuwa tsakiyar Italiya suna kawo wani yanki na al'adun gargajiya daga Gabas.
Kamar yadda Etruscans suka mamaye kusan dukkanin tsibirin Italiya, sun ba da gudummawa mai yawa don gina wayewar Romawa: aikinsu da fasaha na fasaha sun bar alama mai zurfi a kan fasahar Roman. Har ila yau, Helenawa sun yi tasiri mai yawa akan fasaha da wayewar Romawa.
A lokacin babban mulkin mallaka, 800-550, sun yi tururuwa zuwa gaci na Bahar Rum. Shin suna zaune a Sicily kuma? da kudancin Italiya, wanda ake kira Greater Girka. Waɗannan Helenawa suna kawo wayewar Girka ta kowane fanni zuwa ƙasa Italic kuma suna rinjayar fasahar Roman fiye da kowa.
Tare da haɓaka al'adun Romawa, zamanin d ¯ a ya shiga mataki na ƙarshe. Art a Roma ya taka rawar da ya bambanta da na Girka, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da rayuwa.
Masu zane-zane, sculptors, masu zane-zane, masana falsafa da mawaka na Girka sun kafa tarihi da kansu. A zamanin d Roma, sarakunan birane, janar-janar, masu magana ne suka yi wannan aikin. An rubuta sunayensu a cikin tarihin tarihi, amma sunayen masu zane-zane da sculptors na Romawa ba su zo mana ba, duk da cewa suna da hazaka kamar na Girkawa.
Ƙarshen al'adun Etruscan shine farkon fasahar Roman. Wataƙila, kafin wannan lokacin akwai masu fasaha da sculptors a zamanin d Roma, amma ba a adana bayanai game da su ba. Har ila yau, ya shafi gaskiyar cewa kusan har zuwa ƙarshen wanzuwar jamhuriyar, Roma ta ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe don cinye maƙwabta, kuma yaki, kamar yadda kuka sani, ba ya taimakawa wajen bunkasa fasaha.
Haka nan kasar ta girgiza da fadan cikin gida: talakawa sun yi yaki da masu fada aji, suna kare hakkinsu; Garuruwan Italiya ( gundumomi) sun bukaci daidaito da mutanen Rome. Yaƙe-yaƙe sun daɗe tsawon ƙarni, ba tare da tsayawa na shekara ɗaya ba. Wataƙila saboda waɗannan dalilai, fasahar Roman kamar haka ba ta wanzu har zuwa ƙarni na IV-III BC. Gine-ginen shine farkon wanda ya bayyana kansa: na farko a cikin hanyar gadoji da tsarin tsaro, kuma daga baya - temples.
Sau da yawa ana cewa Romawa ba masu fasaha ba ne na gaskiya. Mutum zai iya samun wannan ra'ayi idan aka kwatanta nasarorin fasaha na Romawa da, a ce, na Helenawa ko Masarawa. A farkon ƙarnuka na tarihin Romawa, ba mu sami kaɗan don nuna kyawawa ko buri na fasaha ba; Romawa tabbas ba su ƙirƙiri fasaha na asali ba.
Idan Roma, duk da haka, ta mamaye wani babban wuri a cikin tarihin fasaha a cikin ƙarni, saboda Romawa, bayan sun ci mulkin soja a duniya, sun kuma gane dabi'u na ruhaniya da siffofin fasaha na sauran mutane. , musamman Helenawa. , yana da babban ƙarfin haɓakawa da sanin yadda ake aiwatarwa ta hanyar sirri.
Gabaɗayan halaye na tsohon zanen Romawa
Zanen Roman ya zo mana kusan a cikin nau'in zanen bango. Dangane da haka, yawancin ayyukan fasaha har yanzu suna wurin da aka ƙirƙira su da kuma inda ake adana su a cikin yanayi masu wahala. Muhimmin shaida na zanen Romawa shine kayan ado na kaburbura da gidaje masu zaman kansu, na temples da wuraren tsafi a cikin daular.
Tasirin Girka kuma ya mamaye farko a zanen Romawa. An samo wani wurin musamman na Roman daga karni na XNUMX BC. C. a cikin abin da ake kira zane-zane na nasara. Don karrama janar-janar da suka yi nasara, an ɗauki zane-zane a matsayin sanannun rahotanni a cikin jerin gwanon nasara sannan kuma a nuna su a bainar jama'a. Abin takaici, waɗannan zane-zane ba su tsira ba kuma an tabbatar da su ne kawai a cikin wallafe-wallafen da.
Al'adar zanen bangon gidaje sun shiga cikin biranen Romawa a karni na XNUMX BC daga garuruwan Girka na kudancin Italiya, amma masu zanen kayan ado na Romawa, suna zana dabarun Girkanci, da kirkira sun haɓaka tsarinsu na ado bango.
