Ta hanyar rubutu mai zuwa za ku sami damar ƙarin sani game da tarihi, halaye da mahimmancin wasu daga cikin Masu zanen Renaissance mafi tasiri a lokacin, da kuma abin da ya fi dacewa ayyukansa.
Masu zanen Renaissance
A cikin labarinmu a yau za mu san wasu daga cikin fitattun masu zane-zane na Renaissance na wancan lokacin, ban da koyo game da tarihi da halayen wannan lokaci na sabunta al'adu wanda ya nuna alamarsa kuma ya bar muhimmiyar gudunmawa ga duniya. zane-zane.
Ana daukar Renaissance a matsayin lokacin sabunta al'adu, fasaha, adabi da kimiyya, wanda ya faru tsakanin karni na sha hudu zuwa na sha biyar a nahiyar Turai. Samuwar wannan yunkuri ba wai saboda wani lamari ne na musamman ba, ko da yake karni na sha biyar da na sha shida an shaida manya-manyan abubuwan da suka faru, kamar faduwar Constantinoful, mamaye kudu maso gabashin Turai da Turkawa suka yi da kuma gano sabbin duniyoyi. .
Ana iya cewa Renaissance ya dogara ne akan ci gaban dabi'un dabi'a da na kimiyya, wanda za'a iya ganin asalinsa a farkon karni na XNUMX kuma ya ci gaba a karkashin Gothic naturalism.
Tabbas babu wata ma'anar farkon Renaissance a sarari, duk da haka yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa wannan lokacin ya fara aiki tun lokacin da mutane suka fara fahimtar cewa ba su da rayuwa a tsakiyar shekaru.
Bukatunsa sun bambanta kuma ya fi sanin kansa da ayyukansa na zamantakewa da al'adu. Sabanin abin da ya faru da mutanen da suka rayu a tsakiyar zamanai waɗanda ba su da tabbas game da wanzuwarsu a wani lokaci daban da na zamanin da.
Abubuwan da suka gabata sun ƙunshi su a BC da AD: zamanin “doka” wanda ya dace da tsohon alkawari da zamanin “Alheri” wato wanda ya yi daidai da lokacin bayan zuwan Yesu Kiristi.
Muhimmancin Renaissance a yawancin al'amuran al'umma ba za a iya yin shakku ba. Lokaci ne wanda aka fi sani da ganowa da canji. A cikin wannan lokacin an sami manyan sauye-sauye: tsarin Copernican ya maye gurbin Ptolemaic a cikin Astronomy, feudalism ya fadi, kasuwanci ya karu da takarda, bugu, an ƙirƙiri kamfas na ruwa da foda.
Ya kamata a lura da cewa, godiya ga mawallafin bugawa cewa za a iya samun nasarar yada wasu maganganu irin su fasaha a lokacin zamanin Renaissance, don haka taimakawa bayyanar wannan sabon motsi na al'adu.
"Ba tare da shakka ba, babban sha'awa ga yanayin ɗan adam da sabunta darajar ɗan adam, yana ba da damar sulhunta ɗan adam tare da allahntaka ba tare da halayen abokan gaba, hari ko hamayya ba. Lokaci ne da ke da alaƙa da haɗin kai, wanda aka ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar sha'awa ta farko: ɗan adam ".
Ayyukan
Don haɗa abubuwan fasaha da zane-zane a cikin Renaissance, yana da mahimmanci don fara haskaka wasu manyan halaye waɗanda ke cikin wannan lokacin:
Duban duniya da wakilcin cikakkun bayanai, ka'idodin lissafi guda uku: daidaito, jituwa da hangen nesa. Babban nau'ikan damar hoto da aka bayar ta hanyar sabon fasahar zanen mai, haɗin kai na fasaha, wakilcin tsirara, hoto da sa hannun ayyukan.
Ya kasance a lokacin Renaissance lokacin da aka fara la'akari da kowane ɗayan mafi ƙanƙantar dalla-dalla da ke cikin abun da ke cikin zane. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, duk waɗannan cikakkun bayanai sun fara samun mahimmanci kuma a ba da su don bayyana su ko dai da kansu ko kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na alamar alama.
Zanen yana da muhimmin canji kafin da kuma bayan lokacin Renaissance. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin Renaissance, ɗayan dabarun da aka fi amfani da su don zanen shine zanen yanayi, wanda ya haɗa da yin amfani da launuka masu launi da aka haɗe da gwaiduwa kwai, samar da lafiya, juriya, gauraya mai bushewa da sauri.
An yi imanin cewa daya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara tallata fasahar fentin mai shi ne Jan Van Eyck, duk da haka yana da kyau a lura cewa fentin mai ya riga ya shahara tun a tsakiyar zamanai, musamman a saman dutse ko karfe. Zanen da ke kan zane yana da haske, wanda Flemish ya yi aiki da shi cikin cikakkiyar hanya.
"Haɗin da aka samu daga launuka masu launi a cikin matsakaici mai danko yana ba da damar cakuda mai kama da mafi girman yuwuwar inuwa, fina-finai masu ban sha'awa da inuwa mara kyau da ba a san su ba har sai lokacin, don haka samun sakamako mai girma uku."
