Menene zanen Romanticism da iri

An ba da fifiko kan ji da jin daɗi a cikin Zane na Romanticism. Akwai daki da yawa don basira da tunanin mai zane. Wannan wani lokaci yana haifar da ayyukan fasaha na ban mamaki tare da yanayi na waƙa mai cike da jin daɗi.

RUBUTUN ROMATICism

zanen soyayya

A karshen karni na XNUMX da XNUMX, Turawa da, ciki har da Amurka, al'adu sun sami haihuwar da ta sha bamban da lokacin tunani da falsafar wayewa - mataki na Romanticism. Sannu a hankali shiga daga Jamus cikin al'adu da fasaha na Ingila, Faransa, Rasha, da sauran ƙasashen Turai, Romanticism ya wadatar da duniyar fasaha da sababbin launuka, labaru, da ƙarfin zuciya na tsirara.

Janar halaye na Romanticism

Romanticism ya fara a matsayin motsi na adabi a Jamus, Ingila, da Faransa. A karshen karni na XNUMX (karni na Hankali) mutane sun gaji da tunani mai hankali na Fadakarwa da kuma al'adar ilimi, inda a kullum suke kokarin yin koyi da tsoffin litattafai.

A cikin Romanticism, mai zane ba ya zama mai koyi na fasaha na gargajiya ba, amma ya zama mahalicci da kansa. Ya yi aiki daga ji na sirri. Art ya zama "bayani na sirri na tunanin mutum." A cikin wannan hali na rayuwa a cikin karni na sha tara, kwarewar mutum ita ce mafari. Daga mummunan ra'ayi na lokacin kansa tare da masana'antu, ra'ayin tunani da son abin duniya, an ga abin da ya gabata a hanya mai kyau.

An yi la'akari da wannan jin dadi fiye da hankali, saboda romantic ya rayu ba tare da jin dadin jama'a ba: ya gudu daga nan da kuma yanzu zuwa wasu al'adu, zuwa baya, a cikin tatsuniyoyi ko a yanayi. Tare da ɓacin rai mutane sun yi fatan komawa tsakiyar zamanai, ga ra'ayin cewa rayuwa har yanzu tana da tsabta kuma ta gaske a lokacin.

A cikin fasahar filastik, tsayin soyayya ya kasance tsakanin 1820 zuwa 1850. A yawancin ƙasashen Turai an sami farfaɗo da sha'awa game da tatsuniyoyi, labarai, tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi na ƙasarsu da kuma a cikin adabi waɗanda ke ɗaukaka maɗaukakin baya. A Ingila, Sir Walter Scott ya rubuta litattafai na tarihi fiye da talatin, daya daga cikinsu shi ne Ivanhoe. A Faransa, Victor Hugo ya rubuta Notre Dame de Paris, wani labari na zamani wanda Quasimodo, hunchback, yana da muhimmiyar rawa.

Akwai fassarar Dare Dubu da Daya, jerin labaran gabas. Shahararrun wakoki, ballads da tatsuniyoyi na baya sun zaburar da mawakan. Franz Schubert ya hada ba kasa da ɗari shida romantic Lieder. Ludwig van Beethoven ya zaɓi yanayi a matsayin wurin farawa ga Fasto. A cikin Romanticism jituwa an ga a cikin yanayi, dokokin halitta sun kasance misali. Marubucin nan dan kasar Jamus Goethe ya kirkiro hanyar nazarin yanayi bisa fahimta.

RUBUTUN ROMATICism

Goethe kuma ya kasance mai tasiri sosai ta hanyar ka'idar launi, wacce ta ɗauki ƙarin bambance-bambance, musamman shuɗi da rawaya mai dumi, a matsayin farkon sa. melodrama ya fi rinjaye a cikin ballet na soyayya da gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Yawan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, tare da ƙari mai yawa da kayayyaki masu ban sha'awa, ana ƙara jin daɗinsa.

Yawancin masu fasaha sun gudu da jigogin su a baya ko na gaba, zuwa cikin ban sha'awa, cikin fantasy, cikin "daji," yanayin da ba a lalata ba, ko kuma suna da sha'awar soyayya ga ƙauna mai wuya. Masu fasaha na Romantic wani lokaci a zahiri suna gudu daga gaskiya a matsayin sha'awar mutuwa, a matsayin 'yanci daga wahala.

Duk waɗannan jigogi an tuntuɓar su ta zahiri ta hanyar mai zane, yana ɗauka cewa ji ko ra'ayin mutum ɗaya yana haifar da ji da ra'ayoyin duniya. Ana ganin mai zane a matsayin babban firist na mafifici ko na allahntaka, a matsayin mashawarcin maɗaukaki. Tare da tunaninsa, mai zane kawai ya iya canza tunanin mutum zuwa fasaha, ƙwarewar rayuwa ta ciki.

Har ma da magabatan soyayya (Johann Heinrich Füssli da Francisco de Goya da marubutan Sturm und Drang wallafe-wallafen motsi) sun yi nuni da ji a matsayin tushen gogewa na ado, ko da yake ba su cire tsoro da firgita ba, gami da sha'awa da mamaki. , sabili da haka co-kafa "Black Romanticism".

An tattauna tunanin mutum ɗaya, ɗaukaka da kyawun yanayi azaman sabbin nau'ikan kayan ado. A cikin rabin na biyu na karni na sha tara, hakikanin gaskiya ya bambanta da romanticism.

Historia

Idan muka yi magana game da soyayya, muna magana ne game da wani lokaci na tarihi daga 1815 zuwa 1848 wanda dukkanin al'umma suka shiga cikin iskar da ta fara kadawa tun karshen karni na XNUMX kuma za ta ci gaba da kadawa a karni na gaba kuma wanda ke jaddada sabbin dabi'u na zamantakewa.

RUBUTUN ROMATICism

Tabbas a cikin ruhin karni na sha takwas ya riga ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ake gano na Romanticism, amma daga abin da muka samu daga rubuce-rubucen lokacin, an ɗauke su munanan dabi'u, ta yadda aka gano su a matsayin alamar cututtuka na hankali da ake dangantawa da su. "Mugunta karni" da likitan Faransanci da masanin falsafa La Mettrie (1709-51) ya bayyana da sauri a cikin "De la folie."

Daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru na motsi na soyayya shine Francisco de Goya, wanda, wanda, ya shawo kan ra'ayoyin neoclassical, ya jaddada dandano na alama na karni na XNUMX don samun sabon 'yancin bayyana ra'ayi na romanticism, daga abin da ya yi ƙarfin hali ya yi tsammanin mafi kyawun abubuwan ban mamaki.