A zanen bangon Romawa na karni na XNUMX BC, al'ada ce a bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan kayan ado guda huɗu, waɗanda wasu lokuta ana kiran su "Pompeian" (saboda irin waɗannan zane-zane an fara gano su a cikin fasahar fresco lokacin hakowa a Pompeii).
Babban gudunmawa ga nazarin zane-zane na bango a tsohuwar Roma ya kasance daga masanin kimiyyar Jamus Agusta May, wanda ke da alhakin gano nau'i hudu na zane-zane na Pompeian.
Rarraba cikin salon zanen ba sabani ba ne kuma baya mamaye ka'idojin juyin halittar Roman gaba daya.
Za'a iya ganin zanen bango na Roman daga wurare daban-daban: Na farko, a matsayin nau'in hoto guda ɗaya wanda ke ƙawata wannan ko wasu wurare na wani girman da manufa. Na biyu, a matsayin echo na Girkanci da Hellenistic.
Na uku, a matsayin neman wannan ko waccan ma'auni na al'ada, ma'auni na zane-zane na Romawa daga zamani daban-daban. Na hudu, a matsayin wakilin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na zane-zane na Roman kanta, fasaha na fasaha na masu kirkiro.
Dabaru da salon zanen Roman
Yawancin gine-ginen gine-ginen Romawa an yi musu ado da kyau da launuka masu kauri da ƙira. Zane-zane na bango, frescoes da amfani da stucco don ƙirƙirar tasirin taimako an yi su a ƙarni na farko BC.
Ana amfani da ita a gine-ginen jama'a, gidaje masu zaman kansu, haikali, kaburbura, har ma da kayan aikin soja a ko'ina cikin duniyar Romawa.
Zane-zane sun kasance daga rikitattun bayanai, cikakkun bayanai na gaske zuwa ma'anar ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa sau da yawa suna rufe dukkan sashin bangon da ke akwai, gami da rufin.
Shirye-shiryen plaster yana da mahimmanci sosai cewa Pliny da Vitruvius sun bayyana, a cikin ayyukansu, fasahar da masu zane-zane suke amfani da su don fresco bango: da farko, dole ne a yi filastar mai kyau wanda zai iya zama nau'i bakwai na jere. daban-daban abun da ke ciki.
Na farko ya fi kauri, sannan aka yi sauran ukun da turmi da yashi sannan ukun na karshe da turmi da turmi da kura; Gabaɗaya, ana yin ɗigon filasta zuwa kauri kamar santimita takwas, na farko ana sanya shi kai tsaye a bangon don ya manne da kyau, kuma shi ne mafi kauri (cm uku zuwa biyar) da yashi da lemun tsami.
Masu zanen bangon Romawa sun gwammace launukan duniya na halitta, da jajaye masu duhu, rawaya da ochers. An kuma yi amfani da launuka masu launin shuɗi da baƙar fata don ƙira mafi sauƙi, amma shaida daga kantin fenti na Pompeii ya nuna cewa akwai sautuna iri-iri.
A ƙarni na XNUMX da XNUMX BC, ba a zana hotuna kai tsaye a bango ba. A cikin filastar fenti, an kwaikwayi ginshiƙan marmara na murabba'i huɗu, tsaye da kwance, launuka iri-iri, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don rufe bango a tsayin tsayi. A saman an rufe wannan kayan ado tare da firam ɗin filasta, wataƙila waɗannan firam ɗin sun ƙunshi fanatoci marasa kwance. Misalai da yawa na wannan tsarin kayan ado an adana su a Campania, ciki har da Gidan Sallust a Pompeii.
Wannan ya biyo bayan salon da ya bazu ko'ina cikin duniyar Hellenistic. Sai kawai a farkon karni na XNUMX BC, fasahar Roman na gaskiya ta fito. Ba a sake yin faranti a cikin stucco na filastik ba, amma a maimakon haka an yi musu fenti da siffar da ratsi na haske da inuwa suka nuna.
Daga baya, an zana tsakiyar bangon kamar wanda ya ɗan ja baya kuma an nuna ginshiƙai a lokaci-lokaci waɗanda suka bayyana suna tsaye a kan wani madadi kuma da alama suna goyon bayan rufin. Saman bangon ya ba da shawarar kallon wani ɗaki ko tsakar gida. An kuma shirya gine-ginen gine-ginen a daidaita a kusa da wani fentin fentin, tare da kofa ko kofa a tsakiya, kamar yadda yake a gidan Publius Fannius Sinistor a Boscoreale, 50-40 BC.