A wannan lokacin, an gudanar da ayyuka masu mahimmanci masu mahimmanci a kan sarrafa yadudduka da tufafi waɗanda ba su yiwu ba a matakan da suka gabata. An kuma bai wa mai zane damar haɓaka ƙirƙira ba tare da shinge ga gyara da gyarawa ba. Hakazalika, ana samun zurfin cikin yanayin shimfidar wurare tare da madaidaici mafi girma.
Renaissance ya zo ne don alamar wani muhimmin ci gaba da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba a cikin tarihin fasaha na duniya. A daidai wannan lokacin ne aka haɗa nau'o'in fasaha daban-daban kamar zane-zane, gine-gine da sassaka a karon farko. Yawancin masu fasaha sun sami nasarar haɓaka ƙwarewarsu cikin kankanin lokaci a cikin waɗannan rassan fasaha.
Har sai lokacin, wakilcin jikin mutum ya kasance a matsayin ma'anar zunubi, duk da haka tun lokacin da Renaissance ya zo, ya sami sabon fahimta, har sai ya zama sanannen bayyanar mai zane. Kwane-kwane, motsi, ƙarfi, siffofi, ƙarar da duk waɗannan halaye waɗanda ke ba da izinin wakilci mai ƙarfi da na halitta ana nazarin.
Ta wannan hanyar, an yi niyya don komawa ga ɗan adam muhimmancinsa na halal, wanda aka ɓace a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai da Kiristanci, komawa ga sha'awar da Girkawa suka nuna a cikin haɓakawa da kuma godiya ga kowane cikakkun bayanai na mutum. Wannan shi ne yadda ɗan adam a zahiri ya zama axis na maganganun fasaha.
Tare da kasancewar jikin ɗan adam a sarari manufa don yada fasaha, hoton kuma ya fara samun mahimmanci a cikin aikin mai zane. A baya can, kawai an fentin fuska ba tare da tsabta ba, ba tare da bayyanawa ba, ba tare da sha'awa ba, amma yanzu gaskiyar ya bambanta kuma tare da 'yanci mafi girma.
A lokacin Renaissance, ana iya ganin sake dawowar sabuwar dabarar da ke da alaƙa da hoto. Yanzu zane-zanen da aka tsara a wannan yanki an kwatanta su, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ta hanyar nuna manyan siffofi a cikin samfurin, yanayin su, yanayin su da kuma girman matsayi na zamantakewa na waɗannan manyan masu daraja.
Amma ba wai kawai hoton yana da mahimmanci bayan Renaissance ba, amma kuma hoton kansa ya zama wani abu mai mahimmanci a cikin rayuwar mai zane, wanda aka ba da cewa mai zane da kansa ya gane darajarsa, wanda ke aiwatar da al'ummar da yake wakilta. Muhimmancin da mai zane ya samu yana da girma sosai cewa ayyukan sun fara sanya hannu. Bari mu tuna cewa a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Zamani ba a san masu yin ayyukan ba.
Masu zanen Renaissance na farko
Kamar yadda yake a wasu lokuta, Renaissance kuma ya nuna matakin "cubation", inda masu zane-zane na farko tare da dabi'un Renaissance suka fara taka rawar gani. A cikin wannan takamaiman yanayin, mafarin Renaissance wanda masana tarihi suka gane daga mahangar hoto shine Giotto.
Sannan bayyanar wani sabon zamani da aka sani da sunaye daban-daban guda biyu: Marigayi Gothic da farkon Renaissance. A wannan lokacin fitattun mawakan fasahar Flemish sun fito. Wanda ya fi yin tasiri a cikinsu babu shakka Jan Van Eyck ne, wanda ya yi nasarar samar da fasaha mafi kyau wajen sarrafa man fetur. Misali bayyananne shine aikinsa "Aure na Arnolfini":
Roger Van Der Weyden
Wani daga cikin mashahuran masu zane-zane na Renaissance na lokacin shine Roger Van Der Weyden, wanda ya ba da kansa sosai ga cikakkun bayanai game da fassarar motsin rai na wasan kwaikwayo na Gothic a cikin wannan sabon salon kuma ya fito ne don ƙwarewarsa a cikin cikakkun bayanai na fuskoki da kuma mafi girman hali. a cikin maganganun.
Hugo Van der Goes
Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan halayen mafi girman mahimmanci a lokacin Renaissance. An kwatanta shi da halin tashin hankali da halin rashin tausayi, wanda ya ƙare ya kashe kansa kuma wanda za a iya kwatanta shi ta wata hanya tare da Van Gogh. Ya yi ayyuka da yawa, ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci shine Portinari triptych.
Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)
Ba tare da wata shakka ba, shi ne wani daga cikin manyan mutane na Renaissance a Arewacin Turai. Ya yi fice musamman don ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyukansa da aka gudanar kuma ya sanya a ƙarƙashin taken "Lambun Ni'ima na Duniya". Aiki ne da aka gudanar a tsarin triptych inda yake wakiltar lokutan addini daban-daban guda uku. a hannun dama Ubangiji ya gabatar da Adamu ga sabuwar halitta Hauwa'u, a tsakiyar aljanna da kuma a gefen hagu jahannama.