Romanticism, a matsayin al'amari na zamantakewa, da farko an yi la'akari da shi a Jamus, amma yana da tasiri mai yawa a Faransanci, inda ka'idoji na zamantakewar al'umma suka kasance da karfi sosai cewa masu fasahar Romantic sun zauna su kadai, suna zalunci da rashin jin daɗi da laifi.

A cikin zanen romanticism yana nufin yanayin al'adu da falsafa, ya dace a Amurka da jihohin Turai a karni na sha takwas, goma sha tara da ashirin. Salon ya samo asali ne daga Jamus, da farko ya bayyana kansa a cikin adabi, sannan ya wuce zuwa zane-zane ya bazu zuwa Ingila, ya shafi Faransa, Spain, da wasu ƙasashe da dama a Turai da Amurka.

Zamanin soyayya ya fada a cikin tarihin tarihi tsakanin juyin juya halin Faransa na 1789 da juyin mulkin Burgeois-demokaradiyya na Turai na 1848, wani lokaci mai canza rayuwar al'ummar Turai.

Ci gaban jari-hujja cikin sauri ya ruguza tushen tsarin feudal, kuma ko'ina dangantakar zamantakewa, da aka kiyaye shekaru aru-aru, ta fara rugujewa. Juyin juya hali da martani sun girgiza Turai, an sake zana taswirar. A cikin waɗannan yanayi masu cin karo da juna, sabuntawar ruhaniya na al'umma ya faru.

Romanticism ya samo asali ne (1790s) a cikin falsafa da waka a Jamus, kuma daga baya (1820s) ya bazu zuwa Ingila, Faransa, da sauran ƙasashe. Romanticism yana sanya tushen fahimtar rayuwa rikici tsakanin manufa da gaskiya, babban ji da rayuwar yau da kullum.

An kafa nau'in zane-zane na romanticism a hankali, da farko wata manufa ta jaruntakar soyayya ta bayyana. Zuwa ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, yanayin ya fara bayyana kansa. Babban maƙasudai da akidu: girmamawa ga ƙwazo, imani ga mafi kyawun mutane da neman adalci. Salon soyayya yana da alaƙa da fifikon jigogi na tatsuniyoyi, da manufa ta lokutan da suka shuɗe, ƙin yarda da akidun da suka gabata da hangen nesa na hankali da hotuna na waƙoƙi.

Kowane mai zane ya ga nau'in romanticism a zanen ta hanyar kansa, don haka jigo, salo da cikakkun bayanai sun bambanta sosai. Siffofin na musamman na jagora sun ba da gudummawa ga buɗe makarantu da yawa, daga cikinsu: Makarantar Norwich na Masu zanen ƙasa, Makarantar Barbizon, da sauransu. Hakazalika, salon yana da wata ƙima a cikin bayyanar alamar alama da kyan gani, kuma godiya ga gudunmawar mafi yawan masu fasaha, an kafa ƙungiyar Pre-Raphaelite.

Romanticism a cikin zane-zane na gani ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin masana falsafa da marubuta. A cikin zane-zane, kamar yadda a cikin sauran nau'o'in fasaha, romantics sun sha'awar duk abin da ba a sani ba, wanda ba a sani ba, ya kasance kasashe masu nisa tare da al'adu da tufafi masu ban sha'awa (Delacroix), duniyar hangen nesa (Blake, Frederick, Pre-Raphaelites) , sihiri. , Mafarkai (Runge) ko fahimtar zurfin duhu (Goya, Füssli).

Abubuwan al'adun gargajiya na baya sun zama tushen wahayi ga masu fasaha da yawa: Gabas ta Tsakiya, Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Proto-Renaissance (Nazarene, Pre-Raphaelites). Ya bambanta da classicism, wanda ya ɗaukaka madaidaicin ikon tunani, romantics sun raira waƙa mai ban sha'awa da hadari wanda ya kama dukan mutum.

Na farko da ya mayar da martani ga sababbin abubuwan da suka faru sune hotuna da kuma shimfidar wuri, waɗanda suka zama nau'in zane-zanen da aka fi so.

Haɓakawa na nau'in hoto yana da alaƙa da sha'awar Romantics a cikin ƙwaƙƙwaran ɗan adam, kyakkyawa da wadatar duniyar ruhaniyarsu. Rayuwar ruhun ɗan adam ta yi nasara a cikin hoton soyayya a kan sha'awar kyawun jiki, a cikin filastik na sha'awa na hoton. Hoton soyayya (Delacroix, Gericault, Runge, Goya) koyaushe yana bayyana keɓancewar kowane mutum, yana isar da kuzari, zafin rai na ciki, sha'awar tawaye.

RUBUTUN ROMATICism

Har ila yau, masu sha'awar soyayya suna sha'awar bala'in rugujewar ruhi: jarumawa na ayyukan sau da yawa mutane ne masu tabin hankali. Masu sha'awar soyayya suna tunanin cewa shimfidar wuri ita ce siffar ruhin sararin samaniya; yanayi, kamar ran ɗan adam, yana bayyana mai ƙarfi, yana canzawa koyaushe.

An maye gurbin da aka ba da umarni da ƙaƙƙarfan shimfidar wurare na al'ada na al'ada da hotuna na bazata, mai juyayi, mai ƙarfi, yanayin canzawa koyaushe, daidai da ruɗani na ji na jarumai na soyayya.

Halaye da halaye

A cikin kyakkyawan yanki na karni na XNUMX, yanayin halin yanzu ya mamaye zanen, wanda akasari ya yi wahayi zuwa ga tsari, daidaito, hankali, da tsabta. Ga masu zane-zane na lokacin, batun da ake wakilta yana samun mahimmancin mahimmanci, wanda yawanci ana lissafin shi bisa ga ma'auni na dacewa da ƙananan ƙananan nau'o'in.

Duk da haka, a tsakiyar lokacin soyayya, muna shaida karkatar da duk abin da ya shafi fasahar fasaha na neoclassical don amfanin gaba daya sabbin abubuwa. A gaskiya ma, zanen ya zama ƙasa mai albarka ga marasa hankali, don jin dadi, don sha'awar, ga kuzari, cikakke da asiri.

Musamman ma, mai zanen ya daina taka rawar zamantakewa da aka riga aka kafa wanda ke da alaƙa da wasu ƙa'idodi na fasaha kuma ya zama ɗan bogi mai sauƙi kuma gama gari kamar yawancin waɗanda ke da niyyar yin ƙirƙira da tunanin siffa tasu ta fasaha.

Wato mai zanen ya fara nuni zuwa ga son kai, zuwa ga kwatsam da yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa na hazakarsa. A cikin wannan hangen nesa, don haka, duk ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi an haramta su gaba ɗaya a matakin halitta don ba da kyauta ga batun mai zane.

RUBUTUN ROMATICism

Duk da haka, a cikin zamanin soyayya, ba kawai ka'idojin hoto sun canza ba, har ma da manufar fasaha. Idan a cikin cikakken neoclassicism, a gaskiya, kowane aiki shine bakin magana na wani dalili na didactic, na manufar ilimi, a cikin lokacin soyayya (kamar yadda muka jaddada a baya) aikin fasaha shine kawai bayyanar da ciki na mai zane wanda ba ya nuna alama. don yin koyi da yanayin da ke kewaye amma ga wakilcin rikici da al'umma, na girman kai ga dabi'a a waje da kanta.

Daga wannan ra'ayi, batu na hoto ya daina taka rawa mai mahimmanci saboda abin da gaske ke isar da saƙon fasaha ya zama zaɓin hanyar nunawa. A Ingila, alal misali, zanen Romantic ya kasance wuri mai faɗi, amma ba shi da cikakken bayani.

An wakilta filin wuri kamar yadda ya bayyana, ba tare da frills ko tarurruka ba kamar yadda a cikin zane-zane na Constable ko kuma an ɗora su da wasan kwaikwayo, tare da ƙarfin motsa jiki, kamar yadda a cikin ayyukan Turner, wanda aka haɗa da abubuwa na zamani, irin su jirgin kasa, inji, sauri amma. shigar a cikin blur, mai ƙarfi, mahallin mahalli.

A kasar Jamus kuwa, zanen yana karkata dubansa ga wasu manufofin falsafa da na addini, kamar yadda a cikin zane-zanen da Caspar David Friedrich ya yi, alal misali, inda jigon soyayya ya yi ta hanyar mai da hankali kan bacin ran mutum, kadaici, da melancholy nuna godiya ga yin amfani da tsiraici da yanayi na alama.

A Faransa, zanen romanticism yana samun ƙarfi, ana tuhumarsa da tashin hankali, gwagwarmaya, tashin hankali mai ban mamaki, duk abubuwan da Géricault ya haɓaka a cikin zanen "Raft of Medusa", wanda jirgin ruwa ya rushe a lokacin daya daga cikin mafi ban mamaki lokacin.

Ruhin romanticism zanen

Ruhun soyayya ya ƙi horon ilimi don goyon bayan dawowar sabuntawa zuwa wani abu da ya tsufa kuma mafi ƴanci, na sirri da ban mamaki. Gano Herculaneum da Pompeii a cikin karni na XNUMX ya tada a cikin masu fasaha da jin sha'awar abubuwan da suka gabata wanda ya sa su sake ganowa da sake dacewa da sabbin nau'ikan maganganu.

Manufar robobin Bahar Rum, wanda jarumin Girka ko na Romawa ya ƙunshi, a hankali an maye gurbinsa da ɗanɗano ga wayewar ƙasashen Nordic, Jamusanci, Ingilishi, Scandinavian da Scotland. Zane shine zane-zane na alama kwatankwacin kyawun Romanticism kuma yana samun nau'ikan fuskoki daban-daban dangane da yankin da aka haɓaka shi.

tunanin kishin kasa

Juyin Juyin Halitta na Faransa, wanda ya girma daga Haskakawa, shine tushen Romanticism. An haife shi daga manufar wayewa, 'yanci, daidaito da 'yan uwantaka' suma sun samar da tushen jarumtaka da son zuciya. Romanticism ya jawo ra'ayin kishin kasa, inda aka daukaka kasar, harshe da tarihi da ka'idoji da dabi'u na gargajiya.

A tsarin samar da kasa da kasa a karni na XNUMX, kishin kasa shi ma ya fito a matsayin akidar siyasa. Abubuwan da ke cikin zane-zane sun kwatanta waɗannan ra'ayoyin masu kishin ƙasa da na tarihi ko almara na baya. Abubuwan fasaha na wancan zamanin na ƙasa kuma sun sami kulawa sosai a gidajen tarihi.

Kodayake masu zane-zane na Romantic sukan koma baya, Eugène Delacroix ya kwatanta juyin juya halin 1830 a wannan shekarar. Masu juyin juya hali suna jagorancin Marianne, alamar ƙasa ta Faransa.

A matsayin misali na 'yanci, yana da tutar Faransa da bindiga a hannunsa. Delacroix bai ba da zanen launi na varnish ba, don haka ƙurar ƙura da ƙurar ƙurar ƙura suna matte a kan zane. Rashin haske mai haske yana sa aikin ya fi dacewa.

Duk da gwagwarmayar masu fasaha don sanin abin da ke cikin aikin su da kansu, buƙatar aiki a cikin salon gargajiya kuma ya ci gaba. Duk da juyin juya halin Faransa, masu zanen ilimi na iya yin zanen tatsuniyoyi da hotuna na addini. A lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa, majami'u sun sha wahala, amma kusan dukkanin gwamnatocin Faransa sun ci gaba da kulla alaka da cocin bayan haka.

Haka kuma ba su so su cutar da ra'ayin addinin galibin al'ummar kasar ba. Masu zane-zane na gargajiya da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya irin su Delaroche, Lourens Alma Tadema, da Bouguereau sun amsa buƙatar zane-zane na addini da tatsuniya a al'adar ilimi.

Wurare masu ban mamaki

Karni na sha tara shine karni na fadadawa. Abin da da farko ya yi nisa ya zo kusa da godiya ga jirgin kasa da jiragen ruwa. Nunin nune-nunen duniya sun nuna zane-zane da masana'antu daga nahiyoyin "kasashen waje". Mulkin mallaka ya kawo tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma "na farko" duniyoyi zuwa Turai. Orientalism da tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin fasaha sun taso ne daga mulkin mallaka da kuma bukukuwan duniya.

Zane-zane na ilimi na Lawrence Alma-Tadema kamar "Mutuwar Farin Haihuwa" sun yi sha'awar babban batun abin da aka kwatanta. Alma-Tadema ta yi aiki a cikin salon gargajiya na gargajiya, amma wasan kwaikwayon nata ya ciyar da tunanin soyayya da ban mamaki. Masu zane-zane sun yi nazari da zane-zane da yawa a kan tafiye-tafiyensu, wanda a baya ake gani a matsayin karatun farko maras muhimmanci.

A cikin zane-zane na Romanticism, zanen ya zama zane-zane na zane-zane ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda a cikin abin da zane-zane na sirri ya kasance a bayyane.

Ruhun jarumi, wanda ya girma tare da burin daular Napoleon, ya yi nasara a cikin fahimtar yawancin masu fasaha. Yunkurin dakaru ya haifar da mu’amala tsakanin al’ummomi daban-daban, da zurfafa sanin juna, an yaba da salon kowace kasa.

Yakin Napoleon a Gabas ta Tsakiya ya tayar da sha'awar al'adun Larabawa da na Yahudawa, kuma masu zane-zane irin su Gross da Auguste sun fara tattara abubuwa na gabas, kayan ado da kafet, waɗanda suka wuce cikin harshe na hoto godiya ga Ingres, Delacroix da Chassériau.

Zane na Romantic a kasashe daban-daban

Zurfin abubuwan da suka samu da kuma tunanin kansu shine abin da masu zane-zane ke watsawa ta hanyar hoton zane-zane, wanda aka yi daga launi, abun da ke ciki da kuma ladabi. Ƙasashen Turai daban-daban suna da nasu peculiarities a cikin fassarar romanticism zanen. Duk wannan yana da alaƙa da halin yanzu na falsafa, da kuma yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa, wanda fasaha shine kawai amsa mai rai. Yin zane ba banda.

Zane na alama a cikin romanticism yana samun nau'ikan fuskoki daban-daban dangane da yankin da yake tasowa. Daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da motsin soyayya akwai Francisco Goya a Spain. A cikin Faransa da Ingila, sha'awar kwanan nan na kasa ya sake farfadowa, wanda ya fi dacewa da canji a cikin zane-zane da kayan ado, har sai an halicci "Troubadour Style".

Wannan ɗanɗanon ya tashi ne a farkon 1770, wanda aka fi so a Faransa ta hanyar jerin mutum-mutumin da Count d'Angiviller ya ba da izini, na tunawa da manyan Faransawa. Waqoqin Milton da sake gano wasannin Shakespeare sun taka rawa iri daya wajen zaburar da komowa ga daukakar da ta gabata.

Jamus romanticism a cikin zanen

A kan ƙasa na Jamus, salon ya bayyana kansa a baya, masu fasaha sun yi ƙoƙari don tsara abubuwan da suka gabata - Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Zamani. Ayyukan sau da yawa sun kasance masu bimbini kuma masu ɗorewa, suna manne da romanticism ƙware a cikin shimfidar wurare da hotuna. Daga cikin wasu, Otto Runge ya bayyana, zane-zanensa sun haɗu da tashin hankali na rayuwar ciki yayin da suke tabbatar da natsuwa a cikin bayyanar waje.

RUBUTUN ROMATICism

Runge ya zana al'amuran namun daji ta amfani da launuka masu haske, yayin da sauran halittun duniya sukan kasance. Ya yi nazari sosai kan bayanai kan ma'anar launi, ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce kan wannan batu, ya raba bakan zuwa sassa, kuma ya sami babban nasara wajen watsa launuka da haske. A cikin zane-zanensa masu ban mamaki, ya sami damar cimma ma'anar sararin samaniya da iska.

Zane na cikakken romanticism na karni na XNUMXth da XNUMXth ya bayyana a cikin aikin Caspar David Friedrich, wanda ya ƙware a cikin ayyukan salon shimfidar wuri. Ya zabi tsaunukan kudancin Jamus a matsayin babban jigon kirkirarsa. Ƙwararren mai zane ya ba shi damar isar da fara'a na yankin, haɗe tare da nuna gaskiya na melancholy na bakin teku. Ya sau da yawa fentin shimfidar wurare a ƙarƙashin matsakaicin hasken wata.

Taken tatsuniya ya kasance kusa da masu fasaha da yawa, musamman, an lura da fifikon soyayya a cikin zanen Carstens.

Ya ƙirƙiri zane-zanen da ke tare da littattafai daban-daban, fentin gidajen sarauta. Tuni a lokacin aikinsa a Roma, ya rubuta rayayye a cikin shugabanci, sau da yawa hada shi da neoclassicism. Mai zane ya gudanar da nuna ɓoyayyun ji, wasan kwaikwayo. Ta hanyoyi da yawa, jagorancin masu fasaha na gida a cikin zane-zane na romanticism na Jamus ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da yaduwar salon, yana nuna karin fahimtar ciki fiye da ainihin ainihin abubuwa.

Ɗayan reshe shine nau'in romanticism a cikin zanen da ake kira Biedermeier, wanda ke nunawa a cikin ayyukan ɗakin, yawanci al'amuran yau da kullum. Salon ya kasance na al'ada na zanen romanticism na Jamusanci da Austriya, a cikin zane-zane an ba da fifiko ga wuraren da ba su da kyau. Ludwig Richter, GF Kersting, Ferdinand Waldmüller da sauran masu fasaha ne suka wakilci salon.

Turanci romanticism a cikin zanen

A Ingila an bambanta igiyoyin fasaha guda uku: na yanzu na hangen nesa daya, na yanzu na daukaka da na yanzu mai kyan gani. Matsakaicin adadin kowane ɗayan su shine William Blake, William Turner da John Constable. Mawaƙin mai hangen nesa William Blake ya zana ayyukansa na hoto daga hotunan da waƙarsa ta ƙirƙira, masu alaƙa da Kiristanci.

John Constable shine farkon wanda ya sabunta tare da launukansa jin daɗin jin daɗi da walwala na yanayi, wanda Jean Honorè Fragonard ya buɗe a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, amma an watsar da shi a zamanin neoclassical, yana haɓaka shi. An ji daɗin tarihi da jin daɗin kwatanta kyawawan abubuwa a Ingila, misali shine aikin Blizzard, wanda William Turner ke wakiltar Hannibal tare da sojojinsa suna haye Alps.

Yayin da Thomas Gainsborough ya sami lokaci don gano sihirin launuka masu ban mamaki tare da kusan makircinsu, ruwa, sha'awar da ba ta dace ba dangane da ilimin ilimi da amfani da ruwa na sirri da gauraya mai haske.

A cikin ƙasa na Ingila, salon kuma ya sami tushe sosai, zanen romanticism na Ingilishi ya fi dacewa a cikin ayyukan Johann Heinrich Füssli. Ya fi son zane-zane da zane-zane, yana kiyaye romanticism a cikin tushe. Ya gudanar da haɗakar da manufa na hoton a cikin nau'i na gargajiya tare da makirci masu ban mamaki.

Mawaƙin ya nuna tsoron ɗan adam, gami da tsoron mugayen ruhohi waɗanda ake zaton sun shake mutane a cikin barcinsu. Ko da yake an haifi mai zane a Switzerland, ya yi yawancin rayuwarsa a Ingila.

Godiya ga hangen nesa na romanticism a Ingila, zanen ya sami hali mai ban mamaki. Hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa da mafarkai masu ban tsoro waɗanda ke halayyar miliyoyin mutane suna kallon mu daga zane-zane. Na dogon lokaci, batun ba a magana ba kuma godiya ga Füssli sun sami damar yin muhawara a matakin jama'a. Ya hada tatsuniyoyi, tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi.

Har ila yau, jigon romanticism a cikin zanen Turai ya bayyana ta hanyar William Turner, ya zama sananne ga watsa haske zuwa iska da kuma nuna inuwa. Siffar ita ce phantasmagoria, ya nuna guguwa, hadari, bala'i. A hankali, inuwar duhu sun ɓace daga ayyukan masu fasaha, kuma an sanya babban wuri a cikin su don haskakawa da iska. Ya nuna motsi, nuances da haske na musamman.

Wani sanannen wakilin zanen romanticism na Turai shine William Blake, wasu ayyukansa sun rinjayi zurfin nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, amma fasaha ya jawo hankalin mai zane tun yana yaro. Ya yi aiki a cikin yanayi da launin ruwa, yana da'awar cewa wahayi yana zuwa gare shi. Ganin abubuwa masu ban mamaki, ya nuna ainihinsa a cikin ayyukansa, yana gaskanta cewa duk masu fasaha suna aiki ta wannan hanya.

William Blake ya sami nasara ne kawai a cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, lokacin da ya sami mutane masu tunani iri ɗaya kuma ya fara sayar da ayyukansa da riba. Hoton mata, alloli, dabbobi daban-daban, da abubuwan da ba daidai ba ne suka mamaye fasahar.

John Constable yana da salon zane-zane a cikin jin daɗi, ya kafa rubutun tare da bugun jini mai kauri, sau da yawa yana guje wa dalla-dalla. Ya zana hotuna don rayuwar sa, kuma ya yi la'akari da zana zanen kiransa, koyan kyawun yanayi da ka'idojin launi kafin yada alkibla a tsakanin masu Impressionists.

Mai zane ya fi son yin zanen kyawawan Ingilishi, yana samar da zane-zane da yawa don samun ƙarin abun ciki. Sau da yawa zane-zane suna da furci na musamman da kuzari, amma a ƙarshe ba a nuna su a cikin aikin da aka gama ba.

Sau da yawa an zana yanayin da bangaranci na sufanci. Ko da yake ana watsa ainihin aikin a cikin salon soyayya, ya nemi ya nuna tasirin yanayi, daga cikinsu ya iya zana zafi mai zafi, motsi na yanayi. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, an yi amfani da layin da aka karya don shi, taɓawa tare da goga tare da fenti mai haske don ba da tasirin haske.

Constable ya nuna fushin abubuwan, galibi ana wakilta tare da bakan gizo, kyawawan gine-gine, gami da manyan cathedrals. Ya san yadda za a ƙara cikakkun bayanai ta hanyar da za a cimma wani tsari na musamman na nuances, don samar da haske da kuma jawo hankali ga zane-zane.

Faransanci romanticism a cikin zanen

A Faransa, romanticism a cikin zane ya bunkasa bisa ga ka'idoji daban-daban. Rayuwar zamantakewar guguwar guguwar hazaka da tashe-tashen hankula suna bayyana ta cikin zanen zane ta hanyar gravitation na masu zane don nuna abubuwan tarihi da abubuwan ban sha'awa, kuma tare da jin daɗin ji da cututtuka, waɗanda aka samu ta hanyar bambancin launi, wasu hargitsi, bayyana motsin rai. , da kuma abubuwan da ba a so ba.

Ana iya ganin alamun farko na canji a cikin Faransa a cikin shekarun 1810. A lokacin mulkin Napoleon, Jacques-Louis David ya tsara zane-zane na ilimi tare da hotunan jihohi da zane-zane na tarihi.

Zane-zanen tarihin yanzu ya fara nuna ingantaccen tsari, galibi ƙanƙanta ƙaƙƙarfan tsari daga Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Zamani, wanda ake magana da shi a matsayin salon troubadour. Abubuwan da ke ciki galibi na kud da kud da kud da kud, amma akwai kuma fage masu ban mamaki.

An sake gina rayuwar masu fasaha irin su Raphael ko Leonardo da Vinci, da na masu mulki ko na almara. Théodore Géricault, Eugène Delacroix, Ingres, Richard Parkes Bonington, Paul Delaroche sune manyan masu zane-zanen soyayya a Faransa.

Mawallafin Faransanci mai mahimmanci, Victor Hugo, ya ba da kansa ga zane yayin rubuce-rubuce, a zahiri "tsakanin ayoyi biyu." Yanayin yanayinsa a cikin sepia (baƙar fata tawada) da tawada baƙar fata suna nuna yanayin littafansa ba tare da yin nuni da su ta fuskar motif ba. Ana iya samun romantic a cikin jigogi: ƙauyukan gothic, rugujewar rugujewa, yanayin daji, teku mai ruri tare da jiragen ruwa, da dai sauransu. André Bretón ya riga ya yaba aikin Hugo tare da abin da ba zato ba tsammani, bincikensa na ban mamaki.

William Bouguereau da farko ya zaɓi jigogi na tatsuniyoyi da nau'ikan nau'ikan, daga baya galibi jigogi na addini. Yana da salon virtuoso wanda ya sami damar haifar da kyawawan dabi'un fata da laushi. Ko da yake salon sa na ilimi ne sosai, tare da siffofi da bayyanannun layi da launuka na neoclassicism, yawancin hotuna sun dace da yanayin zanen romanticism.

Har ila yau, aikinsa yana kwatanta kubuta daga gaskiya, gudun hijira na karni na XNUMX. Sufanci, tunani, da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin aikinsa na bayyani na tsarkaka da masu tatsuniyoyi sun jawo hankalin mutane da yawa, ciki har da mata da maza waɗanda Pre-Raphaelites suka bayyana don amsa ga canje-canje masu sauri a cikin al'umma. Masu zane-zane kamar Dante Gabriel Rossetti ba sa son shelar juyin juya hali na hoto ko.

Ga Faransanci, soyayya kuma yana nufin ma'anar rayuwar zamani da ƙoƙarin fahimta da kwatanta yau. Classicism aka watsar da haka, Eugene Delacroix ne shugaban Faransa romantic zanen: sanannen zanen "Liberty Jagoran Jama'a" an dauke shi a matsayin na farko na siyasa yanayi a cikin tarihi na zamani art.

salon troubadour

Za a iya la'akari da salon wani bangare na Romanticism, wani nau'in zane-zane na wakoki da litattafan Walter Scott, kuma an kwatanta shi da "salo a cikin salon". Shahararru musamman a Faransanci, masu zanen wannan halin yanzu suna wakiltar al'amuran da aka yi wahayi daga Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Zamani, tare da tufafi masu launi, al'amuran soyayya da cin zarafi.

Zane-zanen salon Troubadour gabaɗaya ƙanana ne a girmansu, tare da mai da hankali kan daki-daki. Yawancin masu fasaha masu mahimmanci sun fuskanci wannan salon, misali Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres a cikin Mutuwar Leonardo da Vinci (1818, Petit Palais, Paris).

Masu zane-zane na Romantic

Romanticism an bayyana cikakke a zane. An gani a duniya, wasu gumakan hotuna na 'yanayin soyayya' 1790-1850 sune: mai zanen Jamus Caspar David Friedrich, Bature John Constable da ɗan Faransa mai zane Eugène Delacroix. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin su ya nuna yadda ainihin motsin Romanticism ya bambanta.

Eugene Delacroix 1798-1863

Delacroix ya bar babban oeuvre, ya yi ɗaruruwan zane-zane, launukan ruwa, zane-zane, zane-zane, zane-zane da zane-zane. A yin haka, sau da yawa yakan zaɓi wakilci tare da abun ciki mai ban sha'awa ko ban mamaki, wanda ke nuna abubuwan tarihi, tatsuniyoyi, da na adabi. Ya yi nasarar nuna wasan kwaikwayonsa tare da bambance-bambance masu haske-duhu masu ƙarfi. Ba kamar masu zane-zane na ilimi na neoclassicism ba, Delacroix ya mayar da hankali ba akan "sanyi" siffofi da layi ba, amma akan launi da yanayi.

Ko da yake an yi la'akari da abubuwan da Delacroix ya yi daki-daki, tasirin launi yana da mahimmanci a gare shi, ya tattauna shi tare da Constable da Turner. A tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Maroko, da sauransu, ya yi zane-zane da launuka masu yawa.

Delacroix kuma ya zaɓi jigogi masu ban sha'awa, musamman wahayi daga tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Arewacin Afirka. A cikin 1824 ya haifar da abin mamaki tare da zanensa mai tsayin mita hudu The Chios Massacre. Taskar magana ita ce: Yanayin kisan gillar da aka yi a Chios; Iyalan Girka suna jiran mutuwa ko bauta.

A ciki ya kwatanta wani mummunan kisan kiyashi da aka yi a tsibirin Chios shekaru biyu da suka shige. Bugu da kari kuma, Turkawa Ottoman sun kashe Girika dubu hamsin kuma an kama wasu da dama a matsayin bayi. Delacroix, wanda ya san Géricault's Raft na Medusa da kyau saboda ya kasance abin koyi a gare shi, haka ma ya gina abun da ke ciki tare da adadi mai yawa a cikin triangles. Saboda wannan zane-zane, Delacroix ya kasance da sauri a matsayin mai zane mai mahimmanci na zamanin Romantic.

A cikin 1827 Delacroix ya baje kolin tarihin Mutuwar Sardanapalus, labarin wani tsohon sarkin Assuriya. Bayan da aka yi wa fadarsa kawanya, an ce wannan sarkin an kashe shi da dawakinsa da kona kayansu kafin ya kashe kansa. Hotunan ya kwatanta hukuncin kisa na ban mamaki na waɗanda ba za su sha guba ba, tare da bambanci mai zurfi tsakanin ja mai dumi da inuwar duhu wanda hayaƙi ya riga ya tashi.

Théodore Gericault 1791-1824

A cikin Géricault, kuma, layin da ke da tsauri da tsari, don haka halayen neoclassicals, sun ɓace. Ya magance tambayoyin rayuwa ta hanyar jigogi na tarihi, amma kuma ya kalli gaskiyar yau da kullun. Shahararriyar zane ta Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa, ya dogara ne akan labari na gaskiya.

Géricault ya ba da haske game da lokacin mafi ban mamaki a cikin wannan: a daidai lokacin da rafin ke shirin nutsewa kuma kusan dukkan mutanen da ke cikin Medusa sun mutu, wasu sun gano jirgi a sararin sama. Wannan shi ne jirgin da ya ceci wadannan da suka tsira.

Francisco Goya 1746-1828

A matsayin mai zanen kotu, Goya ya zana hotunan gidan sarautar Spain. Goya ya rayu cikin tsananin talauci a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, kuma ga mai lura da hankali mutum zai iya gani daga waɗannan hotunan cewa har yanzu yana da shakku game da manyan sarakuna. Ya kuma nuna tsoron yaki, zalunci da tashin hankali a cikin zane-zane da zane-zane masu ban tsoro.

Mutanen Espanya sun yi tawaye bayan 1808 ga sojojin Napoleon na Faransa, wadanda suka aikata mummunan zalunci a lokacin mamaya. An sami tashin hankali a Spain. Wadannan mugayen al'amura sun tabbatar da aikin Goya har zuwa 1815. Shahararriyar aiki daga wannan lokacin ita ce ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1808, wanda ke nuna kisa na fararen hula.

Goya kuma ya nuna rashin bege a cikin jerin baƙar fata. A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, fantasy ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, hotunansa masu duhu suna wakiltar lalatar gefen mutum. Goya ya mamaye wani wuri na musamman, a matsayinsa na ɗan kotu kuma mai ɗaukar hoto, dole ne ya ɗan daidaita shi da manyan mutane, amma kuma ya bar tarihin rashin jin daɗin halayen ɗan adam. Ayyukan Goya, saboda haka, yana da alaƙa da marigayi baroque, amma kuma ya sanar da zanen romanticism.

Dante Gabriel Rossetti 1828-1882

A cikin 1848, masu fasaha na Ingilishi da yawa sun kafa 'Yan'uwan Pre-Raphaelite. Daya daga cikin masu fasaha a wannan rukunin shine Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Suna so su koma dabi'a kuma su nisanta kansu daga fasahar ilimi. Farkon zanen Italiyanci kafin Raphael (pre-Raphael) shine wahayi ga zanensa. Yi tunanin masu zane-zane kamar Botticelli, Titian da Giorgione.

Manufar Pre-Raphaelites shine samar da ingantacciyar duniya ta hanyar dakatar da injiniyoyin da ke ci gaba da mamaye Ingila ta Victoria. Abubuwan addini da zamantakewa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikinsa.

Caspar David Friedrich 1774-1840

Caspar David Friedrich shine, a cikin zanen, mafi mahimmancin fassarar ruhun soyayya na Jamus. A cikin ayyukansa, mai zanen ya nuna rashin tausayi, rashin tausayi, damuwa na mutum a fuskar wani abu mai ban mamaki da dabi'a na alama, wanda ba ya bayyana asirin mutuwa. Yanayin yana wakiltar Friedrich a cikin dukan rashin iyaka, kamar dai don bayyana jin daɗin rashin ƙarfi na mutum, mai iyaka, a cikin yanayin yanayi, bayyanar da ba ta da iyaka.

Maganar da ake amfani da ita sau da yawa don bayyana Romanticism na Jamusanci yana zaune a cikin kalmar Sehnsucht, wanda za'a iya fassara shi a matsayin "sha'awar sha'awa" ko "mugunyar sha'awa", jin daɗin ci gaba da rashin kwanciyar hankali da tashin hankali mai ban sha'awa, jin daɗin da ya shafi batun kuma ya tura zuwa ga. wuce iyaka na gaskiyar duniya, zalunci da ƙuƙuwa, don fakewa a ciki ko a yanayin da ya wuce sararin samaniya.

Francesco Hayes 1791-1882

A Italiya, babban wakilin zane-zane na soyayya shine Venetian Francesco Hayez, sanannen mai daukar hoto kuma babban fassarar tarihin zane-zane a Italiya. Taken tarihi shine don Hayez hanyoyin isar da gaskiya da buri na Risorgimento.

Ba kamar Delacroix ba, wanda ya kwatanta al'amuran siyasa na yanzu a cikin mahaifarsa, Hayez ya zana jigoginsa daga abubuwan da suka faru a baya (musamman na da) tarihin Italiya, wanda ya danganta darajar misalan yau. Ayyukansa Il bacio ana daukarsa a matsayin ma'anar fasahar soyayya ta Italiya.

Joseph MallordWilliam Turner 1775-1851

Baturen Ingila Joseph Mallord William Turner yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu fasaha na zamani. Turner ya fara canza launi kuma yayi karatu a Royal Academy da ke Landan a farkon 1789. Da farko yana sha'awar zanen shimfidar wuri.

A lokacin tafiye-tafiyensa a Ingila da Wales, ya yi zane-zane da launukan ruwa na tsoffin katanga, manyan cathedral da shimfidar bakin teku. Ya kirkiro zane-zanensa na farko na man fetur a cikin 1796. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa ya halicci shimfidar wurare da wuraren teku, wanda sau da yawa ya karu zuwa rashin gaskiya tare da ƙididdiga masu ban mamaki da kuma ban mamaki motifs.

Hotunan shimfidar wurare na Turner share fage ne ga Impressionism, Expressionism, da Informalism. An dauke shi a matsayin mai gano yanayin yanayi, sabili da haka shi ne na farko da ya fara haifar da shugabanci a cikin zanen shimfidar wuri wanda ba ya so ya kwatanta abubuwan da kansu, amma tunanin da suke yi a karkashin wasu yanayi na haske. Ana ganin shi ta wannan hanyar, shi ne ainihin magabatan masu Impressionists da wasu tsararraki biyu kafin Faransanci.

Hotunan Turner sun kawo sabbin salo da katako gaba ɗaya zuwa zanen ƙarni na sha tara. Ya zana yanayin shimfidarsa, lokutan yini, yanayin yanayi, tsarin gajimare tare da narkar da bayyanuwa, tare da cikakkun bayanai a tsakani. Zanen sa na 1844 mai suna "Rain, Steam, Speed" na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko na layin dogo: injin tururi na baƙin ƙarfe yana fitowa daga gajimare mai launi; muni da daukakar duniya da masana'antu suka canza suna da ban sha'awa.

Hotuna masu alama na romanticism

Dangane da yanayin soyayya, zanen babu shakka yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun hanyoyin fahimtar ruhin wannan lokacin tarihi mai tsanani da kuma sabani. Babban dalilan masu fasaha a cikin wannan lokacin sune bege, ƙauna da kaɗaici, da kuma ban tsoro, tunani, ban mamaki da ban sha'awa, wanda mu mutane ba za mu iya tsayayya ba. Ayyukan fasaha na Romantic an tsara su ta hanyar ruhun ɗabi'a kuma sau da yawa suna nuna rashin jin daɗi, har ma da yanayi na baƙin ciki.

sumbatar Francesco Hayez  

(Pinacoteca di Brera -Milan) Ba za a iya fara magana game da mafi kyawun zane-zane na soyayya ba tare da farawa daga babban zane na Italiyanci na Francesco Hayez, mai zanen Italiyanci wanda ke da ƙarfi a Milan, yana iya haɗa tatsuniyoyi na siyasa tare da fage masu kyau. Ba daidai ba ne cewa wannan zanen ya zama ma'anar romanticism a Italiya kuma mai zane da kansa ya gabatar da shi a cikin nau'i uku daban-daban.

Idan da farko gani muka lura da biyu masoya tsunduma a m sumba, iya ba da labari da matasa ardor, a gaskiya ma'anar ma'anoni ne da yawa zurfi: kasa tarayya, kishin kasa, siyasa da kuma soja sadaukar, duk a kwatanta a cikin wannan ban mamaki zanen.

Raft na Medusa na Théodore Géricault  

(Louvre -Paris) Babban girman, Raft na Medusa na Théodore Géricault shine asalin abin kunya da hargitsi na sarauta. Hoton ya ba da labarin wani mummunan lamari da ya faru da gaske: jirgin ruwa na 1816 wanda ya kashe rayukan daruruwan sojoji. Wannan lamari ya girgiza daukacin al'ummar kasar yayin da mutane dari da hamsin suka shiga jirgin ruwan, amma goma sha biyar ne suka tsira da ceto.

Mai zanen, a lokacin yana matashi, ya ba da labarin bala'in tare da abin mamaki na lokacin, yana nazarin gawarwakin kai tsaye, ciki har da dakin ajiye gawa. Tun daga lokacin neoclassicism, wanda har yanzu yana nuna fasaha a Faransanci sosai, ya shiga cikin tsananin soyayya. Don haka, an fahimci aikin sosai a cikin shekaru da yawa, kamar yadda sau da yawa yakan faru tare da manyan masu fasaha, amma, lokacin da ya fito, jin daɗin da ya fi dacewa shine na ƙin yarda.

Wanderer Sama da Tekun Gajimare na Caspar David Friedrich

(Hamburg Kunsthalle -Hamburg) Wannan shi ne zanen da ke tattare da wasu muhimman dabi'u na zanen soyayya. Wakilin yana dawwama matafiyi a baya da gaban teku mai hadari.

Abin da wannan zane-zane mai ban mamaki ya ba da labari ba labari ba ne, kamar yadda ya faru a cikin sauran zane-zane da aka gani a yanzu, amma yanayin motsin rai: ra'ayi na rashin iyaka, yawo da ajizanci na rai da ji. Mai tafiya a sama da tekun girgije shine alamar romanticism na Jamus, wanda ya bambanta da Faransanci da Italiyanci.

An ja Daredevil zuwa wurinta na ƙarshe don cire William Turner 

(National Gallery -London) Ta hanyar zane-zanensa, William Turner yana iya ba da labarin yanayin motsin rai, ji da ra'ayoyin soyayya irin su maɗaukaki. Wannan ƙwararren ya ba da labarin balaguron ƙarshe na jirgin Ingilishi Temeraire, wanda ya taɓa yin nasara a yaƙi: an ja shi don a lalata shi, an kwatanta shi da farar tuta da aka ɗaga da faɗuwar rana a bayansa, wakilcin da ke iya haɗa ra'ayoyi da ma'anoni daban-daban na siyasa.

John Constable's Hay Wain 

(National Gallery -London) John Constable wani daga cikin manyan masu zane-zane na soyayya na Ingilishi kuma, kamar Turner, shi ma ya sadaukar da kansa gabaɗaya ga wakilcin shimfidar wurare na Dedham Vale, kusa da inda aka haife shi. Babban gwaninsa shine The Hay Wain, wani babban zane, wanda a lokacin ya haifar da abin kunya: dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita, a gaskiya, ya kusan zama abin burgewa saboda ƙananan goge-goge da ke tattare da shimfidar wuri.

Wani sabon abu wanda a Landan ya yi kama da rashin girmamawa da tsokana da gangan, amma ana son hakan a Faransa, har ma da Géricault. Tabbas dabi'a ita ce jarumar wannan mawaƙin, amma yanayi ya sha bamban da wanda Friedrich ke wakilta.

Jagoran 'Yanci ta Eugene Delacroix 

(Louvre -Paris) Yana wakiltar 'yancin da ke haifar da haɗin kai ga jama'a, a kan azzalumi, babban ra'ayi na kishin ƙasa. A nan ajin zamantakewa ba ya ƙidaya, Delacroix yana wakiltar nau'ikan mutane daban-daban kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin tufafi kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya kasance a koyaushe ana la'akari da shi alamar fasaha na siyasa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na nau'in kuma tabbas ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙaunataccen zane-zane a tarihi.

Yaran Huelsenbeck na Philipp Otto Runge

(Kunsthalle -Hamburg) Wannan mai zane na cikin Jamusanci romanticism kuma ya bambanta da wakilcin yara, wanda ya ba shi laƙabi na mai zanen tatsuniya. Yana da wani ɓangare na romanticism saboda ma'anar ma'anarsa, kamar yadda a cikin zanen da aka zaba a cikin mafi kyawunsa: The Children of Hülsenbeck.

Zane, wanda ke wakiltar a gaba hoton 'ya'yan aboki kusa da sunflowers kuma ya gabatar da cikakkiyar abun da ke ciki na chromatic, ya bayyana ma'anar ma'anar yara, rashin laifi da kuma asarar shekaru, wanda romanticism yana kallo tare da melancholy.

Dido ya gina Carthage ta William Turner

Ɗaya daga cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin fasaha shi ne duba abubuwan da suka gabata, galibi ana marmarin lokuta masu nisa da jin zurfafa zurfafa. A cikin Dido yana gina Carthage, Turner yana wakiltar wannan ra'ayi da kyau.

Wani mai sha'awar masu fasaha na farko Nicolas Poussin da Charles Lorraine, kamar su, mai zanen Ingilishi yana amfani da tsoffin abubuwa, wanda ya fara da taken aikin da kansa, wanda aka karɓa daga Virgil's Aeneid. Amma don kama mai kallo akwai yanayin dabi'a da jin daɗin da wannan yanayin ke watsawa. Hali mai nutsuwa da girman kai wanda ya mamaye.

Rushewar Hope na Caspar David Friedrich 

Taken jirgin ya sake dawowa a Friedrich, amma wannan lokacin a cikin tekun kankara. Abin da ya fi dacewa da zanen mai zanen Jamusanci shine tada hankali mai ƙarfi ta hanyar hotunan shimfidar wurare da yanayi waɗanda ke da wasu ma'anoni a alamance.

Rufewar jirgin, a haƙiƙa, yana wakiltar ci gaba da aikin hajjin ɗan adam kuma yana haifar da matsanancin rauni, raunin ɗan adam. Mutum, ko da yake yana cikin bincike akai-akai, yana cikin jinƙai na al'amura kuma ba zai iya yin wani abu a kansu ba.

Chartres Cathedral na Jean Baptiste Camille Corot 

Mai zanen shimfidar wuri da farko, Camille Corot yana daya daga cikin masu fasahar soyayya saboda kulawar da yake da ita ga yanayi da kuma alakar da yake rayawa da mutum, kamar yadda ake iya gani a wannan kyakkyawan zane: Chartres Cathedral. Zanen yana wakiltar kasancewar mutum a cikin yanayin yanayi wanda ya ƙunshi bishiyoyi, gajimare da makiyaya. Kasancewar ɗan adam yana jin da alkalumman da ke gaba a cikin halittar hoto wanda ke neman ba da mahimmanci daidai ga duk abubuwan da aka wakilta.

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