Batutuwan sun kasance hotuna, al'amuran daga tatsuniyoyi, gine-ginen trompe l'oeil, flora, fauna, har ma da lambuna, shimfidar wurare, da duk wuraren da ke cikin gari don haifar da ban mamaki panoramas waɗanda ke jigilar mai kallo daga kunkuntar wurare zuwa cikin duniya marar iyaka na tunanin cewa mai zanen sace.
Mafi girman misalan zanen Romawa sun fito ne daga frescoes na yankin Vesuvius (Pompeii da Herculaneum), daga allunan Masarawa na Fayum da kuma samfuran Romawa, wasu sun samo asali ne daga zamanin Paleo-Kirista (zane-zane daga catacombs). Muna da shaidar zanen Romawa a cikin dabaru guda uku:
- Zanen mural: yi a fresco, a kan sabo ne lemun tsami, sabili da haka mafi m; an haɗa launuka da kwai ko kakin zuma don taimaka musu su kama;
- Zane a kan itace ko panel: saboda yanayin goyon baya, misalan da aka karɓa ba su da yawa. Shahararriyar bangaranci ta fito ne daga kaburburan Fayum (Masar), an yi sa'a an kiyaye su saboda yanayin muhalli da yanayi na musamman;
- Zanen Abstract, wanda aka yi amfani da shi akan abubuwa, don dalilai na ado. Yawancin lokaci ana siffanta shi da taƙaitaccen bayani da bugun jini cikin sauri.
Gabaɗaya, zane-zanen da aka yi a baya da na gidaje masu arziƙi sun nuna filaye fiye da zane-zane na baya da na gine-ginen da ba su da kyau. An fara daga sama, an sanya yadudduka na filasta sannan an shafa fenti a bango kuma a ƙarshe an gama a ƙasa.
Duk da babban bambance-bambance a cikin cikakkun bayanai, an gina ganuwar bisa ga wannan makirci. Koyaushe akwai yankin tushe, yankin tsakiya da na sama. Yankin tushe yawanci mai sauƙi ne, yana iya zama monochrome, amma kuma yana iya samun ƙirar marmara ko zane-zane mai sauƙi. Samfurin Geometric suma sun shahara sosai.
A cikin tsakiyar yankin, duk da haka, tsakiyar nauyi na zanen ya bayyana. Dangane da salon, za ku sami ƙayyadaddun gine-gine ko filayen sauƙi, tare da tsakiyar bango yawanci yana da nauyi musamman kuma an yi masa ado da zane.
Hotunan filayen, waɗanda suka yaɗu musamman a salo na uku (na ado), sun ƙunshi sauye-sauye na faffadan fage, monochrome, da kunkuntar filayen, waɗanda galibi ana ƙawata su da ciyayi, gine-ginen da ba na gaske ba, ko wasu alamu.
Etruscans (zane-zanen kabari) sun riga sun yi zane-zane, amma mafi tsohuwar shaidar aikin hoto a Roma ya koma farkon rabin karni na XNUMX BC: musamman, adadi na shahararren Fabius Pictor (marigayi XNUMXth karni BC) ana tunawa, mai yin ado na Haikalin Salus.
An taso da hasashen cewa a cikin wannan mafi dadewa lokaci, zanen Romawa ya riga ya gabatar da fifiko na musamman ga yanayin bukukuwa na ƙarni masu zuwa, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar ruwaya da bayyananniyar ruwaya, kamar yadda yake a cikin bas-reliefs na zamani. Shahararren abin da ake kira zanen Pompeian, mai suna bayan zane-zanen da aka samu a Pompeii, Herculaneum da sauran kasashe da fashewar Vesuvius ya shafa (79 AD). An kasu kashi hudu iri-iri:
salon farko
Karni na XNUMX-XNUMX BC, wanda kuma ake kira "inlays". Ya yi daidai da rayuwar Romawa na ƙarni na biyu BC. Wannan salon kwaikwayi ne na dutsen marmara masu launi. A kan bangon ɗakunan ciki, an yi duk cikakkun bayanai na gine-gine a cikin sassa uku: pilasters, ledges, cornices, masonry brackets guda ɗaya, sa'an nan kuma an yi duk abin da aka fentin, yana kwaikwayon kammala duwatsu a cikin launi da tsari.
An shirya filasta, wanda aka yi amfani da fenti, daga nau'i-nau'i da yawa, inda kowane nau'i na gaba ya kasance mai laushi.
Salon “inlay” wani kwaikwayi ne na cikin gidajen sarauta da gidaje masu arziki a garuruwan Hellenistic, inda aka yi wa dakunan da duwatsu masu launi iri-iri (marbles). Salon kayan ado na farko ya fita daga salon a cikin 80s BC Misalin salon "inlay" shine Gidan Faun a Pompeii. Launuka da aka yi amfani da su, ja ja, rawaya, baki da fari, an bambanta su ta hanyar tsabtar sautin su.
frescoes a cikin House of Griffins a Roma (100 BC) na iya zama matakin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin salon ado na farko da na biyu.
Haɗuwa da shuɗi, Lilac, launuka masu launin launin ruwan kasa, ƙaramin gradation na sarauta da zane-zane mai ban sha'awa, hoto mai faɗi da girma, tsakanin bangon bangon bango da ginshiƙan, kamar yadda yake, fitowa daga bangon, yana ba da damar haskaka zanen zanen. Gidan Griffins azaman hanyar tsaka-tsaki daga ƙaramin kwaikwayi na masonry zuwa hanyar sarari mai aiki na warware bango.
salo na biyu
Karni na XNUMX-XNUMXst BC Ana kiransa 'hangen gini', sabanin salon fa'ida na farko, ya fi sarari a yanayi. Ganuwar sun nuna ginshiƙai, cornices, pilasters da manyan kaya tare da cikakkiyar mafarki na gaskiya, har ma da yaudara. An rufe tsakiyar bangon da hotuna na pergolas, baranda, wanda aka gabatar a cikin hangen nesa, ta amfani da chiaroscuro. Tare da taimakon zane-zane na kayan ado, an halicci sararin samaniya mai ban mamaki, ganuwar gaske ta zama kamar ta rabu, ɗakin ya fi girma.
Wani lokaci sifofin mutum ɗaya, ko gabaɗayan fage masu adadi ko shimfidar wurare, ana sanya su a tsakanin ginshiƙai da tarkace. Wani lokaci a tsakiyar bangon akwai manyan hotuna masu girma. Shirye-shiryen zane-zane sun kasance mafi yawan tatsuniyoyi, kasa da yawa yau da kullum. Sau da yawa zane-zane na salon na biyu kwafi ne na ayyukan tsoffin masu zane na Girka na karni na XNUMX BC.
Misalin zanen a cikin salon ado na biyu shine kyawawan kayan ado na Villa of the Mysteries a Pompeii. A cikin wani ɗan ƙaramin ɗaki mai ƙaton dutse mai kama da marmara, a gaban bangon bango mai haske mai haske mai koren pilasters, an haɗa adadi ashirin da tara cikin girman rayuwa.
Yawancin abubuwan da aka keɓe an sadaukar da su ga asirai don girmama allah Dionysus. Dionysus da kansa kuma an kwatanta shi a nan, yana jingina a kan gwiwoyi na Ariadne (matarsa). Ana nuna dattawa, matasa satyrs, maenads, da mata a nan.
Abin sha'awa sosai shi ne yanayin da wani dattijo mai karfi, wanda aka zana a bango daya na dakin, ya karkata da kallonsa ga matashin maenad, wanda aka zana a daya bangon. A lokaci guda, Silenus ya yi wa wani matashi satyr ba'a tare da abin rufe fuska na wasan kwaikwayo a hannunsa.
Wani wurin zanen kuma yana da ban sha'awa, yana nuna wata babbar baiwar Allah ta yi wa wata yarinya durƙusa bulala da doguwar bulala a bayanta tana ƙoƙarin zama cikakkiyar mai shiga cikin abubuwan asiri. Matsayin yarinyar, yanayin fuskarta, lumshewar idanuwanta, ɗimbin baƙaƙen gashi suna nuna wahalhalun jiki da ɓacin rai. Wannan rukunin kuma ya haɗa da kyakkyawan adadi na matashin ɗan rawa wanda ya riga ya ci jarabawar da ake buƙata.
Abun da ke cikin fresco ya dogara ne ba kawai akan adadin kundin sararin samaniya ba, amma akan juxtaposition na silhouettes a kan jirgin sama, kodayake alkalumman da aka wakilta suna da ƙarfi da ƙarfi. An haɗa gaba dayan fresco zuwa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar ishara da madaidaitan haruffan da aka zana akan bango daban-daban. Dukkan haruffan suna haskaka ta hanyar haske mai laushi daga rufin.
An yi wa jikin tsirara fentin da ban mamaki, tsarin launi na tufafin yana da kyau sosai. Ko da yake bangon baya yana da haske ja, babu wani daki-daki da ke ɓacewa a kan wannan bangon da ya bambanta. Ana wakilta mahalarta a cikin asirai don haifar da tunanin kasancewar su a cikin ɗakin.
A peculiar alama na biyu style ne shimfidar wuri images: duwatsu, teku, filayen, enlivened da daban-daban grotesquely yi Figures na mutane, kashe schematically. Ba a rufe sarari a nan, amma kyauta. A mafi yawan lokuta, shimfidar wuri ya haɗa da hotunan gine-gine.
A lokacin Jamhuriyar Romawa, hoton easel na hoto ya kasance gama gari. A cikin Pompeii akwai hoton wata budurwa tare da rubutattun allunan, da kuma hoton Pompeian Terentius tare da matarsa. Dukan hotuna biyun an zana su ne a tsaka-tsakin zane. An bambanta su ta hanyar canja wuri mai kyau na filastik fuska. hotuna masu zurfi.
salo na uku
Salon Pompeian na uku (karshen karni na XNUMX BC - farkon karni na XNUMX AD) ya yi daidai da salon kayan ado maimakon kayan ado masu ban sha'awa, tare da manufar rabuwa da maye gurbin bangon sarauta, akwai zane-zanen da ke ado bango ba tare da karya jirginsa ba.
Hotunan, akasin haka, suna jaddada jirgin saman bangon, suna yin ado da shi da kayan ado masu kyau, daga cikinsu akwai ginshiƙai masu ban sha'awa sosai, kamar chandeliers na karfe. Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa salon ado na uku kuma ana kiransa "chandelier".
Baya ga wannan kayan ado na haske na gine-gine, an sanya ƙananan zane-zane tare da abun ciki na tatsuniyoyi a tsakiyar bangon. Har yanzu rayuwa, ƙananan shimfidar wurare da al'amuran yau da kullum an gabatar da su a cikin kayan ado na kayan ado tare da fasaha mai girma.
Garlands na ganye da furanni fentin a kan wani farin bango suna da matukar hali. Fentin kayan ado na fure, kayan adon, ƙaramin fage da har yanzu rayuwa suna buƙatar kallo kusa. Zane na salo na uku yana jaddada ta'aziyya da kusanci na ɗakin.
Palette na masu fasaha na salon na uku yana da ban sha'awa kuma ya bambanta: wani tushe mai launin baki ko duhu mai duhu, wanda aka yi amfani da ƙananan bushes, furanni ko tsuntsaye. A cikin ɓangaren sama, an gabatar da madaidaicin bangarori na shuɗi, ja, rawaya, kore ko baƙar fata, waɗanda aka sanya kananan zane-zane, lambobin yabo ko warwatse kowane adadi.
Masu zane-zane na Romawa sun fayyace maganin Girika na al'amuran tatsuniyoyi daidai da salon da ake bi. Hannun fuska mai tsanani, kwanciyar hankali da daidaitawa, siffofi na mutum-mutumi.
An mai da hankali sosai ga fayyace fayyace wanda ke zayyana folds ɗin tufa a sarari. Misalin salo na uku shine Villa na Cicero a Pompeii. Yanayin makiyaya mara kyau sun tsira a Pompeii da Roma. Yawancin zane-zane masu girman gaske, ɗan zane-zane, wani lokaci ana fentin su da launi ɗaya ko biyu.
salo na hudu
Salon kayan ado na huɗu ya haɓaka a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMXst. Salo na huɗu yana da haɓaka da farin ciki, yana haɗuwa da gine-ginen gine-gine masu ban sha'awa na salon na biyu tare da kayan ado na ado na salo na uku.
Sashin kayan ado na zane-zane yana ɗaukar halayen kyawawan kayan gine-ginen gine-gine, kuma zane-zanen da ke cikin tsakiyar sassan ganuwar suna da yanayin sararin samaniya da haɓaka.
Yawan launuka yakan bambanta. Filayen zane-zane galibi na tatsuniyoyi ne. Yawaitar alkaluman da ba a saba gani ba, da aka nuna a cikin saurin motsi, suna haɓaka ra'ayi na sarari. Zane-zane na hudu ya sake karya jirgin saman bango, yana fadada iyakokin dakin.
Masanan salon salo na huɗu, suna ƙirƙirar bangon bangon bangon bangon bangon bangon bangon bangon bango mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa na gidan sarauta, ko zane-zanen labari, wanda ke musanya da "taga" ta inda ake iya ganin sassan sauran gine-ginen gine-gine.
Wani lokaci, a saman bangon, masu zane-zane suna zana zane-zane da kuma baranda tare da siffofi na mutane, kamar suna kallon wadanda ke cikin dakin. Don zane-zane a cikin wannan salon, zaɓin fenti kuma ya kasance halayyar. Musamman a wannan lokacin suna wakiltar abubuwan ƙira tare da ayyuka masu ƙarfi ko kaifi
A cikin murals na Pompeii da ruhin Roman zalla an kiyaye su. Alal misali, a kan Calle de la Abundancia, a ƙofar wurin taron mai rini Verecundo, a kan bango na waje akwai zanen da aka yi tare da madaidaici da ƙididdiga, wanda ke nuna dukkanin matakai na mai rini da mataimakansa. Misali na salo na hudu shine zanen gidan sarautar Nero da ke Roma (Gidan Zinare), kayan ado na ban sha'awa wanda ɗan wasan Roman Fabullus ne ya jagoranta.
Ya kasance mafi kyawun salon, yana haɗa kyawawan gine-gine masu ban sha'awa da ban mamaki na salon na biyu, bangarori na marmara na ƙarya da abubuwan ado na salon na uku (Gidan Vettii a Pompeii, Gidan Dioscuri). A cikin wannan lokacin akwai manyan misalan gine-gine tare da wasan kwaikwayo da tasirin yanayi wanda, duk da haka, sake yin aiki da haɗa abubuwan da aka zana daga salon farko.
Yawancin gidajen Pompeian da aka yi wa ado a cikin wannan salon daga sake ginawa bayan girgizar kasa na 62 AD Misalin su shine House of the Vettii, wanda aka yi wa ado da al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullum (misali fada tsakanin zakaru) kuma, sama da duka, al'amuran tare da labarin almara.
Asalin zanen bangon bango na Roman na ƙarni na II-III
Bayan bacewar Pompeii, Herculaneum da Stabiae a shekara ta 79 AD Yana da matukar wahala a iya gano hanyar ci gaban tsohon zanen Romawa, tun da abubuwan tunawa da suka kasance a ƙarni na II-IV kaɗan ne. Tabbas muna iya cewa zanen bango a karni na XNUMX ya zama ruwan dare. Ya bambanta da salon kayan ado na huɗu, inda aka halicci mafarki na babban sararin samaniya, an jaddada jirgin saman bangon yanzu. An fassara bangon a layi daya ta hanyar gine-gine guda ɗaya.
Bugu da ƙari, zane-zane lokacin yin ado da ɗakin, an yi amfani da nau'in marmara iri-iri da kuma kayan ado da aka sanya duka a ƙasa da bango. Misali shine zanen gidan sarki Hadrian a Tivoli, kusa da Roma. A ƙarshen karni na XNUMX da rabi na farko na karni na XNUMX, an ƙara sauƙaƙe dabarun zanen kayan ado.
An raba jirgin saman bango, rufi, saman kabarin da ratsan duhu zuwa rectangles, trapezoids, ko hexagons, wanda a ciki (kamar yadda yake a cikin firam) an zana kai namiji ko mace, ko wani motif. tsire-tsire, tsuntsaye da dabbobi.
A cikin karni na XNUMX, an samar da hanyar zane-zane, wanda aka kwatanta da bugun jini wanda ya jaddada kawai babban kundin kuma ya bi siffar filastik. Layukan duhu masu yawa, idanu masu kyau, gira, hanci. Yawancin gashi an yi maganin su da yawa. Alkaluman tsari ne. Wannan salon ya shahara musamman lokacin zanen catacombs na Kirista da kaburburan Romawa.
A ƙarshen karni na XNUMX mosaics sun shahara musamman. Mosaic Figures suna bambanta da rigidity daga cikin matsayi, da layin zane na folds na tufafi, wurin da launi makirci, da kuma general jirgin sama form. Fuskokin haruffan da aka wakilta ba su da fasali ɗaya.
Ya zama ruwan dare ga manyan mutane a kawata katangar gidajensu da gidajensu masu zaman kansu, shi ya sa akasarin hujjojin da suka zo mana sun samo asali ne daga wannan mahallin. Mahimmanci sosai ga zane-zane na Romawa shine tasirin Girkanci, wanda aka samo daga ilimin zane-zane na Girkanci da zane-zane, amma sama da duka daga yaduwar masu zane-zane na Girka a Roma. Daga Hellenistic Sphere, Roman zanen ba kawai gada jigogi na ado amma kuma na halitta da kuma wakilci gaskiya.
Hotunan jana'izar Fayum
Tare da zanen Roman da kararrawa, akwai shahararrun Hotunan Fayum (karni na farko BC - karni na XNUMX AD) wadanda jerin allunan Masarawa ne masu kama da hotunan da aka sanya wa mamacin a lokacin binne. An nuna batutuwan da rai, tare da ainihin gaske na fuskoki, suna wakiltar gaba da sau da yawa akan tsaka tsaki. Halayen waɗannan allunan wani ƙaƙƙarfan vivacity ne na hoto.
Wani abin misali na haɗin kai tsakanin al'adu daban-daban, wannan rukunin zanen ana kiransa da Fayum Hoton saboda wurin da aka samo su. Akwai hotuna kusan ɗari shida na jana'iza, waɗanda aka yi a kan allunan katako tare da fasaha na haɓaka ko yanayin yanayi tsakanin ƙarni na XNUMXst da XNUMXrd, kuma an adana su cikin kyakkyawan yanayi saboda busasshen yanayi na wurin. Yawan mutanen da ke zaune a nan sun fito daga Girkanci da Masarawa amma sun riga sun zama Romanized wajen amfani da su, suna daidaita su da nasu al'ada.
Irin wannan zanen da ke kan tebur shine ainihin hoton marigayin kuma yana cikin ayyukan jana'izar gida: kuma farashin zai iya zama mai yawa tun lokacin da za a iya yin ado da hoton da ganyen zinariya don yin koyi da kayan ado da abubuwa masu daraja, an sanya shi a tsakanin. bandejin mummy na wasu kwanaki a lokacin baje kolin gawar a gida kafin a binne.
Rikicin Masarawa, Al'adar Girkanci amma Salon Roman: Wannan al'umma ta shafi fasahar Romawa kuma ta kwafi jigoginta da yanayinta; duk hotuna suna da tsaka-tsaki, amma suna da kyau sosai a cikin ma'anar fasalin fuska da cikakkun bayanai na tufafi da salon gyara gashi.
A cikin wannan samarwa akwai haruffa masu maimaitawa waɗanda suma sun yadu a Roma: manyan idanu, tsayayyen kallo da sauƙaƙawar volumetric (warkewar jiragen saman kwane-kwane da jiki) kuma ana samun su a cikin wasu hotuna na Roman na lokacin Tsanani kuma ba da daɗewa ba.
Wanda aka keɓe a matsayin misali na farko na zanen Littafi Mai Tsarki su ne zane-zanen Dura Europos (Syria), tun daga farkon rabin ƙarni na uku. Ƙirƙirar sabon hoton kirista na Kirista an nuna a nan don samun tasiri sosai ta hanyar al'adar Hellenistic-Yahudawa iconographic: na farko na misalai na Kirista da aka cire, a gaskiya, abubuwa da zane-zane daga rubutun Yahudawa da na arna, suna ba su sabon ma'anar addini.
Ganin kusancin iconographic da stylistic affinities, an yi imani da cewa artists yi aiki lokaci guda ga arna da Kirista abokan ciniki. Haƙiƙanin da ya kasance yana nuna zanen Romawa a hankali a hankali ya ɓace a ƙarshen zamanin da, tare da yaduwar fasahar lardi, siffofin sun fara sauƙaƙa kuma galibi ana nuna su.
Shi ne zuwan farkon Kirista zanen, da aka sani a sama da duk ta hanyar zane-zane na catacombs cewa hada Littafi Mai Tsarki scenes, kayan ado, Figures daga wani har yanzu arna mahallin da kuma arziki repertoire na alamomin alluding ga Kirista Figures da abun ciki (misali, kifi . Makiyayi Nagari). Shahararrun misalan sun fito ne daga catacombs na Priscilla, Callisto da SS. Pietro da Marcellino (Rome).
Mosaic na Roman
Bugu da ƙari ga mosaic na Alexander, ƙananan wurare, mafi yawa murabba'i, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu masu launi, an samo su a Pompeii kuma an haɗa su a matsayin cibiyar mafi sauƙi da aka yi. Abin da ake kira emblemata ya samo asali ne tun karni na farko BC. An sami irin wannan mosaics na Hellenistic akan Delos. Hotunan, waɗanda sau da yawa suna da Bacchus a kan panther ko har yanzu suna rayuwa kamar yadda batun su, yayi kama da zane-zane.
Ya bambanta da benaye na baki da fari, waɗanda suka bayyana a Italiya a karni na XNUMX BC. An kashe su a cikin marmara kuma suna da motifs na geometric, stylized shuke-shuke da furanni, da sauƙaƙan wakilcin mutane da dabbobi a matsayin jigon su, kuma sun dace da tsarin gine-ginen su. aiki. Wannan mosaic baƙar fata da fari, irin na Italiya, an haɓaka shi ne kawai a cikin karni na XNUMX AD, musamman a Ostia, inda aka yi manyan abubuwan halittar teku.
A arewa maso yammacin daular sun fara shiga al'adar baki da fari ta Italiya, amma daga tsakiyar karni na XNUMX AD mutane sun fara amfani da launi. Rarraba zuwa murabba'i da saman octagonal, wanda aka shirya hotuna daban-daban, ya shahara a wurin.
Aikin Musa ya bunƙasa a Arewacin Afirka, inda aka nuna manyan al'amuran tatsuniyoyi da al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullum a cikin launuka masu yawa a kan benaye (Piazza Armerina villa a Sicily). Ana kuma adana mosaics na polychrome a Antakiya. A karni na XNUMX AD, ana amfani da mosaics na bango musamman inda zanen bai dace ba (misali, akan gine-ginen rijiya). Katanga da mosaics na vault daga ƙarni na XNUMX da na XNUMX sun kusan ɓace gaba ɗaya.
Mosaic bango ya haɓaka ne kawai a cikin majami'un Kirista (ƙarni na huɗu). Baya ga mosaic, an kuma yi amfani da wata dabara da ake kira opus sectile, wadda a cikinta aka yi adadi da abubuwa da yawa da aka sassaka daga nau'ikan marmara daban-daban. An yi amfani da wannan fasaha ba kawai don benaye ba, har ma ga bango.
Curiosities
- A cewar Pliny, an raba launuka zuwa 'flowery' (minium, armenium, cinnabaris, chrysocolla, indicum da purposum) wanda dole ne abokin ciniki ya saya kai tsaye da kuma "austere", wanda a maimakon haka an haɗa shi da mai zane a farashin karshe. na aikin.kuma gabaɗaya sun haɗa da rawaya da ja ocher, ƙasa, da shuɗin Masar
- An gano cewa a cikin Imperial Villa na Pompeii zane-zane a cikin hanyoyi, duk na zuwa na uku style, an mayar da 'yan shekaru kafin fashewa da kawai shekaru hamsin bayan da gina, wanda ya nuna babban darajar riga dangana a zamanin da .
- Halin da aka wakilta a cikin zanen Romawa shine koyaushe kuma kawai na lambuna: a cikin tunanin lokaci an haɗa dabi'ar da ba ta dace ba tare da al'adun barbariya da rashin wayewa, kawai wakilcin da aka jure shine na namun daji a cikin fage na farauta.
- A cikin karni na goma sha biyar a Roma an gano "kogon" tare da ganuwar fentin gaba daya: shi ne Domus Aurea na sarki Nero. Mai zanen kotu Fabullus ko Amulius daga 64 zuwa 68 AD yana aiki a Domus Aurea, yana frescoing yawancin ɗakuna a cikin salon Pompeian na huɗu.
Launi
An yi launuka tare da kayan lambu na kayan lambu ko asalin ma'adinai da Vitruvio a cikin De Architectura yayi magana akan jimillar launuka goma sha shida ciki har da kwayoyin halitta guda biyu, biyar na halitta da tara na wucin gadi. Na farko baƙar fata ne, ana samun su ta hanyar kirga resin tare da guntun itacen da aka kona a cikin tanda sannan kuma a ɗaure shi da gari, da shunayya, waɗanda aka samo daga murex, wanda aka fi amfani da shi a cikin fasahar zafin rai.
Launuka na asalin ma'adinai (fari, rawaya, ja, kore da sautunan duhu) an samo su ta hanyar yankewa ko ƙididdigewa. Decantation wata dabara ce ta rabuwa da ta ƙunshi keɓance abubuwa biyu daga gauraya mai ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙarfin nauyi (a aikace, daskararrun yakan zauna a kasan akwati har sai duk ruwan da ke sama ya share).
Calcination wani tsari ne na dumama zafin zafin jiki wanda ake ci gaba da shi har tsawon lokacin da ake ɗauka don cire duk wani abu mai canzawa daga wani sinadari kuma ana amfani dashi tun zamanin da don samar da launin fenti, ciki har da cerulean. An samo na'urori tara na wucin gadi daga abun da ke ciki tare da abubuwa daban-daban kuma daga cikin wadanda aka fi amfani da su sun hada da cinnabar (vermillion red) da cerulean (Masar blue).
Cinnabar, na asali na mercurial, yana da wuya a yi amfani da shi da kuma kula da shi (ya yi duhu a kan haskakawa) kuma yana da tsada sosai kuma ana nema sosai. Ana shigo da shi daga ma’adinan da ke kusa da Afisa a Ƙaramar Asiya da kuma daga Sisapo a Spain. An yi Cerulean daga yashi nitro fleur da aka niƙa da shi gauraye da jikakken jikakken ƙarfe wanda aka bushe sannan a harba shi a cikin pellets.
Wani ma’aikacin banki, Vestorius ne ya shigo da wannan launi zuwa Roma, wanda ya sayar da shi a ƙarƙashin sunan Vesterianum kuma farashin kusan dinari goma sha ɗaya. Dokar ta tabbatar da cewa abokin ciniki ya ba da launi na "flowery" (mafi tsada) yayin da "launi" (mafi arha) an haɗa su cikin kwangilar. Taron, watakila, an yi shi ne da maigida tare da mataimakansa.
Wadannan masu sana'a masu daraja sun zama wani ɓangare na kayan aikin kantin, kuma lokacin da aka sayar da kantin sayar da ga wasu masu shi, su ma, tare da kayan aikin aiki (matakin, layin plumb, murabba'i, da dai sauransu) da kayan aiki, sun canza hannayensu. Aikinsa ya fara ne da asuba har magariba ya ƙare, kuma duk da ana ziyartar ayyukansa da sha'awa, ba a kula da su ba.
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