Conrad Witz ne adam wata
Shi ma wannan mai zanen Bajamushe yana da lokacin shahararsa a lokacin Renaissance, musamman godiya ga gwanintarsa mai ban sha'awa wajen sarrafa yadudduka, yana samar da guntun satin masu inganci a fili.
Renaissance ta Italiya
A cikin Renaissance na Italiya akwai kuma masu zane-zane da masu fasaha da yawa waɗanda suka yi fice don ayyukansu:
Massaccio (1401-1428)
Ayyukansa ba su da tsawo sosai, amma an yi nasara. Da ƙyar yake ɗan shekara 21, ya yi suna, amma bayan shekaru shida ya rasu. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi dacewa da shi shine girman girmansa a cikin siffar frescoes, mafi tasiri shine na Triniti Mai Tsarki wanda ke cikin cocin Santa Maria Novella a Florence.
Firist Angelico (1400-1455)
Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman magajin Masaccio. A lokacin aikinsa ya sami damar yin fice a fannoni daban-daban, musamman ma mutum-mutumi, yana mai ba da mahimmanci ga haske, launi da ƙaramin bayanai.
Piero da Francesca (1420-1491)
An san shi sosai don frescoes. Ya yi fice don hasashe mai ban sha'awa game da ma'aunin lissafi.
Sandro Botticelli (144/5-1510)
Ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun masu fasaha na likitoci kuma daya daga cikin membobinsa ya ba da aikin haifuwar Knm, inda za a iya ganin sakamako mai sauƙi saboda girmamawa ga shimfidawa.
marigayi farkawa
Marigayi Renaissance kuma ya sami wakilcin manyan mashahuran masu fasaha, daga cikinsu zamu iya haskaka abubuwa masu zuwa:
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Daya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na lokacin. Nasarar da ya samu ta samu ne, a wani bangare, ga babbar fasahar da ya nuna a rassan fasaha daban-daban inda ya yi aiki. Daga cikin manya-manyan ayyukansa akwai sujadar Majujuwa, wanda ba a gama ba, duk da kasancewarsa daya daga cikin manyan ayyukansa ta fuskar fasaha.
Abincin Ƙarshe
Ba tare da shakka ba, shi ne mafi shahara kuma muhimmin aiki na dukan waɗanda aka yi a lokacin marigayi Renaissance. A halin yanzu bangon bango yana cikin Santa Maria da Gracia a Milan kuma ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan manyan ayyuka na lokacin, kodayake rashin alheri aikin ya nuna tabarbarewa jim kaɗan bayan an gama shi, saboda gaskiyar cewa wannan mai baya mannewa da kyau. bango.
Mona Lisa ta
Da Vinci ya kuma yi fentin La Monalisa, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun zane-zanen da ya yi da alama. Shahararriyar wannan zane ba ta kai tsaye ba saboda aikin, amma ga asirin da ke kewaye da wannan hali na shekaru masu yawa. Anan zaka iya ganin babban inganci a cikin kula da ilimin halin dan Adam da mutuntaka.
Michelangelo (1475-1564)
Wani daga cikin mafi girman masu zanen Renaissance. Ɗayan daga cikin manyan ayyukansa na alama shine a cikin Sistine Chapel a Roma; aikin da ya dauki kimanin shekaru hudu ana kammalawa.
Giorgione (1478-1510)
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi dacewa da wannan mai zane shi ne sha'awarsa na nuna shimfidar wurare a matsayin babban jigon zane-zanensa. Daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyukansa akwai "El Baranal", wanda ke magana da ainihin jigon arna, a ƙarƙashin sautin dumi da taushi wanda ya bambanta da sautuna masu haske da ma'anar siffofi na mutum.
Masu fasaha na Arewa
Har ila yau, Renaissance na Arewa yana da fitattun masu fasaha, daga cikinsu za mu iya suna masu zuwa:
Albrecht Durer (1471-1518)
An san shi a matsayin mafi yawan zane-zane na Renaissance na dukan masu fasahar Renaissance, tun da shi ne na farko da ya nuna sha'awarsa da siffarsa, yana wakiltar shi tun yana dan shekara 13 kawai.
Lucas Cranach (1472-1553)
Wannan mawaƙin ya yi fice don nuna zato mai girma a cikin ayyukansa, yayin da ƙwararrun ɗan adam ba su da hankalin jiki. A wannan lokacin kuma wasu manyan masu fasaha sun yi fice, kamar:
- Albrecht Altdorf (1480-1538)
- Baldung Grien (1484/5-1545)
Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a ambaci wasu sanannun masu fasaha na Mannerism daga Roma da Florence, gami da:
- Rosso Fiorentino (1495-1540)
- Pontormus (1494 - 1556/7)
- Parmigianino (1503-1540)
- Agnolo Bronzino (1503-1572)
- Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574).
Hakanan kuna iya sha'awar labarai masu zuwa: